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Fan X, Zhao N, Yu Z, Yu H, Yin B, Zou L, Zhao Y, Qian X, Sai X, Qin C, Fu C, Hu C, Di T, Yang Y, Wu Y, Bian T. Clinical Utility of Central and Peripheral Airway Nitric Oxide in Aging Patients with Stable and Acute Exacerbated Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:571-580. [PMID: 33654424 PMCID: PMC7914066 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s284688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exhaled nitric oxide has been used as a marker of airway inflammation. The NO concentration in the central and peripheral airway/alveolar can be measured by a slow and fast exhalation flow rate to evaluate inflammation in different divisions within the respiratory tract. We hypothesized that FeNO200 (exhaled NO at a flow rate of 200mL/s) could be used as an evaluation tool for peripheral airway/alveolar inflammation and corticosteroid therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Methods We recruited 171 subjects into the study: 73 healthy controls, 59 stable COPD patients, and 39 acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) patients. Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO50 (exhaled NO at a flow rate of 50mL/s)), FeNO200 and CaNO (peripheral concentration of NO/alveolar NO) and clinical variables including pulmonary function, COPD Assessment Test (CAT), C-reactive protein concentration (CRP) and circulating eosinophil count were measured among the recruited participants. FeNO50, FeNO200 and CaNO were repeatedly evaluated in 39 AECOPD patients after corticosteroid treatment. Results FeNO200 was significantly higher in stable COPD and AECOPD patients than in healthy controls. Nevertheless, CaNO could not differentiate COPD from healthy controls. No correlation was found between circulating eosinophil counts or FEV1 and exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO50, FeNO200, CaNO) in COPD patients. For AECOPD patients, 64% of patients had eosinophil counts >100 cells/µL; 59% of patients had FeNO200 >10 ppb; only 31% of patients had FeNO50 > 25 ppb. Among AECOPD patients, the high FeNO50 and FeNO200 groups’ levels were significantly lower than their baseline levels, and significant improvements in CAT were seen in the two groups after corticosteroid treatment. These implied a good corticosteroid response in AECOPD patients with FeNO200>10ppb. Conclusion FeNO200 is a straightforward and feasible method to evaluate the peripheral NO concentration in COPD. FeNO200 can be a type 2 inflammation biomarker and a useful tool for predicting corticosteroid therapy in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Fan
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Nian Zhao
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Kunshan, Kunshan, Jiangsu, 215300, People's Republic of China.,The first medical college of Nanjing Medical University, NanJing, Jiangsu, 211166, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoda Yu
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yin
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Lifei Zou
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinying Zhao
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiufen Qian
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Sai
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu Qin
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Congli Fu
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Hu
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Di
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yang
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Bian
- Departments of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214023, People's Republic of China
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Han Z, Shaligram S, Faughnan ME, Clark D, Sun Z, Su H. Reduction of endoglin receptor impairs mononuclear cell-migration. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2020; 1:136-148. [PMID: 32954380 PMCID: PMC7500529 DOI: 10.37349/emed.2020.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To test if the impairment of mononuclear cell (MNC) migration in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is due to the reduction of the endoglin (ENG) receptor on the cell surface and oxidative stress. Methods: MNCs of HHT patients and normal controls were subjected to migration assay. Fractions of MNCs were pre-incubated with antibodies specific to HHT causative genes ENG [hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 1 (HHT1)] or activin receptor-like kinase 1 [ALK1, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2)], AMD3100 or Diprotin-A to block ENG, ALK1 C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) or CD26 (increased in HHT1 MNCs) before migration assay. The MNCs were allowed to migrate toward stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) for 18 h. The expression of CXCR4, CD26, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) in MNCs and nitric oxide levels in the plasma were analyzed. Results: Compared to the controls, fewer HHT1 MNCs and similar number of HHT2 MNCs migrated toward SDF-1α. Diprotin-A pre-treatment improved HHT1 MNC-migration, but had no effect on normal and HHT2 MNCs. Pre-incubation with an anti-ENG antibody reduced the migration of normal MNCs. Diprotin-A did not improve the migration of ENG antibody pre-treated MNCs. Anti-ALK1 antibody had no effect on MNC-migration. AMD3100 treatment reduced normal and HHT MNC-migration. ENG mRNA level was reduced in HHT1 and HHT2 MNCs. ALK1 mRNA was reduced in HHT2 MNCs only. CD26 expression was higher in HHT1 MNCs. Pre-treatment of MNCs with anti-ENG or anti-ALK1 antibody had no effect on CD26 and CXCR4 expression. The expression of antioxidant enzymes, SOD1, was reduced in HHT1 MNCs, which was accompanied with an increase of ROS in HHT MNCs and nitric oxide in HHT1 plasma. Conclusions: Reduction of ENG receptor on MNC surface reduced monocyte migration toward SDF-1α independent of CD26 expression. Increased oxidative stress could alter HHT MNC migration behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenying Han
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sonali Shaligram
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marie E Faughnan
- Toronto HHT Centre, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Dewi Clark
