Perinatal mortality and morbidity, timing and route of delivery in monoamniotic twin pregnancies: a retrospective cohort study

Changes in cytokine and sequestosome-1 levels during twin pregnancy progression: Association with outcome

BACKGROUND

Twin pregnancies are associated with complications and adverse outcomes. The number of twin pregnancies has increased in the last decades, due to the use of assisted reproductive techniques and delayed childbearing. Analysis of changes that occur during twin pregnancy progression and their association with outcome will lead to improved clinical interventions.

OBJECTIVE

We evaluated if the plasma concentration of select cytokines and the level of sequestosome-1 (p62) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) during each trimester of twin gestations was predictive of pregnancy outcome.

STUDY DESIGN

This prospective, observational study was conducted at Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy. Plasma from 82 women with twin pregnancies was collected in each trimester for measurement of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The intracellular PBMC concentration of p62, a protein involved in autophagy, kinase activity and cell differentiation, was also determined.

RESULTS

IL-1β (p < 0.001), IL-6 (p < 0.001), TNF-α (p < 0.001) and p62 (p < 0.05) increased from the 1st to the 2nd to the 3rd trimester. The TNF-α level was correlated with the IL-1β concentration in the 1st and 3rd trimesters p < 0.01) and with the IL-6 concentration in each of the three trimesters (p < 0.01). The intracellular p62 level in PBMCs was negatively correlated with the concentration of IL-1β in the 2nd trimester (p < 0.05) and negatively correlated with the IL-6 level in the 3rd trimester (p < 0.05). The TNF-α level was significantly higher in the 2nd (p < 0.05) and 3rd (p < 0.001) trimester in women with a spontaneous preterm delivery. The TNF-α concentrations in the 2nd (p < 0.05) and 3rd (p < 0.01) trimester, respectively, and 3rd trimester IL-6 (p < 0.01), were negatively associated with gestational age at delivery. The concentration of IL-6 was highest in the 2nd (p < 0.05) and 3rd (p < 0.05) trimesters in women who utilized assisted reproductive technologies. An elevated IL-1β level in the 3rd trimester was associated with gestational diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Variations in cytokine levels between individual women during the three trimesters of twin gestations are predictive of spontaneous preterm delivery and the onset of gestational diabetes.

Managing Monoamniotic Twin Pregnancies

Monoamniotic twins comprise a rare subset of twins at risk of unique and serious complications. In addition to the risks faced by all twins (premature birth, growth restriction), all monochorionic twins (twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome), and all monozygotic twins (congenital anomalies), monoamniotic twins face the unique risk of cord entanglement, in addition to a markedly increased risk of congenital anomalies. Early diagnosis, screening for fetal anomalies and surveillance for twin-twin transfusion syndrome are critical. After fetal viability, frequent fetal monitoring reduces the risk of intrauterine fetal demise.

The High-Risk Profile of Selective Growth Restriction in Monochorionic Twin Pregnancies

The present review aims to provide a critical appraisal of the sonographic diagnosis and follow-up and to evaluate the optimal clinical management of monochorionic twin pregnancies where one of the twins is complicated by selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR). The classification is based on the umbilical artery (UA) diastolic flow reflecting the outcome. If the sFGR twin has positive diastolic flow (Type I) then the prognosis is good, and it does not require close surveillance. Biweekly or weekly sonographic and Doppler surveillance and fetal monitoring are recommended strategies to detect unpredictable complications in type II and type III forms, which are defined by persistently absent/reverse end-diastolic flow (AREDF) or cyclically intermittent absent/reverse end-diastolic flow (iAREDF) in the umbilical waveforms, respectively. The latest forms are associated with an increased risk of unexpected fetal demise of the smaller twin and 10-20% risk of neurological injury in the larger twin in addition to the overall risk of prematurity. The clinical course can be affected by elective fetal therapy ('dichorinization' of the placenta with laser or selective fetal reduction) or elective delivery in the presence of severe fetal deterioration. The prediction of the clinical outcome in complicated cases of type II and III sFGR cases remains elusive. Novel routines in fetal and placental scans in order to predict neurological impairments and unexpected fetal death to optimize the delivery time-point are needed.

[Comparison of foetal and neonatal mortality of monochorionic monoamniotic and monochorionic biamniotic twin pregnancies]

OBJECTIVES

To compare the mortality of monochorionic-monoamniotic (MCMA) and monochorionic-biamniotic (MCBA) twin pregnancies, from 14weeks of gestation to 28th day of life, before and after exclusion of major congenital malformations.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study in two level 3 maternity units of the Hospices civils de Lyon (France) including all patients with a monochorionic twin pregnancy between January 2013 and December 2020. We excluded TRAP sequences and conjoined twins.

RESULTS

A total of 38 MCMA and 658 MCBA pregnancies were included. We showed an increase in overall mortality in the MCMA group compared to the MCBA group (31.6% versus 16.4%, P=0.03) even after exclusion of major congenital malformations (20.3% versus 9.5%, P=0.01). The main cause of mortality found in the MCMA group was the occurrence of unexpected IUGR.

CONCLUSIONS

MCMA pregnancies have a higher foetal and neonatal mortality rate than MCBA pregnancies even after exclusion of congenital malformations related to the occurrence of unexpected MFIU.

