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West NC, Groth JB, Cayé-Thomasen P. Does Location of Intralabyrinthine Vestibular Schwannoma Determine Objective and Subjective Vestibular Function? Otol Neurotol 2024; 45:319-325. [PMID: 38291789 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000004115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The incidence of intralabyrinthine schwannomas is increasing, and a growing attention is given to the detrimental effects on hearing function. On the contrary, the vestibular profile of intralabyrinthine vestibular schwannomas (VSs) is still not well understood. We aimed to investigate and report the observed relationships between the intralabyrinthine location of the schwannomas and objective and subjective vestibular profile of the patients. METHODS Retrospective cohort study of 20 consecutive individuals with sporadic intralabyrinthine schwannomas and grouped according to the intralabyrinthine location of the schwannomas. Vestibular testing consisted of the video head impulse test of all three semicircular canals, the caloric test, cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, and the dizziness handicap inventory. A nonparametric unpaired t test was performed to compare groups, and Fisher's exact test was used for categorical data. RESULTS The median video head impulse test gains (lateral, anterior, posterior) were 0.40, 0.50, and 0.75 for intravestibular schwannomas and 0.93, 1.52, and 0.91 for intracochlear schwannomas ( p = 0.0001, p = 0.009, p = 0.33), respectively. Caloric unilateral weakness had a median of 100% for intravestibular schwannomas and 14% for intracochlear schwannomas ( p = 0.0001). The mean dizziness handicap inventory was 21 for intravestibular schwannomas and 1 for cochlear schwannomas ( p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials according to intralabyrinthine location. CONCLUSION By both objective and subjective measures, intralabyrinthine schwannomas with an intravestibular component has significantly worse vestibular function than schwannomas with purely cochlear involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Cramer West
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen
| | - Jane Bjerg Groth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen
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Tozzi A, Castellucci A, Ferrulli G, Brandolini C, Piras G, Martellucci S, Malara P, Ferri GG, Ghidini A, Marchioni D, Presutti L. Audiovestibular Findings in Patients with Concurrent Superior Canal Dehiscence and Vestibular Schwannoma. Otol Neurotol 2024; 45:299-310. [PMID: 38291792 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000004117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical-instrumental findings in case of concurrent superior canal dehiscence (SCD) and ipsilateral vestibular schwannoma (VS), aiming to highlight the importance of an extensive instrumental assessment to achieve a correct diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case review. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Five patients with concurrent SCD and VS. INTERVENTION Clinical-instrumental assessment and imaging. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Clinical presentation, audiovestibular findings, and imaging. RESULTS The chief complaints were hearing loss (HL) and unsteadiness (80%). Other main symptoms included tinnitus (60%) and pressure-induced vertigo (40%). Mixed-HL was identified in three patients and pure sensorineural-HL in 1, including a roll-over curve in speech-audiometry in two cases. Vibration-induced nystagmus was elicited in all cases, whereas vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials showed reduced thresholds and enhanced amplitudes on the affected side in three patients. Ipsilesional weakness on caloric testing was detected in three patients and a bilateral hyporeflexia in one. A global canal impairment was detected by the video-head impulse test in one case, whereas the rest of the cohort exhibited a reduced function for the affected superior canal, together with ipsilateral posterior canal impairment in two cases. All patients performed both temporal bones HRCT scan and brain-MRI showing unilateral SCD and ipsilateral VS, respectively. All patients were submitted to a wait-and-scan approach, requiring VS removal only in one case. CONCLUSION Simultaneous SCD and VS might result in subtle clinical presentation with puzzling lesion patterns. When unclear symptoms and signs occur, a complete audiovestibular assessment plays a key role to address imaging and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Tozzi
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Castellucci
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferrulli
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Brandolini
- Otorhinolaryngology and Audiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Piras
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Casa Di Cura Privata "Piacenza" S.P.A., Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza-Rome, Italy
| | | | - Pasquale Malara
- Audiology & Vestibology Service, Centromedico, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gian Gaetano Ferri
- Otorhinolaryngology and Audiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
| | - Angelo Ghidini
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Daniele Marchioni
- Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Livio Presutti
- Otorhinolaryngology and Audiology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy
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Ushio M, Tanaka T, Ikemiyagi F, Totsuka H, Takanami T, Ikemiyagi Y, Kitazawa Y, Nomura T, Ohta Y, Yoshida T. Higher Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index Values in Patients With Vestibular Neuritis May Indicate a Better Prognosis. Cureus 2023; 15:e49151. [PMID: 38130506 PMCID: PMC10734367 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presumed etiology of vestibular neuritis (VN), a sudden onset of spontaneous vertigo without auditory or cranial nerve symptoms, includes viral infections and vascular disorders. However, no clinical test for estimating vascular disorders in VN has been reported. Moreover, estimating the etiology of VN is important to predict the prognosis and select appropriate treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), which reflects arterial stiffness and elasticity, as an additional indicator for estimating the prognosis and etiology of VN. MATERIALS AND METHODS Among 207 consecutive patients with suspected VN, 88 patients diagnosed with definite VN were enrolled. Age, initial and final percent canal paresis (CP) in the caloric test, CAVI, presence or absence of vestibular-evoked myogenic potential asymmetry, and medical history were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Patients with VN with high CAVI had a better prognosis than those with low CAVI. High CAVI was a factor for improvement in percent CP, in addition to younger age and less severe initial percent CP in the Cox proportional hazard model. CONCLUSION CAVI can be an additional indicator for estimating the prognosis and etiology of VN. This indicator can potentially be applied to other diseases, including vascular disorders with other etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munetaka Ushio
- Otolaryngology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, JPN
| | - Toshitake Tanaka
- Otolaryngology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, JPN
| | | | | | - Taro Takanami
- Otolaryngology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, JPN
| | | | | | | | - Yasushi Ohta
- Otolaryngology, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, JPN
| | - Tomoe Yoshida
- Clinical Support Service, Toho University Sakura Medical Center, Sakura, JPN
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Silva VAR, Lavinsky J, Pauna HF, Vianna MF, Santos VM, Ikino CMY, Sampaio ALL, Tardim Lopes P, Lamounier P, Maranhão ASDA, Soares VYR, Polanski JF, Denaro MMDC, Chone CT, Bento RF, Castilho AM. Brazilian Society of Otology task force - Vestibular Schwannoma ‒ evaluation and treatment. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 89:101313. [PMID: 37813009 PMCID: PMC10563065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the diagnosis and treatment of vestibular schwannoma. METHODS Task force members were educated on knowledge synthesis methods, including electronic database search, review and selection of relevant citations, and critical appraisal of selected studies. Articles written in English or Portuguese on vestibular schwannoma were eligible for inclusion. The American College of Physicians' guideline grading system and the American Thyroid Association's guideline criteria were used for critical appraisal of evidence and recommendations for therapeutic interventions. RESULTS The topics were divided into 2 parts: (1) Diagnosis - audiologic, electrophysiologic tests, and imaging; (2) Treatment - wait and scan protocols, surgery, radiosurgery/radiotherapy, and systemic therapy. CONCLUSIONS Decision making in VS treatment has become more challenging. MRI can diagnose increasingly smaller tumors, which has disastrous consequences for the patients and their families. It is important to develop an individualized approach for each case, which highly depends on the experience of each surgical team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vagner Antonio Rodrigues Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO
| | - Joel Lavinsky
- Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Furlan Pauna
- Hospital Universitário Cajuru, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Melissa Ferreira Vianna
- Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO; Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Mazanek Santos
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Márcio Yudi Ikino
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Hospital Universitário, Departamento de Cirurgia, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Lopes Sampaio
- Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Otorrinolaringologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Paula Tardim Lopes
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pauliana Lamounier
- Centro de Reabilitação e Readaptação Dr. Henrique Santillo (CRER), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - André Souza de Albuquerque Maranhão
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vitor Yamashiro Rocha Soares
- Hospital Flavio Santos e Hospital Getúlio Vargas, Grupo de Otologia e Base Lateral do Crânio, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - José Fernando Polanski
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Hospital de Clínicas, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná, Faculdade de Medicina, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Takahiro Chone
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ferreira Bento
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Arthur Menino Castilho
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (FCM), Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia de Cabeça e Pescoço, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Sociedade Brasileira de Otologia - SBO.