- Toronto HHT Centre, Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Zhengda Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Center for Cerebrovascular Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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A Role for Alveolar Exhaled Nitric Oxide Measurement in the Diagnosis of Hepatopulmonary Syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol 2020; 54:278-283. [PMID: 31306341 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
GOALS The authors sought to characterize predominantly alveolar exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) in hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) compared with non-HPS, changes after liver transplantation, and diagnostic properties. BACKGROUND HPS is defined by liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilatations (IPVDs), and hypoxemia. Rat models and small human studies suggest that NO overproduction may cause IPVDs. STUDY A retrospective review of the Canadian HPS Database (2007 to 2017) and prospective eNO measurement (main outcome) in healthy controls (measurement expiratory flow, 200 mL/s). HPS was defined as: (1) liver disease; (2) contrast echocardiography consistent with IPVDs; and (3) partial pressure of arterial oxygen <70 mm Hg with alveolar-arterial gradient >20 mm Hg; subclinical HPS as criteria (1) and (2) only; and no HPS as criterion (1) only. Current smokers and subjects with asthma or pulmonary hypertension were excluded. A linear mixed effects model was used to compare eNO between groups and before and after transplantation. RESULTS eNO was 10.4±0.7 ppb in HPS (n=26); 8.3±0.6 ppb in subclinical HPS (n=38); 7.1±1.0 ppb in no HPS (n=15); and 5.6±0.7 ppb in controls (n=30) (P<0.001). eNO decreased from 10.9±0.8 ppb preliver to 6.3±0.8 ppb postliver transplant (n=6 HPS, 6 subclinical HPS) (P<0.001). eNO <6 ppb was 84.4% (73.1% to 92.2%) sensitive and ≥12 ppb was 78.1% (69.4% to 85.3%) specific for HPS (vs. subclinical HPS). CONCLUSIONS HPS subjects have higher alveolar eNO than non-HPS subjects, levels normalize with liver transplantation. Applying eNO cutoff values may aid in HPS diagnosis.
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Gawecki F, Strangeways T, Amin A, Perks J, McKernan H, Thurainatnam S, Rizvi A, Jackson JE, Santhirapala V, Myers J, Brown J, Howard LSGE, Tighe HC, Shovlin CL. Exercise capacity reflects airflow limitation rather than hypoxaemia in patients with pulmonary arteriovenous malformations. QJM 2019; 112:335-342. [PMID: 30657990 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) generate a right-to-left shunt. Impaired gas exchange results in hypoxaemia and impaired CO2 clearance. Most patients compensate effectively but some are dyspneic, and these are rarely the most hypoxaemic. AIM To test degrees of concurrent pathology influencing exercise capacity. DESIGN Replicate, sequential single centre, prospective studies. METHODS Cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) were performed in 26 patients with PAVMs, including individuals with and without known airflow obstruction. To replicate, relationships were tested prospectively in an independent cohort where self-reported exercise capacity evaluated by the Veterans Specific Activity Questionnaire (VSAQ) was used to calculate metabolic equivalents (METs) at peak exercise (n = 71). Additional measurements included oxygen saturation (SpO2), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), vital capacity (VC), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), haemoglobin and iron indices. RESULTS By CPET, the peak work rate was only minimally associated with low SpO2 or low arterial oxygen content (calculated as CaO2=1.34 × SpO2 × haemoglobin), but was reduced in patients with low FEV1 or VC. Supranormal work rates were seen in patients with severe right-to-left shunting and SpO2 < 90%, but only if FEV1 was >80% predicted. VSAQ-calculated METS also demonstrated little relationship with SpO2, and in crude and CaO2-adjusted regression, were lower in patients with lower FEV1 or VC. Bronchodilation increased airflow even where spirometry was in the normal range: exhaled nitric oxide measurements were normal in 80% of cases, and unrelated to any PAVM-specific variable. CONCLUSIONS Exercise capacity is reduced by relatively mild airflow limitation (obstructive or restrictive) in the setting of PAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gawecki
- School of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - A Amin
- School of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - J Perks
- Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - H McKernan
- Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - A Rizvi
- School of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - J E Jackson
- Department of Imaging, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - J Myers
- Cardiology Division, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J Brown
- Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - L S G E Howard
- Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - H C Tighe
- Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - C L Shovlin
- Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- NHLI Cardiovascular Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sampling the detachable cells and acellular lining secretions of the human respiratory tract by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a means of obtaining relevant components from the airways and alveolar areas for research use and clinical analysis in normals (controls) and patients with a wide spectrum of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs). This review attempts to discuss recent findings from BAL studies that provide insight into pathogenic mechanisms of ILDs and/or assist in diagnosing disease activity. RECENT FINDINGS BAL analysis and usefulness are reviewed for the major forms of ILDs. In addition, some perspective about this sampling method is given and the context for BAL is provided for the respective disease, either for diagnosis or research use. SUMMARY Whereas BAL findings continue to impact on understanding disease pathogenesis and this may be its major use now, BAL fluid components, cells in particular, are not correlated well with activity of disease nor for monitoring disease progress or response to treatment. For a few rarer ILDs, BAL fluid characteristics may strongly support a diagnosis.
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