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Zimatore G, Serantoni C, Gallotta MC, Guidetti L, Maulucci G, De Spirito M. Automatic Detection of Aerobic Threshold through Recurrence Quantification Analysis of Heart Rate Time Series. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1998. [PMID: 36767364 PMCID: PMC9916349 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During exercise with increasing intensity, the human body transforms energy with mechanisms dependent upon actual requirements. Three phases of the body's energy utilization are recognized, characterized by different metabolic processes, and separated by two threshold points, called aerobic (AerT) and anaerobic threshold (AnT). These thresholds occur at determined values of exercise intensity(workload) and can change among individuals. They are considered indicators of exercise capacities and are useful in the personalization of physical activity plans. They are usually detected by ventilatory or metabolic variables and require expensive equipment and invasive measurements. Recently, particular attention has focused on AerT, which is a parameter especially useful in the overweight and obese population to determine the best amount of exercise intensity for weight loss and increasing physical fitness. The aim of study is to propose a new procedure to automatically identify AerT using the analysis of recurrences (RQA) relying only on Heart rate time series, acquired from a cohort of young athletes during a sub-maximal incremental exercise test (Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test, CPET) on a cycle ergometer. We found that the minima of determinism, an RQA feature calculated from the Recurrence Quantification by Epochs (RQE) approach, identify the time points where generic metabolic transitions occur. Among these transitions, a criterion based on the maximum convexity of the determinism minima allows to detect the first metabolic threshold. The ordinary least products regression analysis shows that values of the oxygen consumption VO2, heart rate (HR), and Workload correspondent to the AerT estimated by RQA are strongly correlated with the one estimated by CPET (r > 0.64). Mean percentage differences are <2% for both HR and VO2 and <11% for Workload. The Technical Error for HR at AerT is <8%; intraclass correlation coefficients values are moderate (≥0.66) for all variables at AerT. This system thus represents a useful method to detect AerT relying only on heart rate time series, and once validated for different activities, in future, can be easily implemented in applications acquiring data from portable heart rate monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Zimatore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
- CNR Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cassandra Serantoni
- Neuroscience Department, Biophysics Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department Unicusano, Niccolò Cusano University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Neuroscience Department, Biophysics Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Neuroscience Department, Biophysics Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Boraczyński MT, Laskin JJ, Gajewski J, Podstawski RS, Brodnicki MA, Boraczyński TW. Effects of two low-volume high-intensity interval training protocols in professional soccer: sprint interval training versus small-sided games. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:23-33. [PMID: 35191291 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13589-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The programming of training protocols within a high-intensity interval training (HIIT) framework with appropriate analysis of total training load could deliver optimal training adaptations. This study aims to compare the efficiency of two low-volume HIIT protocols integrated with the regular training regime in professional soccer players. METHODS Twenty-five participants aged 18.4-29.7 years were randomly assigned to one of two interventions involving straight-line sprint interval training (SIT, N.=13) or small-sided games (SSG, N.=12). Periodization was divided into two 3-week phases concluded by a 7-day taper. SIT first involved two-session·week-1 of one set of 10·45-s sprints (at maximal intensity) and then three-session·week-1 of two sets of 10·30-s sprints with a 0.75:1 and 1:1 recovery interval (slow running and stretching exercises), respectively. SSG in the first phase involved 5·3-min games of 4 vs. 4 and in the second phase 4·4-min games of 2 vs. 2 with 3-min recovery (practice drills at 60-70% HR<inf>max</inf>). Training load was controlled via session-RPE and HR-based methods. Pre- and postintervention testing included: countermovement jump height, 5-m and 30-m sprints performance, anaerobic power by the 10-s Wingate Anaerobic Test, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O<inf>2max</inf>) and blood lactate concentration (BLa-) determined by incremental exhaustive running test. RESULTS Two-way ANOVA showed group×time interaction effects for the 30-m sprint time (F<inf>(1,23)</inf>=3.023; P=0.049; η2 P=0.116), BLa- (F<inf>(1,23)</inf>=5.250; P=0.031; η2 P=0.185), and V̇O<inf>2max</inf> (F<inf>(1,23)=</inf>4.648, P=0.044; η2 P=0.157). SIT elicited greater enhancements in anaerobic performance (30-m sprint time and BLa-), while SSG induced larger improvements in V̇O<inf>2max</inf>. CONCLUSIONS Comparable effects of SIT and SSG protocols were noted, however the aerobic capacity benefits provided by SSG warrant this HIIT protocol as a highly recommended training modality in the professional soccer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał T Boraczyński
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland -
| | - James J Laskin
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Jan Gajewski
- Department of Physical Education, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Robert S Podstawski