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Nilsen KS, Nordahl SHG, Berge JE, Dhayalan D, Goplen FK. Vestibular Tests Related to Tumor Volume in 137 Patients With Small to Medium-Sized Vestibular Schwannoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2023; 169:1268-1275. [PMID: 37337472 DOI: 10.1002/ohn.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The video head impulse test (vHIT) and cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMP and oVEMP) are new methods for measuring peripheral vestibular function. The objectives of this study were to compare these tests and the traditionally used caloric test in patients with small and medium-sized untreated vestibular schwannoma (VS) and to measure the correlation between the tests' results and tumor volume. STUDY DESIGN National cross-sectional study. SETTING Tertiary university clinic. METHODS Prevalence of abnormal cVEMP, oVEMP, caloric test, and 6-canal vHIT results on the tumor side and the nontumor side were compared and related to tumor volume with regression analyses in 137 consecutive VS patients assigned to a wait-and-scan protocol in the period 2017 to 2019. RESULTS The sensitivity of 6-canal vHIT, caloric test, cVEMP, and oVEMP to detect vestibulopathy in VS patients was 51%, 47%, 39%, and 25%, respectively. Normal tests were found in 21% of the patients. The results of vHIT and caloric test were related to tumor volume, but this was not found for cVEMP and oVEMP. CONCLUSION The caloric test and 6-canal vHIT showed the highest sensitivity in detecting vestibulopathy in untreated VS patients. vHIT, and particularly the posterior canal, was limited with a high prevalence of abnormal results on the nontumor side. A combination of cVEMP and caloric test was favorable in terms of a relatively high sensitivity and low prevalence of abnormal results on the nontumor side. Larger tumors had a higher rate of pathology on caloric testing and vHIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Skorpa Nilsen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Norwegian National Advisory Network on Vestibular Disorders, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein Helge Glad Nordahl
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Norwegian National Advisory Network on Vestibular Disorders, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Erik Berge
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Norwegian National Advisory Network on Vestibular Disorders, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Dhanushan Dhayalan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frederik Kragerud Goplen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Norwegian National Advisory Network on Vestibular Disorders, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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Kontorinis G, Tailor H, Tikka T, Slim MAM. Six-canal video head impulse test in patients with labyrinthine and retrolabyrinthine pathology: detecting vestibulo-ocular reflex deficits. J Laryngol Otol 2023; 137:398-403. [PMID: 35570664 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215122001153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal gains in six-canal video head impulse test are attributed to semi-circular canal deficits. However, as video head impulse test responses are linked to the vestibulo-ocular reflex, it was hypothesised that abnormal gains can be caused by vestibulo-ocular reflex pathway deficits. METHODS This study compared video head impulse test gains in 20 patients with superior semi-circular canal dehiscence (labyrinthine cause) and 20 side- and gender-matched patients with vestibular schwannomas (retrolabyrinthine cause), and investigated correlations between them (Mann-Kendall trend test). RESULTS Vestibular schwannoma but not superior semi-circular canal dehiscence was significantly associated with abnormal lateral (odds ratio = 9.00 (95 per cent confidence interval = 1.638-49.44), p = 0.011) and posterior (odds ratio = 9.00 (95 per cent confidence interval = 2.151-37.659), p = 0.003) canal status. In vestibular schwannoma patients, there was a statistically significant degree of dependence between all ipsilesional canal video head impulse test gains; such dependence was not observed in superior semi-circular canal dehiscence. CONCLUSION Vestibulo-ocular reflex gains differ in patients with labyrinthine and retrolabyrinthine disease; this suggests that abnormal gains can indicate deficits not only in the semi-circular canals but also elsewhere along the vestibulo-ocular reflex pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kontorinis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - H Tailor
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - T Tikka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - M A M Slim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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Dissociation between Caloric and Video Head Impulse Tests in Dizziness Clinics. Audiol Res 2022; 12:423-432. [PMID: 36004951 PMCID: PMC9404865 DOI: 10.3390/audiolres12040043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular assessment tests such as the video head impulse test (vHIT) for the horizontal semicircular canal, and caloric test (Cal), both evaluate horizontal canal function. One would assume that the outcomes for these tests should lead to concordant results, yet several studies have suggested that dissociation can occur in certain pathological conditions. As this topic remains inconclusive, this review aims to analyze the scientific evidence regarding the patterns of hypofunction observed in vHIT and Cal in different otoneurological diseases. A comprehensive review of the literature regarding dissociation between these tests in common neurotological diseases was carried out. Articles were analyzed when data for vHIT and Cal were described in a way that it was possible to calculate discordance rates; both retrospective and prospective studies were analyzed. In this review, the discordance rates were as follows: 56% in Ménière’s disease, 51.5% in vestibular migraine, 37.2% in vestibular schwannoma, and 20.8% in vestibular neuritis. These results highlight the benefit of using both Cal and vHIT, and that they are complementary tests.
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邹 曙, 毛 秋, 彭 安, 杨 涛, 丁 艳, 朱 君, 张 康, 汪 芹. [The application value of video head impulse test, caloric test and dizziness handicap inventory in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma]. LIN CHUANG ER BI YAN HOU TOU JING WAI KE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF CLINICAL OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD, AND NECK SURGERY 2022; 36:613-616. [PMID: 35959580 PMCID: PMC10128208 DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective:To explore the application value of video head impulse test(vHIT), caloric test(CT) and the dizziness handicap inventory(DHI) in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma(AN), to analyze the correlation between vHIT and CT, and to determine the correlationsof tumor size, vHIT, CT and DHI score. Methods:The clinical data of 24 patients with AN who underwent surgery in our department from January 2019 to January 2022 were analyzed retrospectively, including craniocerebral MRI, vHIT, caloric test and DHI score. All the data were statistically analyzed by GraphPadPrism9.0. Results:There was a significant negative correlation between the UW value of CT and the vestibular eye reflex gain of vHIT(P<0.01, r=-0.62). The tumor size was significantly correlated with the increase of UW value of CT(P<0.01, r=0.69), and with the decrease of vestibulo-ocular reflex gain of vHIT(P<0.01, r=-0.53). The average Dizziness Handicap Inventory score was 8.9±16.2, which was not correlated with tumor size(P>0.05). Conclusion:Both vHIT and CT can effectively evaluate the vestibular function of patients with AN(and they are complementary), and they are related to the size of the tumor and have certain value in the diagnosis of acoustic neuroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- 曙光 邹
- 中南大学湘雅二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410011)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - 秋月 毛
- 中南大学湘雅二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410011)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - 安全 彭
- 中南大学湘雅二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410011)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - 涛 杨
- 中南大学湘雅二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410011)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - 艳 丁
- 中南大学湘雅二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410011)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - 君艾 朱
- 中南大学湘雅二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410011)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - 康佳 张
- 中南大学湘雅二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410011)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - 芹 汪
- 中南大学湘雅二医院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科(长沙,410011)Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
