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Sulsky SI, Greene T, Gentry PR. A framework for integrating evidence to assess hazards and risk. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:315-329. [PMID: 38808643 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2342447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
To accurately characterize human health hazards, human, animal, and mechanistic data must be integrated and the relevance to the research question of all three lines of evidence must be considered. Mechanistic data are often critical to the full integration of animal and human data and to characterizing relevance and uncertainty. This novel evidence integration framework (EIF) provides a method for synthesizing data from comprehensive, systematic, quality-based assessments of the epidemiological and toxicological literature, including in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies. It organizes data according to both the observed human health effects and the mechanism of action of the chemical, providing a method to support evidence synthesis. The disease-based component uses the evidence of human health outcomes studied in the best quality epidemiological literature to organize the toxicological data according to authors' stated purpose, with the pathophysiology of the disease determining the potential relevance of the toxicological data. The mechanism-based component organizes the data based on the proposed mechanisms of effect and data supporting events leading to each endpoint, with the epidemiological data potentially providing corroborating information. The EIF includes a method to cross-classify and describe the concordance of the data, and to characterize its uncertainty. At times, the two methods of organizing the data may lead to different conclusions. This facilitates identification of knowledge gaps and shows the impact of uncertainties on the strength of causal inference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I Sulsky
- Health Sciences Department, Ramboll Americas Engineering Solutions, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Tracy Greene
- Health Sciences Department, Ramboll Americas Engineering Solutions, Monroe, LA, USA
| | - P Robinan Gentry
- Health Sciences Department, Ramboll Americas Engineering Solutions, Monroe, LA, USA
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How to Differentiate General Toxicity-Related Endocrine Effects from Endocrine Disruption: Systematic Review of Carbon Disulfide Data. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063153. [PMID: 35328575 PMCID: PMC8952789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the assessment of the endocrine disrupting (ED) properties of carbon disulfide (CS2), following the methodology used at the European level to identify endocrine disruptors. Relevant in vitro, in vivo studies and human data are analyzed. The assessment presented here focuses on one endocrine activity, i.e., thyroid disruption, and two main adverse effects, neurotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. The data available on the different ED or non-ED modes of action (MoA), known to trigger these adverse effects, are described and the strength of evidence of the different MoA is weighted. We conclude that the adverse effects could be due to systemic toxicity rather than endocrine-mediated toxicity. This assessment illustrates the scientific and regulatory challenges in differentiating a specific endocrine disruption from an indirect endocrine effect resulting from a non-ED mediated systemic toxicity. This issue of evaluating the ED properties of highly toxic and reactive substances has been insufficiently developed by European guidance so far and needs to be further addressed. Finally, this example also raises questions about the capacity of the technics available in toxicology to address such a complex issue with certainty.
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Yang C, Deng H, Qian Y, Li M, Chen B, Xu Z, Kan R. Absorption lines measurements of carbon disulfide at 4.6 μm with quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 225:117478. [PMID: 31454691 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We report measured line intensities and air- and self-broadening coefficients for fifty-one carbon disulfide transitions in the ν1 + ν3 band near 4.6 μm. This spectral region was chosen due to the strong carbon disulfide absorption strength and in the range of the mid-infrared atmospheric window for laser-based sensing applications. Spectroscopic parameters were determined by spectra measuring with quantum cascade laser direct absorption spectroscopy and multi-line fitting with Voigt lineshape. These measured results would facilitate the development of calibrated-free mid-infrared carbon disulfide sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Yuanyuan Qian
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Mingxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Ruifeng Kan
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China; Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China.
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Venet T, Carreres-Pons M, Chalansonnet M, Thomas A, Merlen L, Nunge H, Bonfanti E, Cosnier F, Llorens J, Campo P. Continuous exposure to low-frequency noise and carbon disulfide: Combined effects on hearing. Neurotoxicology 2017; 62:151-161. [PMID: 28655499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbon disulfide (CS2) is used in industry; it has been shown to have neurotoxic effects, causing central and distal axonopathies.However, it is not considered cochleotoxic as it does not affect hair cells in the organ of Corti, and the only auditory effects reported in the literature were confined to the low-frequency region. No reports on the effects of combined exposure to low-frequency noise and CS2 have been published to date. This article focuses on the effects on rat hearing of combined exposure to noise with increasing concentrations of CS2 (0, 63,250, and 500ppm, 6h per day, 5 days per week, for 4 weeks). The noise used was a low-frequency noise ranging from 0.5 to 2kHz at an intensity of 106dB SPL. Auditory function was tested using distortion product oto-acoustic emissions, which mainly reflects the cochlear performances. Exposure to noise alone caused an auditory deficit in a frequency area ranging from 3.6 to 6 kHz. The damaged area was approximately one octave (6kHz) above the highest frequency of the exposure noise (2.8kHz); it was a little wider than expected based on the noise spectrum.Consequently, since maximum hearing sensitivity is located around 8kHz in rats, low-frequency noise exposure can affect the cochlear regions detecting mid-range frequencies. Co-exposure to CS2 (250-ppm and over) and noise increased the extent of the damaged frequency window since a significant auditory deficit was measured at 9.6kHz in these conditions.Moreover, the significance at 9.6kHz increased with the solvent concentrations. Histological data showed that neither hair cells nor ganglion cells were damaged by CS2. This discrepancy between functional and histological data is discussed. Like most aromatic solvents, carbon disulfide should be considered as a key parameter in hearing conservation régulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Venet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre Cedex. France.