- Department of Tourism, Recreation and Ecology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Zimatore G, Gallotta MC, Campanella M, Skarzynski PH, Maulucci G, Serantoni C, De Spirito M, Curzi D, Guidetti L, Baldari C, Hatzopoulos S. Detecting Metabolic Thresholds from Nonlinear Analysis of Heart Rate Time Series: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912719. [PMID: 36232025 PMCID: PMC9564658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Heart rate time series are widely used to characterize physiological states and athletic performance. Among the main indicators of metabolic and physiological states, the detection of metabolic thresholds is an important tool in establishing training protocols in both sport and clinical fields. This paper reviews the most common methods, applied to heart rate (HR) time series, aiming to detect metabolic thresholds. These methodologies have been largely used to assess energy metabolism and to identify the appropriate intensity of physical exercise which can reduce body weight and improve physical fitness. Specifically, we focused on the main nonlinear signal evaluation methods using HR to identify metabolic thresholds with the purpose of identifying a method which can represent a useful tool for the real-time settings of wearable devices in sport activities. While the advantages and disadvantages of each method, and the possible applications, are presented, this review confirms that the nonlinear analysis of HR time series represents a solid, robust and noninvasive approach to assess metabolic thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Zimatore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
- IMM-CNR, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Matteo Campanella
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Piotr H. Skarzynski
- Department of Teleaudiology and Screening, World Hearing Center, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, 02-042 Warsaw, Poland
- Heart Failure and Cardiac Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 03-042 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Sensory Organs, 05-830 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Giuseppe Maulucci
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Neuroscience Department, Biophysics Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (G.M.)
| | - Cassandra Serantoni
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Neuroscience Department, Biophysics Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco De Spirito
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Neuroscience Department, Biophysics Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Curzi
- Department Unicusano, Niccolò Cusano University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department Unicusano, Niccolò Cusano University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
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Enes A, Oneda G, Alves DL, Palumbo DDP, Cruz R, Moiano Junior JVM, Novack LF, Osiecki R. Determinant Factors of the Match-Based Internal Load in Elite Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:63-70. [PMID: 32027579 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1710445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To analyze the contribution of physical measures and external load in the match-based internal load of elite soccer players. Methods: Twenty-three elite soccer players (n = 23, age 26.69 ± 3.93 years, body mass 78.04 ± 5.03 kg, height 178.04 ± 5.19 cm, body fat 10.98 ± 1.25%) from a first division soccer team of the Brazilian Championship were evaluated first with anthropometric and physical measures (flexibility and muscle power of lower limbs), and after 24 hrs they were asked to perform an incremental treadmill test (VO2max and ventilatory thresholds). Subsequently, athletes were monitored for 6 weeks during nine official matches of a regional championship. On match days, the external load data (e.g., player load) were collected by triaxial accelerometers with GPS systems and post 30 min after the end of the match the internal load was assessed with the Session Rating of Perceived Exertion method (Session-RPE). Results: Our main findings showed significant contributions of the Player Load (r = .62, p < .001; 42.3%) and Anaerobic Threshold (r = - .199, p = .05, 17%) for the predictive model of Session-RPE. Conclusions: Physical measures and external load have a significant influence on the internal load in elite soccer players. Our findings suggest that sport scientists can use the Session-RPE as a low-cost method for prescribing and monitoring training loads, by the influence of physical measures and external load on the match-based internal load, in order to optimize athletes' performance.
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Effect of the Cooldown Type on Session Rating of Perceived Exertion. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:573-577. [PMID: 33477106 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effect of cooldown modality (active vs passive) and duration (5, 10, and 15 min) on session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Secondarily, the possible influence of training sessions' demand on this effect was studied. METHODS A total of 16 youth male soccer players (15.7 [0.4] y) completed 2 standardized training sessions per week across 6 weeks. During weeks 1 to 2, 3 to 4, and 5 to 6, cooldown lengths of 15, 10, and 5 minutes were studied, respectively. Using a crossover design, players were randomly assigned to 2 groups and each group performed 1 of 2 different cooldown interventions. Passive and active cooldown interventions based on static stretching and running exercises were studied. Heart rate and sRPE were recorded during all training sessions. RESULTS The lowest sRPE was observed when passive cooldown was performed. When the hardest training sessions were considered, a significant main effect of cooldown modality (P < .01) and duration (P < .05) and an interaction effect between these variables (P < .05) on sRPE were obtained. The lowest (P < .01) sRPE was observed during the longest cooldown (15 min). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that sRPE may be sensitive to the selected cooldown modality and duration, especially following the most demanding training sessions.