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Chua KWD, Yuen HW, Low DYM, Kamath SH. The prevalence of isolated otolith dysfunction in a local tertiary hospital. J Otol 2022; 17:5-12. [PMID: 35140753 PMCID: PMC8811395 DOI: 10.1016/j.joto.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with dizziness may present with symptoms of tilting, swaying, rocking, floating or with disequilibrium. This may be suggestive of an isolated otolithic dysfunction yet, there is little emphasis on this emerging clinical entity. To characterize and describe the prevalence of isolated otolith dysfunction in a local tertiary hospital and correlate them with clinical diagnosis. METHODOLOGY Retrospective medical chart review of patients who presented with dizziness to the specialist outpatient Otolaryngology clinic, who required vestibular laboratory investigation. RESULTS Of the 206 patients, more than half of them (52.4%) fulfilled the criteria for either probable or definite isolated otolith dysfunction. When there are clinical symptoms of otolith dysfunction reported, there is a 1.62 odds of a remarkable laboratory otolith finding. The most common clinical finding was "no clear diagnosis" (65.5%) followed by Vestibular Migraine (13.6%). CONCLUSION The prevalence of isolated otolith dysfunction is quite high. Laboratory tests of otolith function should be performed more routinely. This can be done in a sequential way to optimize cost effectiveness in countries with no insurance reimbursement. Prospective cohort studies on isolated otolith dysfunction, will lay the groundwork for achieving diagnostic consensus and formulating rehabilitation plans to aid this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Wei De Chua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
- The American Institute of Balance (AIB), Largo, FL, USA
| | - Heng Wai Yuen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - David Yong Ming Low
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
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Sensitivity and specificity of the modified tandem walking test for vestibular hypofunction with chronic dizziness in young adults. JOURNAL OF SURGERY AND MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.28982/josam.840973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Lee JWY, Hassannia F, Rutka JA. Contralesional High-Acceleration Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Function in Vestibular Schwannoma. Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:e1106-e1110. [PMID: 34191780 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000003207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of ipsilesional vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) function is well described in vestibular schwannoma (VS) and a correlation between gain of the VOR and tumor size has been suggested. Bilateral VOR impairment may also occur in VS patients, but its mechanisms are poorly understood. We sought to explore the effect of unilateral VS on ipsilesional and contralesional high-acceleration VOR function using video head impulse testing, and evaluate potential factors responsible for contralesional VOR impairment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chart review in tertiary referral center of patients with unilateral VS, who completed neurotological examination and vestibular function testing. RESULTS One hundred one patients (mean age 57.4 yrs) were included. Maximal tumor diameter ranged from 0.3 to 5.0 cm. Forty one patients had evidence of brainstem compression from VS on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ipsilesional and contralesional VOR impairment was present in 81 (80%) and 44 (43%) patients, respectively. Bilateral VOR impairment was seen in 42 (42%) patients. Bilateral VOR impairment correlated with tumor size. Presence of brainstem compression was associated with reduced ipsilesional VOR gain, but not contralesional VOR gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wing Yee Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Which Inner Ear Disorders Lie Behind a Selective Posterior Semicircular Canal Hypofunction on Video Head Impulse Test? Otol Neurotol 2021; 42:573-584. [PMID: 33710996 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess all different patterns of associated abnormalities on audiometry, bithermal caloric test (BCT) and cervical/ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs) to air/bone-conduction in patients with selective posterior semicircular canal (PSC) hypofunction and to correlate them with underlying disorders. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS 51 patients (23 men, 28 women, mean age 57.5 yr) with isolated PSC deficit (one bilateral). INTERVENTIONS Correlation with instrumental data and underlying diagnoses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Video-oculographic findings, objective measurements on audiometry, BCT, VEMPs and video-head impulse test (vHIT). RESULTS Ongoing or previous acute vestibular loss (AVL) was diagnosed in 13 patients (25.5%, 3 inferior vestibular neuritis, 10 AVL with sudden sensorineural hearing loss [SSNHL]), Meniere's disease (MD) in 12 (23.5%), cerebellopontine angle (CPA) lesion in 9 (17.6%), various causes in 7 (13.7%), benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) involving the non-ampullary arm of PSC in 5 cases (9.8%) whereas unknown pathology in 5 (9.8%). Involvement of at least one additional receptor besides PSC was seen in 89.8% of cases. Cochlear involvement was diagnosed in 74.5% with pure-tone average significantly greater in patients with AVL+SSNHL (p < 0.05). Overall involvement of labyrinthine receptors or afferents was highest in patients with AVL+SSNHL (p < 0.01), MD and CPA lesions (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Isolated loss of PSC function on vHIT is mostly accompanied by additional labyrinthine deficits that could only be identified through an accurate instrumental evaluation. Assessment of all receptors and afferents should be always pursued to identify the lesion site and better understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
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13
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Rahne T, Plontke SK, Fröhlich L, Strauss C. Optimized preoperative determination of nerve of origin in patients with vestibular schwannoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8608. [PMID: 33883565 PMCID: PMC8060325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In vestibular schwannoma (VS) patients hearing outcome and surgery related risks can vary and depend on the nerve of origin. Preoperative origin differentiation between inferior or superior vestibular nerve may influence the decision on treatment, and the selection of optimal treatment and counselling modalities. A novel scoring system based on functional tests was designed to predict the nerve of origin for VS and was applied to a large number of consecutive patients. A prospective, double blind, cohort study including 93 patients with suspected unilateral VS was conducted at a tertiary referral centre. Preoperatively before tumor resection a functional test battery [video head-impulse test (vHIT) of all semicircular canals (SCC)], air-conducted cervical/ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potential tests (cVEMP, oVEMP), pure-tone audiometry, and speech discrimination was applied. Sensitivity and specificity of prediction of intraoperative finding by a preoperative score based on vHIT gain, cVEMP and oVEMP amplitudes and asymmetry ratios was calculated. For the prediction of inferior vestibular nerve origin, sensitivity was 73% and specificity was 80%. For the prediction of superior vestibular nerve origin, sensitivity was 60% and specificity was 90%. Based on the trade-off between sensitivity and specificity, optimized cut-off values of - 0.32 for cVEMP and - 0.11 for oVEMP asymmetry ratios and vHIT gain thresholds of 0.77 (anterior SCC), 0.84 (lateral SCC) and 0.80 (posterior SCC) were identified by receiver operator characteristic curves. The scoring system based on preoperative functional tests improves prediction of nerve of origin and can be applied in clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Rahne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
- Universitäts-HNO-Klinik, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Stefan K Plontke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Laura Fröhlich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Strauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Video Head Impulse Test Results in Patients With a Vestibular Schwannoma-Sensitivity and Correlation With Other Vestibular System Function Tests, Hearing Acuity, and Tumor Size. Otol Neurotol 2021; 41:e623-e629. [PMID: 32118807 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE No previous studies have investigated a vestibular function test battery combining the Video Head Impulse Test (VHIT), the caloric test, and the cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) test. The objective was to investigate the sensitivity of the three vestibular tests to the presence of a vestibular schwannomas (VS), and possible correlations between test results, hearing acuity, and tumor size. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Fifty-nine patients with a unilateral VS. INTERVENTION Audio-vestibular tests; the VHIT, cVEMP, caloric irrigation, pure-tone audiometry, and speech discrimination. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Findings, sensitivity, and correlations between VHIT saccades and gain; cVEMP potentials, unilateral caloric weakness; hearing acuity. RESULTS The sensitivity for VS was 80% for the VHIT, 93% for the caloric test, and 73% for the cVEMP test. VHIT gain and saccades were associated, and both had a positive correlation to caloric function. Medium-sized tumors demonstrated the highest gain asymmetry while larger tumors were associated with saccades. There was a weak correlation between vestibular findings and hearing acuity. CONCLUSION The VHIT is sensitive to the occurrence of a VS, but less so than the caloric test, and vestibular function deteriorates to some extent with increasing tumor size. VHIT outcomes are positively correlated to caloric function, but only vaguely to cVEMP and hearing acuity. The combined vestibular function test battery reached a sensitivity of 97% to the occurrence of a VS and could thus potentially substitute MRI for tumor screening upon the diagnosis of an asymmetrical hearing loss.