| | - Maria Carreres-Pons
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre Cedex. France; Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Monique Chalansonnet
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre Cedex. France
| | - Aurélie Thomas
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre Cedex. France
| | - Lise Merlen
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre Cedex. France
| | - Hervé Nunge
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre Cedex. France
| | - Elodie Bonfanti
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre Cedex. France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre Cedex. France
| | - Jordi Llorens
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques and Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), 08907 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pierre Campo
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, F-54519, Vandœuvre Cedex. France; DevAH EA 3450 - Développement, Adaptation et Handicap, Régulations cardio-respiratoires et de la motricité-Université de Lorraine, F-54500 Vandœuvre, France
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Domergue J, Lison D, Haufroid V. No evidence of cardiovascular toxicity in workers exposed below 5 ppm carbon disulfide. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:835-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1122-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Carreón T, Hein MJ, Hanley KW, Viet SM, Ruder AM. Coronary artery disease and cancer mortality in a cohort of workers exposed to vinyl chloride, carbon disulfide, rotating shift work, and o-toluidine at a chemical manufacturing plant. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:398-411. [PMID: 24464642 PMCID: PMC4512282 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We updated through 2007 the mortality experience of 1,874 workers employed at a New York State chemical manufacturing plant between 1946 and 2006. METHODS Reassessed exposures to vinyl chloride, carbon disulfide, and shift work and categories of o-toluidine exposure were based on year, department and job title. Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) compared mortality to that of the US population. Internal comparisons used directly standardized rate ratios. RESULTS Hepatobiliary cancer mortality was elevated among workers ever exposed to vinyl chloride (SMR = 3.80, 95% confidence interval 1.89-6.80); directly standardized rates increased with increasing vinyl chloride exposure duration. No increase in non-Hodgkin lymphoma mortality was observed with vinyl chloride and shift work exposures. Internal comparisons showed increased coronary artery disease mortality among long-term workers exposed to carbon disulfide and shift work for 4 years or more. CONCLUSIONS Excess coronary artery disease mortality confirms earlier results; further investigation is needed to understand risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Carreón
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Misty J. Hein
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kevin W. Hanley
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Avima M. Ruder
- Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations and Field Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Göen T, Schramm A, Baumeister T, Uter W, Drexler H. Current and historical individual data about exposure of workers in the rayon industry to carbon disulfide and their validity in calculating the cumulative dose. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2013; 87:675-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-013-0910-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ding N, Xiang Y, Jiang H, Zhang W, Liu H, Li Z. Carbon Disulfide Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth and Neuronal Migration of Dorsal Root Ganglion In Vitro. Int J Neurosci 2011; 121:649-54. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2011.604757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Takebayashi T. [Epidemiologic review of long-term, low-level exposure to environmental chemicals and cardiovascular disease: an exposure-response relationship]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi 2011; 66:13-21. [PMID: 21358127 DOI: 10.1265/jjh.66.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of exposure to environmental chemicals, such as heavy metals and fine particulates, on cardiovascular diseases have been reported. To set a permissible exposure standard, an exposure-response relationship should be elucidated. Thus, epidemiologic evidence in relation to long-term, low-level exposure to environmental chemicals (i.e., lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic, PM(2.5), carbon disulfide) was reviewed. As a result, there exists a clear exposure-response relationship between exposure to lead or PM(2.5) and cardiovascular diseases, but those cohort studies were carried out in the US only. From epidemiologic viewpoint, "consistency" of the observed relationship must be clarified, especially findings of a study in the Japanese population. It is well known that the distribution pattern of cardiovascular risk factors are quite different between two countries, which could modify the true relationship. This will require studies of large samples from the general Japanese population with control for potential confouders. Moreover, to detect a small effect of exposure within low-level range, random misclassification of exposure as well as that of effect must be minimized. Thus, for studies of heavy metals, sensitive biomarkers identified in toxicological studies would be applied. For PM(2.5), a wide range of population samples should be covered by a national sampling