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Mahaki M, Mimar R, Sadeghi H, Khaleghi Tazji M, Vieira MF. The effects of general fatigue induced by incremental exercise test and active recovery modes on energy cost, gait variability and stability in male soccer players. J Biomech 2020; 106:109823. [PMID: 32517989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aerobic endurance is considered an important physiological capacity of soccer players which is examined by Incremental Exercise Test (IET). However, it is not clear how general fatigue induced by IET influences physiological and biomechanical gait features in soccer players and how players recover optimally at post-IET. Here, the effect of general fatigue induced by IET on energy cost, gait variability and stability in soccer players was investigated. To identify an optimal recovery mode, the effect of walking at Preferred Walking Speed (PWS), running at Individual Ventilation Threshold (IVT) (two active recovery modes), and Rest (a passive recovery mode) on aforementioned features were studied. Nine male players walked 4-min at PWS on a treadmill prior IET (PreT), which was followed by four 4-min walking trials (PosT-0, 1, 2, and 3) with three 4-min recovery intervals (PWS, IVT, or Rest) between them, in three sessions (one for each recovery mode) in a random order. Energy cost, gait variability and stability were examined at PreT (baseline), and at PosT-0, 1, 2, and 3 (intervals of respectively 0-4, 8-12, 16-20, 24-28 min at post-IET). Gait variability was assessed by the standard deviation of trunk angle and gait stability was assessed by the local dynamic stability of trunk angular velocity. Gait stability was not affected by IET, despite increases in gait variability and energy cost. Different from IVT, PWS and Rest recovery modes reduced energy cost at post-IET. Gait variability and energy cost recovered at PosT-1 and PosT-2, suggesting that 8-12 and 16-20 min recovery intervals, respectively, were required for returning to their baselines. No preference for active over passive recovery was found in terms of gait variability and energy cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Mahaki
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, VU University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Raghad Mimar
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Heydar Sadeghi
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Kinesiology Research Center, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khaleghi Tazji
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Kharazmi University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marcus Fraga Vieira
- Bioengineering and Biomechanics Laboratory, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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Alicea SK, Parrott AD, Manos TM, Kwon YS. Comparison of the Affective Responses to Continuous Training and High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 35:3069-3075. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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de Oliveira AR, Vanin AA, Tomazoni SS, Miranda EF, Albuquerque-Pontes GM, De Marchi T, Dos Santos Grandinetti V, de Paiva PRV, Imperatori TBG, de Carvalho PDTC, Bjordal JM, Leal-Junior ECP. Pre-Exercise Infrared Photobiomodulation Therapy (810 nm) in Skeletal Muscle Performance and Postexercise Recovery in Humans: What Is the Optimal Power Output? Photomed Laser Surg 2018; 35:595-603. [PMID: 29099680 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2017.4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has recently been used to alleviate postexercise muscle fatigue and enhance recovery, demonstrating positive results. A previous study by our research group demonstrated the optimal dose for an infrared wavelength (810 nm), but the outcomes could be optimized further with the determination of the optimal output power. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PBMT (through low-level laser therapy) on postexercise skeletal muscle recovery and identify the best output power. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial was conducted with the participation of 28 high-level soccer players. PBMT was applied before the eccentric contraction protocol with a cluster with five diodes, 810 nm, dose of 10 J, and output power of 100, 200, 400 mW per diode or placebo at six sites of knee extensors. Maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) and biochemical markers related to muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α), and oxidative stress (catalase, superoxide dismutase, carbonylated proteins, and thiobarbituric acid) were evaluated before isokinetic exercise, as well as at 1 min and at 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, after the eccentric contraction protocol. RESULTS PBMT increased MIVC and decreased DOMS and levels of biochemical markers (p < 0.05) with the power output of 100 and 200 mW, with better results for the power output of 100 mW. CONCLUSIONS PBMT with 100 mW power output per diode (500 mW total) before exercise achieves best outcomes in enhancing muscular performance and postexercise recovery. Another time it has been demonstrated that more power output is not necessarily better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Rodrigues de Oliveira
- 1 Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,2 Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriane Aver Vanin
- 1 Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,3 Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Shaiane Silva Tomazoni
- 4 Masters and Doctoral Programs in Physical Therapy, Universidade Cidade de São Paulo (UNICID) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Foschini Miranda
- 1 Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gianna Móes Albuquerque-Pontes
- 1 Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,2 Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago De Marchi
- 5 Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade de Caxias do Sul , Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Dos Santos Grandinetti
- 2 Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Vicente de Paiva
- 1 Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,3 Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho
- 2 Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,3 Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan Magnus Bjordal
- 6 Physiotherapy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
| | - Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior
- 1 Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,3 Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