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Castellucci A, Botti C, Bettini M, Fernandez IJ, Malara P, Martellucci S, Crocetta FM, Fornaciari M, Lusetti F, Renna L, Bianchin G, Armato E, Ghidini A. Case Report: Could Hennebert's Sign Be Evoked Despite Global Vestibular Impairment on Video Head Impulse Test? Considerations Upon Pathomechanisms Underlying Pressure-Induced Nystagmus due to Labyrinthine Fistula. Front Neurol 2021; 12:634782. [PMID: 33854475 PMCID: PMC8039292 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.634782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case series of labyrinthine fistula, characterized by Hennebert's sign (HS) elicited by tragal compression despite global hypofunction of semicircular canals (SCs) on a video-head impulse test (vHIT), and review the relevant literature. All three patients presented with different amounts of cochleo-vestibular loss, consistent with labyrinthitis likely induced by labyrinthine fistula due to different temporal bone pathologies (squamous cell carcinoma involving the external auditory canal in one case and middle ear cholesteatoma in two cases). Despite global hypofunction on vHIT proving impaired function for each SC for high accelerations, all patients developed pressure-induced nystagmus, presumably through spared and/or recovered activity for low-velocity canal afferents. In particular, two patients with isolated horizontal SC fistula developed HS with ipsilesional horizontal nystagmus due to resulting excitatory ampullopetal endolymphatic flows within horizontal canals. Conversely, the last patient with bony erosion involving all SCs developed mainly torsional nystagmus directed contralaterally due to additional inhibitory ampullopetal flows within vertical canals. Moreover, despite impaired measurements on vHIT, we found simultaneous direction-changing positional nystagmus likely due to a buoyancy mechanism within the affected horizontal canal in a case and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo involving the dehiscent posterior canal in another case. Based on our findings, we might suggest a functional dissociation between high (impaired) and low (spared/recovered) accelerations for SCs. Therefore, it could be hypothesized that HS in labyrinthine fistula might be due to the activation of regular ampullary fibers encoding low-velocity inputs, as pressure-induced nystagmus is perfectly aligned with the planes of dehiscent SCs in accordance with Ewald's laws, despite global vestibular impairment on vHIT. Moreover, we showed how pressure-induced nystagmus could present in a rare case of labyrinthine fistulas involving all canals simultaneously. Nevertheless, definite conclusions on the genesis of pressure-induced nystagmus in our patients are prevented due to the lack of objective measurements of both low-acceleration canal responses and otolith function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Castellucci
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Cecilia Botti
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
- PhD Proam in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Margherita Bettini
- Audiology and Ear Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Ignacio Javier Fernandez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Modena, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Pasquale Malara
- Audiology and Vestibology Service, Centromedico, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Martina Fornaciari
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Francesca Lusetti
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Luigi Renna
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bianchin
- Audiology and Ear Surgery Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Enrico Armato
- ENT Unit, SS Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, Venice, Italy
| | - Angelo Ghidini
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Azienda USL—IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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16
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Vallim MGB, Gabriel GP, Mezzalira R, Stoler G, Chone CT. Does the video head impulse test replace caloric testing in the assessment of patients with chronic dizziness? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 87:733-741. [PMID: 33642214 PMCID: PMC9422509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Caloric testing is the most frequently used test to assess peripheral vestibular function since the beginning of the 20th century. However, the video head impulse test, vHIT, has gained prominence in the field of neurotology, as it is a faster examination, easier to perform and less uncomfortable for the patient. Objective To compare, through systematic review and meta-analysis, the proportion of altered cases between vHIT tests and caloric testing in patients with chronic dizziness, in addition to assessing the sensitivity and specificity of vHIT, with caloric testing as the gold standard. Methods The literature search was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, BVS-Bireme, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane and ProQuest indexed databases, with no restrictions regarding the publication period. All articles that contained the results of the two tests were included in the evaluation of patients with dizziness. Two researchers independently conducted data selection and extraction from the studies, strictly following the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined in the research protocol. In case of disagreement during the selection, a discussion was carried out with a third evaluator. Results Eleven of the 1293 initial articles met the eligibility criteria and were analyzed. 2670 patients were evaluated, of which 1112 (41.6%) were males and 1558 (58.4%) females, with a mean age of 51.6 years. The proportion of altered results in the vHIT was 21% (95%CI 9% –33%), and 55% in the caloric testing (95%CI 43% –67%). Conclusion The vHIT does not substitute for caloric testing. The tests are complementary in assessing the patient with dizziness, as they describe the tonotopy of the ampullary crest at different frequency ranges of stimulation. In chronic cases, the vHIT has a low sensitivity and high diagnostic specificity in comparison to caloric testing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Paiva Gabriel
- University of Campinas, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Raquel Mezzalira
- University of Campinas, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guita Stoler
- University of Campinas, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Takahiro Chone
- University of Campinas, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Janky KL, Patterson J. The Relationship Between Rotary Chair and Video Head Impulse Testing in Children and Young Adults With Cochlear Implants. Am J Audiol 2020; 29:898-906. [PMID: 33201726 DOI: 10.1044/2020_aja-20-00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Conflicts among video head impulse testing (vHIT) and rotary chair have occurred; therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between rotary chair and vHIT outcome parameters to understand when these two tests disagree and determine if one or both test outcomes are needed in children. Method Data from 141 child and young adult subjects (73 males, 68 females, M age = 15 years, range: 6-35) were retrospectively reviewed. Of those, 56 had a cochlear implant and 85 were normal controls. All subjects completed rotary chair and vHIT, which were categorized as (a) normal vestibular function, (b) unilateral vestibular loss, or (c) bilateral vestibular loss. vHIT tracings were analyzed to determine if gain and corrective saccade velocity, frequency, or latency were helpful parameters for determining vestibular loss. Results Of the 141 subjects, the misclassification rate was 13/141 (9%). All normal control subjects were classified as having normal rotary chair and normal vHIT. In subjects with a cochlear implant (n = 56), the misclassification rate was 13/56 (23%). There were four misclassification patterns. Using rotary chair as the gold standard, receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed optimal cut-points for vHIT gain (< 0.84), corrective saccade frequency (≥ 50%), amplitude (≥ 75°/s), and latency (≤ 320 ms). Using these vHIT cut-points improved the agreement between rotary chair and vHIT, resulting in an overall misclassification rate of 10/141 (7%) and 9/56 (16%) in subjects with a cochlear implant. Conclusions When testing children, caloric testing is often not an option due to tolerability or time. However, discordant results occur between rotary chair and vHIT. These data suggest vHIT is a sufficient first-tier assessment. If abnormal, rotary chair is not necessary. If normal, rotary chair can be helpful for uncovering other indicators of vestibular loss. When interpreting vHIT, including gain and all corrective saccade outcomes may improve sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Janky
- Department of Audiology, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
| | - Jessie Patterson
- Department of Audiology, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE
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18
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Tulmac OB, Simsek G. Assessment of the effects of menopause on semicircular canal using the video head impulse test. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2020; 41:939-945. [PMID: 33228415 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1819213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study included early menopausal and late menopausal women aged between 40 and 60 years to evaluate the effects of menopause on semicircular canal function. A video head impulse test (vHIT) was performed for all subjects. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) mean gains of each semicircular canal and gain asymmetry were compared between groups. Of the 87 subjects, 37(42.5%) were reproductive age 28(32.5%) were early menopausal and 22(25.3%) were late menopausal patients. VOR gain of semicircular canals or gain asymmetry values did not differ between groups. In postmenopausal women, presence of vasomotor symptoms was associated with higher gain asymmetry of the left anterior-right posterior (LARP) plane (p = .01), and presence of balance problems was associated with lower right anterior (RA) VOR gain (p = .01). In conclusion semicircular canal function in postmenopausal women was similar to that in women of reproductive age.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? During menopause, women face potential risks such as dizziness, balance problems, falls and fractures. Postmenopausal patients were tested with dynamic posturography to measure balance before and after oestrogen treatment, and it was shown that balance problems significantly improved with oestrogen treatment. Healthy vestibular system is one of the components for sustaining normal balance.What do the results of this study add? In postmenopausal women the function of the semicircular canals is normal and the balance deficit in postmenopausal women may not be caused by the vestibular system. In this study changes within normal limits were observed in vestibular system of postmenopausal women.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Reported balance deficits might have been due to central origin. Further research to differentiate origin of balance deficits are needed. Specific research on symptomatic postmenopausal patients would reveal more information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Banu Tulmac