network in the near future. Finally, the integration of epidemiologic and toxicological evidence would be more important for risk assessment of environmental chemicals at low exposure levels, because an exposure-response relationship from only epidemiologic observation may be unstable with a wide confidence interval around the threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gelbke HP, Göen T, Mäurer M, Sulsky SI. A review of health effects of carbon disulfide in viscose industry and a proposal for an occupational exposure limit. Crit Rev Toxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/10408440903133770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Takebayashi T, Nishiwaki Y, Uemura T, Nakashima H, Nomiyama T, Sakurai H, Omae K. A six year follow up study of the subclinical effects of carbon disulphide exposure on the cardiovascular system. Occup Environ Med 2004; 61:127-34. [PMID: 14739378 PMCID: PMC1740715 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2002.006858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A six year prospective cohort study was conducted to clarify whether the current carbon disulphide (CS2) exposure level is low enough to prevent subclinical health impairment and/or to ameliorate health effects due to previous high exposure. This paper describes the effects on the cardiovascular systems. METHODS The study subjects were 432 male workers exposed to CS2 and 402 non-exposed workers in Japan, all of whom were examined in 1992-93. A total of 251 CS2 exposed, 140 formerly exposed, and 359 non-exposed workers participated in the follow up survey (follow up rate 89.9%) in 1998-99. Mean duration of exposure was 19.3 years at the end the study. Mean CS2 and 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) concentrations were 5.0 ppm and 1.6 mg/g creatinine. Health items examined were serum biochemical indices including lipids and coagulation-fibrinolysis factors, blood pressure, aortic stiffness, ophthalmography, and electrocardiography at rest and after Master's double 2 step test. Potential confounding factors were adjusted for. RESULTS Incidence of ischaemic findings, defined as Minnesota codes I, IV(1-3), V(1-3) (at rest and after the load), or receiving treatment for ischaemia, was significantly higher in the exposed workers, especially for the spinning/refining workers (adjusted OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 4.0) or the highest quartile of six year mean TTCA (adjusted OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.8 to 8.7), although the observed increase in risk was diminished when rigorous ECG criteria were applied. Incidence of retinal microaneurysm was increased with marginal significance. Among cardiovascular risk factors we examined, only blood pressure values were significantly increased in the exposed workers. CONCLUSIONS Increased risk of ischaemic electrocardiogram findings among Japanese viscose rayon workers was observed. Although its clinical significance is to be discussed, the current Japanese occupational exposure limit for CS2, 10 ppm, would be high to prevent subclinical cardiovascular effects in this study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takebayashi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Japan.
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Shih TS, Chou TC, Chang HY, Wu CC, Wang PY. Accumulation of urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) among workers occupationally exposed to carbon disulfide for 1 week. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 308:37-47. [PMID: 12738199 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00617-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate if carbon disulfide (CS(2)) accumulates after a 1-week exposure period, and how the work-shift duration and exposure magnitude affects this accumulation for the workers in viscose rayon industry. METHODS Six 8-h and seven 12-h workers in the spinning department historically known to be exposed to high air CS(2) were recruited as the exposed groups. Seven workers from other non-CS(2)-exposed departments were recruited as non-exposure controls. Exposure monitoring covered a full work shift with personal breathing zone monitoring. Urine was collected pre- and post-shift every day throughout the 5 consecutive days. 2-Thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid levels in the urine (U-TTCA) were determined. RESULTS No detectable values were found for airborne (<0.6 ppm) and urinary (<35 ng/ml) monitoring for the control groups. The exposure levels for a 12-h shift (11.3+/-1.47) (AM+/-S.D.) were significantly greater than for an 8-h shift (6.3+/-0.64). The linear accumulation trend for daily U-TTCA across the workdays was only significant for the 12-h shift at pre-shift. Statistical significance was found in the regression of the ratios for pre-shift U-TTCA to airborne CS(2) levels on the preceding day to the day of the exposure at pre-shift for a 12-h shift (r=0.98, P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS The U-TTCA accumulation for occupational exposure to CS(2) was exposure-magnitude-dependent. The linear equations derived in this study indicated that the U-TTCA increment at pre-shift for each additional daily 12-h exposure, after an adjustment for the CS(2) exposure level, was 0.02 mg/g creatinine/ppm of CS(2). The long-term exposure response under such repeated and intermittent conditions should be noteworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Sheng Shih
- Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Council of Labor Affairs, No 99 Lane 407, Heng-Ke Rd., Shijr City, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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