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Steeves D, Campagna P. The Relationship Between Maximal Aerobic Power and Recovery in Elite Ice Hockey Players During a Simulated Game. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 33:2503-2512. [PMID: 29461415 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Steeves, D and Campagna, P. The relationship between maximal aerobic power and recovery in elite ice hockey players during a simulated game. J Strength Cond Res 33(9): 2503-2512, 2019-This project investigated whether there was a relationship between maximal aerobic power and the recovery or performance in elite ice hockey players during a simulated hockey game. An on-ice protocol was used to simulate a game of ice hockey. Recovery values were determined by the differences in lactate and heart rate measures. Total distance traveled was also recorded as a performance measure. On 2 other days, subjects returned and completed a maximal aerobic power test on a treadmill and a maximal lactate test on ice. Statistical analysis showed no relationship between maximal aerobic power or maximal lactate values and recovery (heart rate, lactate) or the performance measure of distance traveled. It was concluded that there was no relationship between maximal aerobic power and recovery during a simulated game in elite hockey players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Steeves
- School of Health and Human Performance Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Aver Vanin A, De Marchi T, Tomazoni SS, Tairova O, Leão Casalechi H, de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho P, Bjordal JM, Leal-Junior EC. Pre-Exercise Infrared Low-Level Laser Therapy (810 nm) in Skeletal Muscle Performance and Postexercise Recovery in Humans, What Is the Optimal Dose? A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:473-482. [PMID: 27575834 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the medium-term effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT or photobiomodulation) in postexercise skeletal muscle recovery and performance enhancement and to identify the optimal dose of 810 nm LLLT. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed, with voluntary participation of 28 high-level soccer athletes. We analyzed maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), creatine kinase (CK) activity, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. The assessments were performed before exercise protocols, after 1 min, and 1, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h after the end of eccentric exercise protocol used to induce fatigue. LLLT was applied before eccentric exercise protocol with a cluster with five diodes, and dose of 10, 30, or 50 J (200 mW and 810 nm) in six sites of quadriceps. RESULTS LLLT increased (p < 0.05) MVC from immediately after exercise to 24 h with 50 J dose, and from 24 to 96 h with 10 J dose. Both 10 J then 50 J dose decreased (p < 0.05) CK and IL-6 with better results in favor of 50 J dose. However, LLLT had no effect in decreasing DOMS. No differences (p > 0.05) were found for 30 J dose in any of the outcomes measured. CONCLUSIONS Pre-exercise LLLT, mainly with 50 J dose, significantly increases performance and improves biochemical markers related to skeletal muscle damage and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriane Aver Vanin
- 1 Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,2 Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago De Marchi
- 3 Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul , Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - S S Tomazoni
- 4 Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Olga Tairova
- 5 Sports Medicine Institute, University of Caxias do Sul , Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - Heliodora Leão Casalechi
- 1 Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo de Tarso Camillo de Carvalho
- 2 Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,6 Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jan Magnus Bjordal
- 7 Physiotherapy Research Group, Department of Global Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen , Bergen, Norway
| | - Ernesto Cesar Leal-Junior
- 1 Laboratory of Phototherapy in Sports and Exercise, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,2 Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil .,6 Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE) , São Paulo, Brazil
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Cupeiro R, Pérez-Prieto R, Amigo T, Gortázar P, Redondo C, González-Lamuño D. Role of the monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 in the uptake of lactate during active recovery. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:1005-10. [PMID: 27026015 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3365-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We assessed the role of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) on lactate clearance during an active recovery after high-intensity exercise, by comparing genetic groups based on the T1470A (rs1049434) MCT1 polymorphism, whose influence on lactate transport has been proven. METHODS Sixteen young male elite field hockey players participated in this study. All of them completed two 400 m maximal run tests performed on different days, followed by 40 min of active or passive recovery. Lactate samples were measured immediately after the tests, and at min 10, 20, 30 and 40 of the recoveries. Blood lactate decreases were calculated for each 10-min period. Participants were distributed into three groups according to the T1470A polymorphism (TT, TA and AA). RESULTS TT group had a lower blood lactate decrease than AA group during the 10-20 min period of the active recovery (p = 0.018). This period had the highest blood lactate for the whole sample, significantly differing from the other periods (p ≤ 0.003). During the passive recovery, lactate declines were constant except for the 0-10-min period (p ≤ 0.003), suggesting that liver uptake is similar in all the genetic groups, and that the difference seen during the active recovery is mainly due to muscle lactate uptake. CONCLUSIONS These differences according to the polymorphic variant T1470A suggest that MCT1 affects the plasma lactate decrease during a crucial period of active recovery, where the maximal lactate amount is cleared (i.e. 10-20 min period).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/Martín Fierro no 7, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raúl Pérez-Prieto
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Teresa Amigo