- Department of Obsterics and Gynecology, Kırıkkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Gokce Simsek
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
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19
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Mutlu B, Cesur S, Topçu MT, Geçici CR, Aşkın ÖE, Derinsu EU. Evaluation of Interexaminer Variability in Video Head Impulse Test Results. J Am Acad Audiol 2020; 31:613-619. [PMID: 33080637 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1717124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The video head impulse test (vHIT) is a diagnostic tool to assess the function of the semicircular canals and branches of the vestibular nerve. The aim of this study was to analyze the interexaminer variability of vHIT results in healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 21 healthy participants were included in the study. vHIT responses were collected by four clinicians. Variability of the vHIT results between examiners was analyzed statistically. RESULTS The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) velocity regression values were from 0.99 to 1.09 degrees per second for the lateral canals. For the vertical canals, VOR velocity regression values were from 0.87 to 1.21 degrees per second. According to repeated measures analysis of variance, the normality assumptions for the velocity regression of the left lateral canal (p = 0.002) and the right anterior canal (p < 0.01) were met and the differences were statistically significant. The normality assumptions were not met for 40, 60, and 80 ms median gain of the right lateral canal (p = 0.016, p = 0.038, and p = 0.001, respectively); 40 and 60 ms median gain of the left lateral canal (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively); and the velocity regression of the left posterior canal (p < 0.00). These differences were found to be statistically significant by using the Friedman test. CONCLUSION The interexaminer differences of the VOR gain values for the vHIT were statistically significant. Serial vHIT testing should be performed by the same examiner to reduce the effects of interexaminer variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Başak Mutlu
- Department of Audiology, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sıdıka Cesur
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Subdepartment of Audiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Torun Topçu
- Department of Audiology, School of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cennet Reyyan Geçici
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Subdepartment of Audiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Öyküm Esra Aşkın
- Department of Statistics, Yıldız Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Ufuk Derinsu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Subdepartment of Audiology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Altunay ZO, Ozkarakas H. Comparison of the Efficacy of Video Head Impulse and Bi-Thermal Caloric Tests in Vertigo. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2020; 100:742-748. [PMID: 32981343 DOI: 10.1177/0145561320962597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare video head impulse test (vHIT) and caloric test efficacy in decompensated and compensated vertigo patients and to further investigate whether vHIT alone can be used as a diagnostic tool in vertigo. METHODS This study included 25 patients diagnosed with vertigo and without any previous history of vertigo or hearing loss before their admission to our clinic. The control group consisted of 16 healthy adult volunteers. Patients were classified into 2 groups, compensated and decompensated. Video head impulse test and caloric tests were performed and the results were compared between the groups. RESULTS The difference of caloric test values between control-compensated groups and compensated-decompensated groups was statistically significant (P < .001, Pearson χ2). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the compensated and control groups according to vHIT gain asymmetry values (P = .087). In the very early stages of the disease with spontaneous nystagmus, the diagnostic significance of vHIT was similar to that of the caloric test. When both sides were compared, vHIT gain asymmetry values were close to the caloric test asymmetry values. In the compensated stage, caloric test was superior to vHIT in differentiating compensated vestibular pathologies. When vHIT sensitivity was evaluated according to the bi-thermal caloric test results, the sensitivity of the vHIT gain asymmetry value was 85.71% and 23.08% for decompensated and compensated patients respectively. CONCLUSION In the early decompensated stages of the disease with spontaneous nystagmus, vHIT shows similar diagnostic accuracy to that of the caloric test. Since patients can tolerate vHIT more easily, our results suggest that vHIT can be considered as a primary evaluation method in the early (decompensated) period of the disease and should be preferred over the caloric test during the acute phase. Caloric test is more reliable at the compensated stage. Video head impulse test is inadequate in evaluating the compensated vestibular hypofunctional states after compensation has been restored. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Onerci Altunay
- Sultangazi Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 162328Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Haluk Ozkarakas
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 162328Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Tulmaç ÖB, Kılıç R, Yaman S, Aktulum F, Şimşek G, Erdinç S. Evaluation of the vestibular system with video head impulse test in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2020; 47:96-102. [PMID: 32820578 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to evaluate the semicircular canal functions of the vestibular system in pregnant women with hyperemesis gravidarum. METHODS This is a prospective case-control study. Among pregnant women in their first trimester (<14. gestational weeks) who presented to our outpatient clinic, 36 patients diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum defined as persistent nausea and vomiting requiring intravenous hydration or loss of at least 5% of prepregnancy weight and 34 healthy pregnant without nausea and vomiting were included. Otorhinolaryngologic examination and video head impulse test (vHIT) was performed to all patients. Vestibular-ocular reflex (VOR) gain and gain asymmetry were assessed between groups. RESULTS The VOR gains in each semicircular canal did not differ between hyperemesis and control groups. Using a VOR gain cut-off value of 0.8, the groups were compared in terms of the frequency of low values. In the hyperemesis group, abnormally low gain values of left anterior canal were more frequently observed than in the control group (32 [88.9%], 22 [64.7%], respectively, P = 0.01). In left anterior-right posterior (LARP) plane VOR gain asymmetry was higher in hyperemesis group (13.5 [1.0-71.0], 6.0 [0.0-35.0], P = 0.001). No significant gain asymmetry was detected between the groups in the other planes. CONCLUSION Semicircular canal functions were not abnormal globally in women with hyperemesis gravidarum. However, higher LARP plane asymmetry and low LA gain in women with hyperemesis suggests need for further research to clarify functional role of vestibular system on hyperemesis gravidarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem B Tulmaç
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty of Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Rahmi Kılıç
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty of Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Selen Yaman
- Zekai Tahir Burak Woman's Health, Education and Research Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Aktulum
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty of Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Gökçe Şimşek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty of Kirikkale University, Kirikkale, Turkey
| | - Seval Erdinç
- Zekai Tahir Burak Woman's Health, Education and Research Hospital, Obsterics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Constanzo F, Sens P, Teixeira BCDA, Ramina R. Video Head Impulse Test to Preoperatively Identify the Nerve of Origin of Vestibular Schwannomas. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2020; 16:319-325. [PMID: 29750273 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of the nerve of origin in vestibular schwannoma (VS) is an important prognostic factor for hearing preservation surgery. Thus far, vestibular functional tests and magnetic resonance imaging have not yielded reliable results to preoperatively evaluate this information. The development of the video head impulse test (vHIT) has allowed a precise evaluation of each semicircular canal, and its localizing value has been tested for some peripheral vestibular diseases, but not for VS. OBJECTIVE To correlate patterns of semicircular canal alteration on vHIT to intraoperative identification of the nerve of origin of VSs. METHODS A total 31 patients with sporadic VSs were preoperatively evaluated with vHIT (gain of vestibule-ocular reflex, overt and covert saccades on each semicircular canal) and then the nerve of origin was surgically identified during surgical resection via retrosigmoid approach. vHIT results were classified as normal, isolated superior vestibular nerve (SVN) pattern, isolated inferior vestibular nerve (IVN) pattern, predominant SVN pattern, and predominant IVN pattern. Hannover classification, cystic component, and distance between the tumor and the end of the internal auditory canal were also considered for analysis. RESULTS Three patients had a normal vHIT, 12 had an isolated SVN pattern, 5 had an isolated IVN pattern, 7 had a predominant SVN pattern, and 4 had a predominant IVN pattern. vHIT was able to correctly identify the nerve of origin in 89.7% of cases (100% of altered exams). CONCLUSION The pattern of semicircular canal dysfunction on vHIT has a localizing value to identify the nerve of origin in VSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Constanzo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute of Curitiba (INC), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Patricia Sens