Excellent perinatal outcome of monoamniotic twin pregnancy with timely diagnosis and optimal management - a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

Monoamniotic twins represent a high-risk pregnancy requiring intense follow-up, elective birth and careful consideration of the mode and timing of delivery. We conducted this study to evaluate the perinatal and neonatal outcomes of monoamniotic twin pregnancies in the largest tertiary hospital in Finland.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study including all monoamniotic twin pregnancies during a 17-year period (2002-2018) managed in Helsinki University Hospital. Data on mothers and children were collected from patient files. Chorionicity and amnionicity were defined in first-trimester ultrasound screening.

RESULTS

There were altogether 31 monoamniotic twin pregnancies during the study period, including four cases of conjoined twins which all underwent termination of pregnancy, and three miscarriages. In the remaining 24 pregnancies that continued past 24 weeks of gestation there was 97.9% survival (one intrauterine death). Three pregnancies were complicated with twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome. All children were delivered by cesarean section with a mean gestational age of 32 + 5 weeks (27 + 1-34 + 2 weeks). Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) was observed in 57% (27/47) of neonates and grade I-II intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) in 6.3% (3/47) of neonates. There were no neonatal deaths and no maternal complications.

CONCLUSIONS

Monoamniotic twinning is a rare form of pregnancy and carries risks for perinatal and neonatal complications. With timely diagnosis, close monitoring in specialized feto-maternal unit and elective delivery at 32-34 weeks the outcome is usually excellent.

Monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancies

Monoamniotic twin pregnancies are rare, but early diagnosis of such pregnancies is critical, as the incidence of complications in these pregnancies is much higher than in diamniotic or dichorionic twin pregnancies. Overall, only 70% of all monoamniotic twins will survive. Furthermore, approximately half of fetal deaths in these pregnancies are because of the high incidence of fetal anomalies (15%-25%), such as twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence and conjoined twinning. Therefore, early anatomy screening in the first trimester of pregnancy is recommended. Other causes of fetal death in these pregnancies include twin-twin transfusion syndrome, tight cord entanglement, or acute hemodynamic imbalances through the large placental vascular anastomoses. After viability, fetal surveillance can be intensified, as this decreases the risk of in utero death. Both inpatient and outpatient surveillance are reasonable. If otherwise uncomplicated, monoamniotic twins should be delivered at 33 to 34 weeks' gestation. Most centers will deliver by cesarean delivery, but some continue to advocate for vaginal delivery. Lastly, neonatal morbidity is high in monoamniotic twin pregnancies and is mainly related to prematurity.

Management of monoamniotic twin pregnancies: Where, when, how?

Management difficulties for monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancy reflect the absence of high-quality research into optimal types of monitoring, essential as MCMA twins have a high risk of intrauterine and neonatal death with perinatal mortality. D'Antonio et al's meta-analysis and the MonoMono study published in 2019, investigated the impact of monitoring location, out- or in-patient, of MCMA pregnancies and concluded that no specific management location is associated with improvement in prognosis. To evaluate the optimal timing for delivery of MCMA pregnancies, Van Mieghem and Chitrit carried out retrospective studies comparing gestational age of intrauterine death and risk of neonatal complication. The crossover point between the propective risk of intrauterine fetal death and neonatal complication was found at 32,33 weeks of gestation (WG), in accordance with American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommendations but inclusion of complicated pregnancies and analysis of fetuses individually may be regarded as a bias. The majority of studies of MCMA pregnancies focused on elective scheduled cesareans, with only rare retrospective studies reporting on vaginal delivery. Of these, two recent studies carried out by French teams suggest that vaginal deliveries may be as safe as cesarean births for MCMA twin pregnancies when specific criteria are met. In summary, concerning MCMA pregnancies, prognosis is not found to improve with inpatient management, optimal timing for delivery is at approximately 33 GW and vaginal delivery should not be excluded.

Mode of delivery in multiple pregnancies

The mode of delivery in multiple pregnancies has been subject to vigorous debates during the last few decades. Although observational and retrospective data were accumulated, it was not until the publication of the Twin Birth Study that evidence-based recommendations could emerge. However, although some of the most pressing questions were answered by the Twin Birth Study, other questions were left outside the scope of the study. The questions were of great interest and included the following topics: the impact of gestational age, the influence of chorionicity, and the generalizability of the results for women with a previous uterine scar. The current evidence supported a trial of labor in dichorionic-diamniotic or monochorionic-diamniotic twin pregnancies in which the first twin is in cephalic presentation at ≥32 weeks' gestation. Dichorionic-diamniotic, monochorionic-diamniotic, and monochorionic-monoamniotic twins should be delivered at 37 0/7 to 38 0/7, 36 0/7 to 37 0/7, and 32 0/7 to 34 0/7 weeks' gestation, respectively. Breech extraction done by a competent healthcare provider seemed to offer a higher chance of successful vaginal delivery of the second twin than the external cephalic version. The current data did not allow for a clear recommendation regarding the mode of delivery in very preterm birth of low birthweight twins, but most studies did not demonstrate a clear benefit of cesarean delivery vs trial of labor. Furthermore, a trial of labor seemed safe in women with a previous cesarean delivery. Cesarean delivery is likely beneficial for twin pregnancies with the first twin in breech presentation, monochorionic-monoamniotic twins, and higher-order multiple pregnancies. In all multiple pregnancies, delivery should be performed by an experienced practitioner competent in multiple pregnancy deliveries.