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain.,Division of Pediatrics, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Edificio IDIVAL, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Pilar Gortázar
- Division of Pediatrics, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Edificio IDIVAL, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Carlos Redondo
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Domingo González-Lamuño
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain.,Division of Pediatrics, Valdecilla Research Institute (IDIVAL), Edificio IDIVAL, Avenida Cardenal Herrera Oria s/n, 39011, Santander, Cantabria, Spain
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Di Paco A, Catapano GA, Vagheggini G, Mazzoleni S, Micheli ML, Ambrosino N. Ventilatory response to exercise of elite soccer players. Multidiscip Respir Med 2014; 9:20. [PMID: 24694313 PMCID: PMC3977656 DOI: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of ventilatory parameters in maximal exercise performance in elite soccer players. Methods From September 2009 to December 2012, 90 elite soccer players underwent evaluation of lung function test and ergospirometry by means of an incremental symptom-limited treadmill test. Results were analyzed according to i) maximal exercise velocity performed (Hi-M: high-performers, >18.65 km/h; Lo-M: low-performers, <18.65 km/h) and ii) usual role in the team. Results Hi-M showed higher peak minute ventilation (V˙Epeak: 158.3 ± 19.5 vs 148.0 ± 18.54 L/min, p = 0.0203), and forced expiratory volume at first second (5.28 ± 0.50 vs 4.89 ± 0.52 liters, p < 0.001) than Lo-M, independently of playing role. Moreover, a significant correlation between peak oxygen uptake and V˙E (r = 0.57, p < 0.001) was found. Conclusions Ventilatory response plays a role in the assessment of exercise capacity in elite soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Di Paco
- Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Weaning Center, Auxilium Vitae, Volterra, Pisa, Italy.
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de Oliveira AR, Vanin AA, De Marchi T, Antonialli FC, Grandinetti VDS, de Paiva PRV, Albuquerque Pontes GM, Santos LA, Aleixo Junior IDO, de Carvalho PDTC, Bjordal JM, Leal-Junior ECP. What is the ideal dose and power output of low-level laser therapy (810 nm) on muscle performance and post-exercise recovery? Study protocol for a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:69. [PMID: 24576321 PMCID: PMC3944795 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies involving phototherapy applied prior to exercise have demonstrated positive results regarding the attenuation of muscle fatigue and the expression of biochemical markers associated with recovery. However, a number of factors remain unknown, such as the ideal dose and application parameters, mechanisms of action and long-term effects on muscle recovery. The aims of the proposed project are to evaluate the long-term effects of low-level laser therapy on post-exercise musculoskeletal recovery and identify the best dose andapplication power/irradiation time. Design and methods A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with be conducted. After fulfilling the eligibility criteria, 28 high-performance athletes will be allocated to four groups of seven volunteers each. In phase 1, the laser power will be 200 mW and different doses will be tested: Group A (2 J), Group B (6 J), Group C (10 J) and Group D (0 J). In phase 2, the best dose obtained in phase 1 will be used with the same distribution of the volunteers, but with different powers: Group A (100 mW), Group B (200 mW), Group C (400 mW) and Group D (0 mW). The isokinetic test will be performed based on maximum voluntary contraction prior to the application of the laser and after the eccentric contraction protocol, which will also be performed using the isokinetic dynamometer. The following variables related to physical performance will be analyzed: peak torque/maximum voluntary contraction, delayed onset muscle soreness (algometer), biochemical markers of muscle damage, inflammation and oxidative stress. Discussion Our intention, is to determine optimal laser therapy application parameters capable of slowing down the physiological muscle fatigue process, reducing injuries or micro-injuries in skeletal muscle stemming from physical exertion and accelerating post-exercise muscle recovery. We believe that, unlike drug therapy, LLLT has a biphasic dose–response pattern. Trial registration The protocol for this study is registered with the Protocol Registry System, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01844271.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ernesto Cesar Pinto Leal-Junior
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, SP 01504-001, Brazil.
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The effect of immediate post-training active and passive recovery interventions on anaerobic performance and lower limb flexibility in professional soccer players. J Hum Kinet 2013; 31:121-9. [PMID: 23486836 PMCID: PMC3588659 DOI: 10.2478/v10078-012-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to recover from intense training, competition and matches is considered an important determinant in soccer performance. At present, there is no consensus on the effect of post-training recovery interventions on subsequent training session. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of active (12 min submaximal running and 8 min of static stretching) and passive recovery (20 min sitting on a bench) interventions performed immediately after a training session on anaerobic performances (CMJ, 20 m sprint and Balsom agility test) and lower limb flexibility 24 h after the training. During two experimental sessions, 31 professional soccer players participated in a randomized fully controlled trial design. The first session was designed to evaluate the player's anaerobic performances and lower limb flexibility (pretest). After baseline measurements, participants performed a standardized soccer training during which heart rate and RPE were recorded to evaluate the training load. At the end of the training unit all players were randomly assigned to the active recovery group and the passive recovery group. A second experimental session was organized to obtain the posttest values. Players performed the same test, administered in the same order than in the first trial. No significant differences between groups were observed in heart rate and RPE. No significant effect due to recovery interventions was found on lower limb flexibility and anaerobic performances except CMJ that posttest value was significantly greater in the active recovery group than in the passive group (p < 0.05).