- Department of Otolaryngology, Neurological Institute of Curitiba (INC), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Corrêa de Almeida Teixeira
- Department of Neuroradiology, Neurological Institute of Curitiba (INC) and Centro de Diagnostico por Imagem (CETAC), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ramina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute of Curitiba (INC), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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West N, Sass H, Klokker M, Cayé-Thomasen P. Functional Loss After Meningitis-Evaluation of Vestibular Function in Patients With Postmeningitic Hearing Loss. Front Neurol 2020; 11:681. [PMID: 32849181 PMCID: PMC7406674 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The inner ear vestibular system is essential to balance function. Although hearing loss is well-described and quite common following meningitis, the literature evaluating vestibular function following meningitis is very limited. In particular, information on results of contemporary vestibular function tests, e.g., the video head impulse test (VHIT), is scarce. Using contemporary vestibular function tests, this study examines the vestibular function of patients with profound hearing loss (HL) after meningitis. Methods: Review of the literature and retrospective controlled study. Patients: Twenty-one consecutive patients with profound HL after meningitis (cochlear implant candidates) matched with 20 patients with profound HL of unknown etiology and examined during the period 2013-2018. Outcome Measure: Vestibular function loss, as evaluated with VHIT vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain, eye movement saccades, and cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (cVEMPs). The results of these tests were correlated to inner ear imaging findings (MRI/CT) and the level of hearing loss. Results: Mean VHIT gain was 0.48 in the meningitis group compared to 0.86 in the control group (p < 0.01). Saccades were present in 21 ears (62%) in the meningitis group compared to six ears (15%) among the controls (p < 0.01). cVEMP responses were present on five ears (18%) in the meningitis group and 25 ears (66%) in the control group (p < 0.01). Discussion: Postmeningitic hearing loss is associated with poor vestibular function, as evaluated by VHIT, saccades, and cVEMP. Loss of vestibular function correlates with the degree of hearing loss and inner ear imaging findings, although not in all cases. Vestibular function should be examined in patients surviving meningitis with hearing loss in order to individualize rehabilitation and improve balance outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels West
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hjalte Sass
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mads Klokker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Cayé-Thomasen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Constanzo F, Teixeira BCDA, Sens P, Ramina R. Video Head Impulse Test in Vestibular Schwannoma: Relevance of Size and Cystic Component on Vestibular Impairment. Otol Neurotol 2020; 40:511-516. [PMID: 30870368 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tumor factors that influence vestibular function in vestibular schwannoma (VS) have not been properly described. We evaluated whether cystic VSs have different vestibular function than solid VS. Tumor size on vestibular function was also evaluated. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS Forty-one cases of sporadic, untreated VS. INTERVENTION Evaluation with video head impulse test and MRI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tumors were classified as solid, heterogeneous, or cystic and by size using the Hannover classification. Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain was correlated to tumor size and cystic status. RESULTS Large VS had worse VOR gain than small lesions (p < 0.001). Cystic lesions had lower VOR gain than all other tumors (p = 0.001), Hannover T3 and T4 (p = 0.014), Hannover T4 (p = 0.015), solid tumors (p < 0.001), solid Hannover T3 and T4 (p = 0.003), and solid Hannover T4 (p = 0.008). Heterogeneous VSs had lower VOR gain compared to solid tumors (p = 0.02), solid Hannover T3 and T4 (p = 0.08), and solid Hannover T4 (p = 0.14). Heterogeneous and cystic VSs had lower VOR gain than solid tumors (p < 0.001), solid Hannover T3 and T4 (p = 0.004), and solid Hannover T4 (p = 0.02). VOR gain of solid T4 lesions was not significantly lower than solid Hannover T1-T3 (p = 0.33). CONCLUSION Cystic status is directly associated with a worse vestibular dysfunction. Size did not significantly impact vestibular function in solid VS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Patricia Sens
- Otolaryngology Department, Neurological Institute of Curitiba, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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Tailor H, Gaggini M, Hastings L, Locke R, Crowther JA, Kontorinis G. Subclinical vestibular deficit in six-canal video head impulse testing (vHIT) in patients with vestibular schwannomas. Clin Otolaryngol 2019; 45:139-142. [PMID: 31661598 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiteshkumar Tailor
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret Gaggini
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lorna Hastings
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard Locke
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - John A Crowther
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Georgios Kontorinis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
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Vestibular Deficits Correlating to Dizziness Handicap Inventory Score, Hearing Loss, and Tumor Size in a Danish Cohort of Vestibular Schwannoma Patients. Otol Neurotol 2019; 40:813-819. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hannigan IP, Welgampola MS, Watson SRD. Dissociation of caloric and head impulse tests: a marker of Meniere's disease. J Neurol 2019; 268:431-439. [PMID: 31222419 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis of the horizontal video head impulse test (vHIT) results and caloric testing results was undertaken on 644 patients who attended a neuro-otology outpatient facility. Presenting symptoms included spontaneous vertigo, positional vertigo, imbalance or chronic subjective dizziness. For 570 patients, the results of vHIT and caloric testing were concordant. Both tests were normal in 500 subjects with an average vHIT gain = 0.92 ± 0.09 (L); 0.98 ± 0.10 (R) and canal paresis (CP) = 7.88 ± 6.12; (range 0-28%). 54 had concordant asymmetries, average ipsilesional vHIT gain = 0.56 ± 0.15, average contralesional vHIT gain = 0.88 ± 0.12. CP = 68.02 ± 24.38 (range 31-100%). 16 subjects had bilateral vestibular hypofunction with average vHIT gains of 0.42 ± 0.20 (L); 0.41 ± 0.19 (R), peak slow phase velocity (SPV) on warm caloric testing = 2.68 ± 2.08, range 0-6°/s (L) and 3.75 ± 3.43 range, 0-10°/s (R). 36 patients showed a dissociation of results between the two tests. In these subjects, the vHIT gain was normal (0.93 ± 0.06 left and 0.98 ± 0.07 right) and the caloric test showed a CP > 30% (48 ± 13.8%). Their final diagnoses included clinically definite Meniere's disease (MD) (n = 27), vestibular schwannoma (VS) (n = 2) vestibular migraine (VM) (n = 1), vestibular neuritis (VN) (n = 5) and unknown (n = 1). No patient with abnormal HSCC gain on vHIT had a normal caloric result. The caloric test complements the vHIT in the assessment of vestibular disorders and is most useful in suspected endolymphatic hydrops. Asymmetric caloric function in the presence of normal horizontal head impulse tests is most commonly associated with Meniere's disease and may function as a diagnostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Hannigan
- Blacktown Neurology Clinic, Blacktown, NSW, 2148, Australia.,Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - M S Welgampola
- Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Level 8 East 1, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Shaun R D Watson
- Blacktown Neurology Clinic, Blacktown, NSW, 2148, Australia. .,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, 2013, Australia.
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Rahne T, Plößl S, Plontke SK, Strauss C. [Preoperative determination of nerve of origin in patients with vestibular schwannoma. German version]. HNO 2019; 65:966-972. [PMID: 28948300 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-017-0415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vestibular schwannoma (VS) is a benign tumor that develops in the internal auditory canal and the cerebellopontine angle, potentially diminishing hearing or balance. Most VS tumors arise from one of two vestibular branches: the superior or inferior vestibular nerve. Determining the specific nerve of origin could improve patient management in terms of preoperative counseling, treatment selection, and surgical decision-making and planning. The aim of this study was to introduce a novel scoring system that was designed to determine the nerve of origin. METHODS The nerve of origin was predicted based on video head impulse assessments of all semicircular channels, together with cervical/ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential tests. The acquired data were entered into a scoring system developed to allocate the tumor origin. Finally, the nerve of origin was definitively determined intraoperatively. RESULTS The novel scoring system was applied to 5 consecutive patients undergoing surgical VS treatment. In one case, no determination was possible. In all other cases, the preoperatively predicted tumor origin was the same as the origin determined during surgery. CONCLUSION The scoring system predicts the nerve of origin and will be evaluated in a larger prospective cohort study of VS patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rahne
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Deutschland.
| | - S Plößl
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - S K Plontke
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06120, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
| | - C Strauss
- Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Halle (Saale), Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Deutschland
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Walther LE, Löhler J, Agrawal Y, Motschall E, Schubach F, Meerpohl JJ, Schmucker C. Evaluating the Diagnostic Accuracy of the Head-Impulse Test: A Scoping Review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019; 145:550-560. [PMID: 31021380 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2019.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Vestibular symptoms rank among the most common complaints in medicine worldwide. Underlying disorders manifested by these symptoms are generally associated with an impairment of the vestibular-ocular reflex and can be assessed with different diagnostic procedures. In recent years, an increasing number of diagnostic test accuracy studies comparing various head-impulse test (HIT) methods with other diagnostic procedures have been published but not systematically reviewed. Objective To conduct a scoping review and describe key characteristics of the growing number of diagnostic studies in patients presenting with vestibular symptoms. Evidence Review In April 2017, published studies were identified through searches of 4 bibliographic databases: Medline, Science Citation Index Expanded, the Cochrane Library, and ScienceDirect. Studies were included if they provided diagnostic accuracy data (sensitivity and specificity) for any HIT method with reference to any other vestibular test or clinical diagnosis in patients with vestibular symptoms. Study key characteristics were extracted, and the current literature was described narratively. All analysis took place between June 2017 and July 2018. Findings We identified a total of 27 diagnostic studies (including 3821 participants). There were disagreements between diagnostic test accuracy data both within and between studies when different HIT methods were compared with other diagnostic procedures. The proportion of correctly identified people having the disease (sensitivity) ranged between 0% and 100% (median, 41%), whereas the proportion of correctly identified people without the disease (specificity) was higher and ranged between 56% and 100% (median, 94%). Conclusions and Relevance Based on the studies included in this review, sensitivity, specificity, and, more importantly, the risk of misdiagnosis and associated undertreatment or overtreatment cannot be reliably estimated by HIT methods for patients with vestibular symptoms. We recommend that further diagnostic studies consider (1) multiple possible underlying causes of vestibular symptoms and multiple test thresholds, (2) a representative sample of patients with and without the disease, and (3) reporting guidelines for diagnostic test accuracy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Erik Walther
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan Löhler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yuri Agrawal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Edith Motschall
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Schubach
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jörg J Meerpohl
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Schmucker
- Institute for Evidence in Medicine (for Cochrane Germany Foundation), Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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30
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Fujiwara K, Yanagi H, Morita S, Hoshino K, Fukuda A, Nakamaru Y, Homma A. Evaluation of Vertical Semicircular Canal Function in Patients With Vestibular Schwannoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2018; 128:113-120. [DOI: 10.1177/0003489418808545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate vertical semicircular canal function in patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) by video head impulse test (vHIT). Methods: Fifteen patients with VS who had not received any treatment, including surgery or stereotactic radiotherapy, before vHIT examination were enrolled. Vestibulo-ocular reflex gain and catch-up saccade in vHIT were evaluated. Results: Dysfunction of anterior and posterior semicircular canals was detected by vHIT in 26.7% and 60.0%, respectively. Six patients (40.0%) demonstrated abnormalities referable to both vestibular nerve divisions. Abnormalities referable to the superior vestibular nerve were identified in 3 patients (20.0%), while 3 patients (20.0%) demonstrated a pattern indicative of inferior vestibular nerve involvement. Anterior semicircular canal vHIT produced fewer abnormalities than did either horizontal or posterior semicircular canal vHIT. Conclusions: Dysfunction of the semicircular canals, including the vertical canals, in patients with VS was detected by vHIT. The anterior semicircular canal was less frequently involved than the horizontal or posterior semicircular canal. The examination of the vertical canals by vHIT is useful in the evaluation of vestibular function in patients with VS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishi Fujiwara
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yanagi
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinya Morita
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kimiko Hoshino
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukuda
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamaru
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Homma
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Janky KL, Patterson JN, Shepard NT, Thomas MLA, Honaker JA. Effects of Device on Video Head Impulse Test (vHIT) Gain. J Am Acad Audiol 2018; 28:778-785. [PMID: 28972467 DOI: 10.3766/jaaa.16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous video head impulse test (vHIT) devices are available commercially; however, gain is not calculated uniformly. An evaluation of these devices/algorithms in healthy controls and patients with vestibular loss is necessary for comparing and synthesizing work that utilizes different devices and gain calculations. PURPOSE Using three commercially available vHIT devices/algorithms, the purpose of the present study was to compare: (1) horizontal canal vHIT gain among devices/algorithms in normal control subjects; (2) the effects of age on vHIT gain for each device/algorithm in normal control subjects; and (3) the clinical performance of horizontal canal vHIT gain between devices/algorithms for differentiating normal versus abnormal vestibular function. RESEARCH DESIGN Prospective. STUDY SAMPLE Sixty-one normal control adult subjects (range 20-78) and eleven adults with unilateral or bilateral vestibular loss (range 32-79). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS vHIT was administered using three different devices/algorithms, randomized in order, for each subject on the same day: (1) Impulse (Otometrics, Schaumberg, IL; monocular eye recording, right eye only; using area under the curve gain), (2) EyeSeeCam (Interacoustics, Denmark; monocular eye recording, left eye only; using instantaneous gain), and (3) VisualEyes (MicroMedical, Chatham, IL, binocular eye recording; using position gain). RESULTS There was a significant mean difference in vHIT gain among devices/algorithms for both the normal control and vestibular loss groups. vHIT gain was significantly larger in the ipsilateral direction of the eye used to measure gain; however, in spite of the significant mean differences in vHIT gain among devices/algorithms and the significant directional bias, classification of "normal" versus "abnormal" gain is consistent across all compared devices/algorithms, with the exception of instantaneous gain at 40 msec. There was not an effect of age on vHIT gain up to 78 years regardless of the device/algorithm. CONCLUSIONS These findings support that vHIT gain is significantly different between devices/algorithms, suggesting that care should be taken when making direct comparisons of absolute gain values between devices/algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Janky
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Department of Audiology, Omaha, NE
| | - Jessie N Patterson
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, Lincoln, NE
| | | | - Megan L A Thomas
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Department of Audiology, Omaha, NE
| | - Julie A Honaker
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Department of Special Education and Communication Disorders, Lincoln, NE.,Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Walther LE. Current diagnostic procedures for diagnosing vertigo and dizziness. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2017; 16:Doc02. [PMID: 29279722 PMCID: PMC5738933 DOI: 10.3205/cto000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vertigo is a multisensory syndrome that otolaryngologists are confronted with every day. With regard to the complex functions of the sense of orientation, vertigo is considered today as a disorder of the sense of direction, a disturbed spatial perception of the body. Beside the frequent classical syndromes for which vertigo is the leading symptom (e.g. positional vertigo, vestibular neuritis, Menière’s disease), vertigo may occur as main or accompanying symptom of a multitude of ENT-related diseases involving the inner ear. It also concerns for example acute and chronic viral or bacterial infections of the ear with serous or bacterial labyrinthitis, disorders due to injury (e.g. barotrauma, fracture of the oto-base, contusion of the labyrinth), chronic-inflammatory bone processes as well as inner ear affections in the perioperative course. In the last years, diagnostics of vertigo have experienced a paradigm shift due to new diagnostic possibilities. In the diagnostics of emergency cases, peripheral and central disorders of vertigo (acute vestibular syndrome) may be differentiated with simple algorithms. The introduction of modern vestibular test procedures (video head impulse test, vestibular evoked myogenic potentials) in the clinical practice led to new diagnostic options that for the first time allow a complex objective assessment of all components of the vestibular organ with relatively low effort. Combined with established methods, a frequency-specific assessment of the function of vestibular reflexes is possible. New classifications allow a clinically better differentiation of vertigo syndromes. Modern radiological procedures such as for example intratympanic gadolinium application for Menière’s disease with visualization of an endolymphatic hydrops also influence current medical standards. Recent methodical developments significantly contributed to the possibilities that nowadays vertigo can be better and more quickly clarified in particular in otolaryngology.