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Rey E, Lago-Peñas C, Lago-Ballesteros J, Casáis L. The Effect of Recovery Strategies on Contractile Properties Using Tensiomyography and Perceived Muscle Soreness in Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26:3081-8. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182470d33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Björklund G, Laaksonen MS, Holmberg HC. Blood lactate recovery and respiratory responses during diagonal skiing of variable intensity. Eur J Sport Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2010.521580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Leal Junior EC, de Godoi V, Mancalossi JL, Rossi RP, De Marchi T, Parente M, Grosselli D, Generosi RA, Basso M, Frigo L, Tomazoni SS, Bjordal JM, Lopes-Martins RÁB. Comparison between cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) in short-term skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise in athletes--preliminary results. Lasers Med Sci 2010; 26:493-501. [PMID: 21088862 PMCID: PMC3119799 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-010-0866-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the last years, phototherapy has becoming a promising tool to improve skeletal muscle recovery after exercise, however, it was not compared with other modalities commonly used with this aim. In the present study we compared the short-term effects of cold water immersion therapy (CWIT) and light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) with placebo LEDT on biochemical markers related to skeletal muscle recovery after high-intensity exercise. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial was performed with six male young futsal athletes. They were treated with CWIT (5°C of temperature [SD ±1°]), active LEDT (69 LEDs with wavelengths 660/850 nm, 10/30 mW of output power, 30 s of irradiation time per point, and 41.7 J of total energy irradiated per point, total of ten points irradiated) or an identical placebo LEDT 5 min after each of three Wingate cycle tests. Pre-exercise, post-exercise, and post-treatment measurements were taken of blood lactate levels, creatine kinase (CK) activity, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. There were no significant differences in the work performed during the three Wingate tests (p > 0.05). All biochemical parameters increased from baseline values (p < 0.05) after the three exercise tests, but only active LEDT decreased blood lactate levels (p = 0.0065) and CK activity (p = 0.0044) significantly after treatment. There were no significant differences in CRP values after treatments. We concluded that treating the leg muscles with LEDT 5 min after the Wingate cycle test seemed to inhibit the expected post-exercise increase in blood lactate levels and CK activity. This suggests that LEDT has better potential than 5 min of CWIT for improving short-term post-exercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Cesar Leal Junior
- Center for Research and Innovation in Laser, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 01504-001 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Vanessa de Godoi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - José Luis Mancalossi
- Laboratory of Human Movement (LMH), Sports Medicine Institute (IME), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS Brazil
| | - Rafael Paolo Rossi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Thiago De Marchi
- Laboratory of Human Movement (LMH), Sports Medicine Institute (IME), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS Brazil
- Laboratory of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Caxias do Sul, RS Brazil
| | - Márcio Parente
- Post Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 01504-001 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Douglas Grosselli
- Laboratory of Human Movement (LMH), Sports Medicine Institute (IME), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS Brazil
| | | | - Maira Basso
- Laboratory of Human Movement (LMH), Sports Medicine Institute (IME), University of Caxias do Sul (UCS), Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, RS Brazil
| | - Lucio Frigo
- Biological Sciences and Health Center, Cruzeiro do Sul University, Av. Dr. Ussiel Cirilo, 225, 08060-070 São Miguel Paulista, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Shaiane Silva Tomazoni
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Jan Magnus Bjordal
- Section for Physiotherapy Science, Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Mollendalsvn 6, 5009 Bergen, Norway
- Center for Evidence-Based Practice, Bergen University College, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins
- Center for Research and Innovation in Laser, Nove de Julho University (UNINOVE), Rua Vergueiro, 235, 01504-001 São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP Brazil
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Menzies P, Menzies C, McIntyre L, Paterson P, Wilson J, Kemi OJ. Blood lactate clearance during active recovery after an intense running bout depends on the intensity of the active recovery. J Sports Sci 2010; 28:975-82. [PMID: 20544484 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.481721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Réponses physiologiques liées à une immersion en eau froide et à une cryostimulation-cryothérapie en corps entier : effets sur la récupération après un exercice musculaire. Sci Sports 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Restoration of blood pH between repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise: effects of various active-recovery protocols. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 108:523-32. [PMID: 19855994 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine which active-recovery protocol would reduce faster the high blood H(+) and lactate concentrations produced by repeated bouts of high-intensity exercise (HIE). On three occasions, 11 moderately trained males performed 4 bouts (1.5 min) at 163% of their respiratory compensation threshold (RCT) interspersed with active-recovery: (1) 4.5 min pedalling at 24% RCT (S(HORT)); (2) 6 min at 18% RCT (M(EDIUM)); (3) 9 min at 12% RCT (L(ONG)). The total work completed during recovery was the same in all three trials. Respiratory gases and arterialized-blood samples were obtained during exercise. At the end of exercise, L(ONG) in comparison to S(HORT) and M(EDIUM) increased plasma pH (7.32 +/- 0.02 vs. approximately 7.22 +/- 0.03; P < 0.05), while reduced lactate concentration (8.5 +/- 0.9 vs. approximately 10.9 +/- 0.8 mM; P < 0.05). Ventilatory equivalent for CO(2) was higher in L(ONG) than S(HORT) and M(EDIUM) (31.4 +/- 0.5 vs. approximately 29.6 +/- 0.5; P < 0.05). Low-intensity prolonged recovery between repeated bouts of HIE maximized H(+) and lactate removal likely by enhancing CO(2) unloading.