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[Surgery of vestibular schwannoma - more clinical diagnostics of vertigo for a better preservation of hearing?]. HNO 2017; 65:962-965. [PMID: 29098313 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-017-0431-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Judge PD, Janky KL, Barin K. Can the Video Head Impulse Test Define Severity of Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction? Otol Neurotol 2017; 38:730-736. [PMID: 28178036 PMCID: PMC5749235 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to compare rotary chair and video head impulse test (vHIT) findings in patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH) to determine whether vHIT can: 1) define severity of BVH and 2) accurately predict rotary chair findings in patients with BVH. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective chart review. SETTING Research hospital. PATIENTS Twenty subjects with bilateral vestibular hypofunction as assessed by rotary chair. INTERVENTION Rotary chair and vHIT. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The main outcome measures were rotary chair phase, gain, and symmetry and vHIT vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) gain. Rotary chair and vHIT results were assessed and subjects were stratified into groups according to the severity of their vestibular hypofunction. For rotary chair, subjects were classified as mild, moderate, or severe BVH. For vHIT, subjects were classified as normal, unilateral, or bilateral. RESULTS Average lateral canal vHIT VOR gain: 1) significantly increased as severity of BVH decreased, and 2) demonstrated a significant and positive, linear relationship with rotary chair gains. vHIT was in disagreement with rotary chair in the classification of five subjects, which could be due to right-left asymmetry of BVH. CONCLUSION vHIT can serve as an initial tool for identifying patients with BVH. Lower vHIT gains are consistent with having severe BVH. There was disagreement between vHIT and rotary chair, though not for any patients with severe BVH. Compared with rotary chair, the clinical gold standard for identifying BVH, vHIT possesses 100% sensitivity for excluding severe BVH when average vHIT gains are greater than 0.46.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Judge
- *University of Nebraska Medical Center †Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, Nebraska ‡The Ohio State University, Eye and Ear Institute, Columbus, Ohio
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Tarnutzer AA, Bockisch CJ, Buffone E, Weber KP. Association of posterior semicircular canal hypofunction on video-head-impulse testing with other vestibulo-cochlear deficits. Clin Neurophysiol 2017. [PMID: 28623066 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The video-head-impulse test (vHIT) provides a functional assessment of all six semicircular canals (SCC). Occasionally isolated loss of the posterior canal(s) (ILPC) is diagnosed, though this finding is poorly characterized. Here we assessed how accurate that diagnosis is by measuring the co-occurrence of abnormalities on caloric irrigation, vestibular-evoked myogenic-potentials and audiometry. METHODS We identified 52 patients with ILPC (unilateral=40, bilateral=12). We determined vHIT-gains and saccade-amplitudes and correlated vHIT-findings with other vestibulo-cochlear tests. RESULTS The most frequent diagnoses were history of vestibular neuritis (13/52), Menière's disease (12/52) and vertigo/dizziness of unclear origin (13/52). Unilateral ILPC on vHIT was accompanied by a deficient horizontal canal on calorics, saccular and/or utricular deficits ipsilesionally in 33/40 (83%), while ipsilesional hearing-loss was noted in 24/40 (60%). Involvement of other sensors was highest for vestibular schwannoma (100%) and history of vestibular neuritis (92%). Bilateral deficits in ≥1 vestibulo-cochlear sensor(s) were noted in 2/12 cases with bilateral ILPC. CONCLUSIONS >80% of patients with unilateral ILPC had additional deficits of other parts of the vestibular organ, while this rate was ≤20% for patients with bilateral ILPC. SIGNIFICANCE Dizzy patients should receive testing of the posterior canals and if abnormalities are observed, additional vestibulo-cochlear testing should be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Tarnutzer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher J Bockisch
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena Buffone
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad P Weber
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Castellucci A, Brandolini C, Piras G, Fernandez IJ, Giordano D, Pernice C, Modugno GC, Pirodda A, Ferri GG. Superior canal dehiscence with tegmen defect revealed by otoscopy: Video clip demonstration of pulsatile tympanic membrane. Auris Nasus Larynx 2016; 45:165-169. [PMID: 28017492 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Superior canal dehiscence is a pathologic condition of the otic capsule acting as aberrant window of the inner ear. It results in reduction of inner ear impedance and in abnormal exposure of the labyrinthine neuroepithelium to the action of the surrounding structures. The sum of these phenomena leads to the onset of typical cochleo-vestibular symptoms and signs. Among them, pulsatile tinnitus has been attributed to a direct transmission of intracranial vascular activities to labyrinthine fluids. We present the first video-otoscopic documentation of spontaneous pulse-synchronous movements of the tympanic membrane in two patients with superior canal dehiscence. Pulsating eardrum may represent an additional sign of third-mobile window lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Castellucci
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Center for Clinical and Basic Research (IRCCS), Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Cristina Brandolini
- ENT & Audiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Piras
- Department of Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, Via Antonio Emmanueli 42, 29121 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Ignacio Javier Fernandez
- ENT & Audiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Giordano
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Center for Clinical and Basic Research (IRCCS), Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Carmine Pernice
- ENT Unit, Department of Surgery, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova, Center for Clinical and Basic Research (IRCCS), Viale Risorgimento 80, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Carlo Modugno
- ENT & Audiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Pirodda
- ENT & Audiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gian Gaetano Ferri
- ENT & Audiology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Tranter-Entwistle I, Dawes P, Darlington CL, Smith PF, Cutfield N. Video head impulse in comparison to caloric testing in unilateral vestibular schwannoma. Acta Otolaryngol 2016; 136:1110-1114. [PMID: 27224664 DOI: 10.1080/00016489.2016.1185540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
CONCLUSIONS Although there was a statistically significant relationship between the results of the vHIT and the caloric test, the limited strength of this relationship suggests that, for unilateral vestibular schwannoma (UVS), caloric testing and vHIT may provide complementary information on vestibular function. OBJECTIVE There is limited information that can be used to determine which of the video head impulse test (vHIT) and caloric test might be better used in the diagnosis and management of UVS. In this study, a group of participants with un-operated UVS was studied using both methods. METHODS The subjects' vestibular function was assessed using the vHIT and caloric testing. Tumour size was quantified using MRI and their balance disturbance assessed using the Jacobsen Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI). RESULTS Twenty of 30 subjects had an abnormal canal paresis according to the Jongkees' criterion (> 0.25); however, only 10/30 had an ipsilesional vHIT gain of <0.79. Canal paresis could be predicted from the ipsilesional and contralesional vHIT gains. Tumour size could also be predicted from the ipsilesional vHIT gain and canal paresis. However, DHI scores could not be predicted from the degree of canal paresis, vHIT gain, or the MRI measures.
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Welgampola MS, Akdal G, Halmagyi GM. Neuro-otology- some recent clinical advances. J Neurol 2016; 264:188-203. [PMID: 27632181 PMCID: PMC5225204 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-016-8266-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vestibular disorders manifesting as vertigo, chronic dizziness and imbalance are common problems in neurological practice. Here, we review some recent interesting and important advances in diagnosis of vestibular disorders using the video head impulse test and in the management of benign positional vertigo and migrainous vertigo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gülden Akdal
- Neurology Department, Dokuz Eylül University Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Video head impulse test: a review of the literature. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2016; 274:1215-1222. [DOI: 10.1007/s00405-016-4157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kim HJ, Park SH, Kim JS, Koo JW, Kim CY, Kim YH, Han JH. Bilaterally Abnormal Head Impulse Tests Indicate a Large Cerebellopontine Angle Tumor. J Clin Neurol 2016; 12:65-74. [PMID: 26754780 PMCID: PMC4712288 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.1.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tumors involving the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) pose a diagnostic challenge due to their diverse manifestations. Head impulse tests (HITs) have been used to evaluate vestibular function, but few studies have explored the head impulse gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in patients with a vestibular schwannoma. This study tested whether the head impulse gain of the VOR is an indicator of the size of a unilateral CPA tumor. METHODS Twenty-eight patients (21 women; age=64±12 years, mean±SD) with a unilateral CPA tumor underwent a recording of the HITs using a magnetic search coil technique. Patients were classified into non-compressing (T1-T3) and compressing (T4) groups according to the Hannover classification. RESULTS Most (23/28, 82%) of the patients showed abnormal HITs for the semicircular canals on the lesion side. The bilateral abnormality in HITs was more common in the compressing group than the non-compressing group (80% vs. 8%, Pearson's chi-square test: p<0.001). The tumor size was inversely correlated with the head impulse gain of the VOR in either direction. CONCLUSIONS Bilaterally abnormal HITs indicate that a patient has a large unilateral CPA tumor. The abnormal HITs in the contralesional direction may be explained either by adaptation or by compression and resultant dysfunction of the cerebellar and brainstem structures. The serial evaluation of HITs may provide information on tumor growth, and thereby reduce the number of costly brain scans required when following up patients with CPA tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Kyungdong University, Goseong, Korea
| | - Seong Ho Park
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ji Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
| | - Ja Won Koo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Chae Yong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jung Ho Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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