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Franchini E, de Moraes Bertuzzi RC, Takito MY, Kiss MAPDM. Effects of recovery type after a judo match on blood lactate and performance in specific and non-specific judo tasks. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:377-83. [PMID: 19636586 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1134-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to verify if active recovery (AR) applied after a judo match resulted in a better performance when compared to passive recovery (PR) in three tasks varying in specificity to the judo and in measurement of work performed: four upper-body Wingate tests (WT); special judo fitness test (SJFT); another match. For this purpose, three studies were conducted. Sixteen highly trained judo athletes took part in study 1, 9 in study 2, and 12 in study 3. During AR judokas ran (15 min) at the velocity corresponding to 70% of 4 mmol l(-1) blood lactate intensity (approximately 50% VO(2) peak), while during PR they stayed seated at the competition area. The results indicated that the minimal recovery time reported in judo competitions (15 min) is long enough for sufficient recovery of WT performance and in a specific high-intensity test (SJFT). However, the odds ratio of winning a match increased ten times when a judoka performed AR and his opponent performed PR, but the cause of this phenomenon cannot be explained by changes in number of actions performed or by changes in match's time structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emerson Franchini
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo (USP), Butantã, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil.
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Accuracy, reliability, linearity of Accutrend and Lactate Pro versus EBIO plus analyzer. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107:105-11. [PMID: 19526366 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1107-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Faude O, Meyer T, Urhausen A, Kindermann W. Recovery training in cyclists: ergometric, hormonal and psychometric findings. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19:433-41. [PMID: 18435693 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This randomized cross-over study aimed at comparing the recovery effect of 4 days of low-intensity, discipline-specific training of 1 vs 3 h daily. Eleven athletes completed two periods of 13 days intensive cycling training (IT), followed by a recovery period consisting of 4 days of low-intensity cycling for either 1 or 3 h each day. Before IT, after IT and after the recovery period, subjects were tested in the laboratory: venous blood sampling, "profile of mood states" (POMS), graded cycling test and a 30-min time trial (TT). Maximal heart rates and lactate concentrations decreased significantly after IT. Peak power output, maximal heart rates and maximal lactate concentrations changed significantly different during the recovery periods. Whereas these parameters were similar to pre-training values after 1-h daily active recovery, 3-h recovery training (REC) led to further decreases. Power output during TT was neither affected by IT nor by both recovery periods. TT-induced increases in cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin were reduced only after 3-h REC. Total POMS and subscores fatigue and vigor changed significantly different during the recovery periods, a return to pre-training levels after 1 h active recovery and a further deterioration after 3 h REC. It is concluded that low-intensity training of a 1-h duration each day is more appropriate for recovery after an IT period than 3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Faude
- Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, University of Saarland, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Leal Junior ECP, Lopes-Martins RAB, Baroni BM, De Marchi T, Taufer D, Manfro DS, Rech M, Danna V, Grosselli D, Generosi RA, Marcos RL, Ramos L, Bjordal JM. Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy applied before high-intensity exercises on skeletal muscle recovery in athletes. Lasers Med Sci 2008; 24:857-63. [PMID: 19057981 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-008-0633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to investigate the immediate effects of bilateral, 830 nm, low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on high-intensity exercise and biochemical markers of skeletal muscle recovery, in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial set in a sports physiotherapy clinic. Twenty male athletes (nine professional volleyball players and eleven adolescent soccer players) participated. Active LLLT (830 nm wavelength, 100 mW, spot size 0.0028 cm(2), 3-4 J per point) or an identical placebo LLLT was delivered to five points in the rectus femoris muscle (bilaterally). The main outcome measures were the work performed in the Wingate test: 30 s of maximum cycling with a load of 7.5% of body weight, and the measurement of blood lactate (BL) and creatine kinase (CK) levels before and after exercise. There was no significant difference in the work performed during the Wingate test (P > 0.05) between subjects given active LLLT and those given placebo LLLT. For volleyball athletes, the change in CK levels from before to after the exercise test was significantly lower (P = 0.0133) for those given active LLLT (2.52 U l(-1) +/- 7.04 U l(-1)) than for those given placebo LLLT (28.49 U l(-1) +/- 22.62 U l(-1)). For the soccer athletes, the change in blood lactate levels from before exercise to 15 min after exercise was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in the group subjected to active LLLT (8.55 mmol l(-1) +/- 2.14 mmol l(-1)) than in the group subjected to placebo LLLT (10.52 mmol l(-1) +/- 1.82 mmol l(-1)). LLLT irradiation before the Wingate test seemed to inhibit an expected post-exercise increase in CK level and to accelerate post-exercise lactate removal without affecting test performance. These findings suggest that LLLT may be of benefit in accelerating post-exercise recovery.
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Ribeiro LFP, Gonçalves CGS, Kater DP, Lima MCS, Gobatto CA. Influence of recovery manipulation after hyperlactemia induction on the lactate minimum intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 105:159-65. [PMID: 18853175 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0885-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed the influence of recovery phase manipulation after hyperlactemia induction on the lactate minimum intensity during treadmill running. Twelve male runners (24.6 +/- 6.3 years; 172 +/- 8.0 cm and 62.6 +/- 6.1 kg) performed three lactate minimum tests involving passive (LMT(P)) and active recoveries at 30%vVO(2max) (LMT(A30)) and 50%vVO(2max) (LMT(A50)) in the 8-min period following initial sprints. During subsequent graded exercise, lactate minimum speed and VO(2) in LMT(A50) (12.8 +/- 1.5 km h(-1) and 40.3 +/- 5.1 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those in LMT(A30) (13.3 +/- 1.6 km h(-1) and 42.9 +/- 5.3 ml kg(-1) min(-1)) and LMT(P) (13.8 +/- 1.6 km h(-1) and 43.6 +/- 6.1 ml kg(-1) min(-1)). In addition, lactate minimum speed in LMT(A30) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that in LMT(P). These results suggest that lactate minimum intensity is lowered by active recovery after hyperlactemia induction in an intensity-dependent manner compared to passive recovery.
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Guidetti L, Emerenziani GP, Gallotta MC, Da Silva SG, Baldari C. Energy cost and energy sources of a ballet dance exercise in female adolescents with different technical ability. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:315-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Toubekis AG, Smilios I, Bogdanis GC, Mavridis G, Tokmakidis SP. Effect of different intensities of active recovery on sprint swimming performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 31:709-16. [PMID: 17213885 DOI: 10.1139/h06-075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Active recovery reduces blood lactate concentration faster than passive recovery and, when the proper intensity is applied, a positive effect on performance is expected. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of different intensities of active recovery on performance during repeated sprint swimming. Nine male well-trained swimmers performed 8 repetitions of 25 m sprints (8 x 25 m) interspersed with 45 s intervals, followed by a 50 m sprint test 6 min later. During the 45 s and 6 min interval periods, swimmers either rested passively (PAS) or swam at an intensity corresponding to 50% (ACT50) and 60% (ACT60) of their individual 100 m velocity. Blood lactate was higher during PAS compared with ACT50 and ACT60 trials (p < 0.05), whereas plasma ammonia and glycerol concentration were not different between trials (p > 0.05). Mean performance time for the 8 x 25 m sprints was better in the PAS compared with the ACT50 and ACT60 trials (PAS: 13.10 +/- 0.07 vs. ACT50: 13.43 +/- 0.10 and ACT60: 13.47 +/- 0.10s, p < 0.05). The first 25 m sprint was not different across trials (p > 0.05), but performance decreased after sprint 2 during active recovery trials (ACT50 and ACT60) compared with the passive recovery (PAS) trial (p < 0.05). Performance time for the 50 m sprint performed 6 min after the 8 x 25 m sprints was no different between trials (p > 0.05). These results indicate that active recovery at intensities corresponding to 50% and 60% of the 100 m velocity during repeated swimming sprints decreases performance. Active recovery reduces blood lactate concentration, but does not affect performance on a 50 m sprint when 6 min recovery is provided. Passive recovery is advised during short-interval repeated sprint training in well-trained swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argyris G Toubekis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini 69100, Greece
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