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Bossi AH, Cole D, Passfield L, Hopker J. Conventional methods to prescribe exercise intensity are ineffective for exhaustive interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1655-1670. [PMID: 36988672 PMCID: PMC10363074 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare methods of relative intensity prescription for their ability to normalise performance (i.e., time to exhaustion), physiological, and perceptual responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) between individuals. METHODS Sixteen male and two female cyclists (age: 38 ± 11 years, height: 177 ± 7 cm, body mass: 71.6 ± 7.9 kg, maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max): 54.3 ± 8.9 ml·kg-1 min-1) initially undertook an incremental test to exhaustion, a 3 min all-out test, and a 20 min time-trial to determine prescription benchmarks. Then, four HIIT sessions (4 min on, 2 min off) were each performed to exhaustion at: the work rate associated with the gas exchange threshold ([Formula: see text]GET) plus 70% of the difference between [Formula: see text]GET and the work rate associated with [Formula: see text]O2max; 85% of the maximal work rate of the incremental test (85%[Formula: see text]max); 120% of the mean work rate of the 20 min time-trial (120%TT); and the work rate predicted to expend, in 4 min, 80% of the work capacity above critical power. Acute HIIT responses were modelled with participant as a random effect to provide estimates of inter-individual variability. RESULTS For all dependent variables, the magnitude of inter-individual variability was high, and confidence intervals overlapped substantially, indicating that the relative intensity normalisation methods were similarly poor. Inter-individual coefficients of variation for time to exhaustion varied from 44.2% (85%[Formula: see text]max) to 59.1% (120%TT), making it difficult to predict acute HIIT responses for an individual. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the methods of intensity prescription investigated do not normalise acute responses to HIIT between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Henrique Bossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
- The Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress, Peebles, EH45 8NB, UK.
| | - Diana Cole
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Louis Passfield
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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Okawara H, Sawada T, Nakashima D, Maeda Y, Minoji S, Morisue T, Katsumata Y, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Nagura T. Realtime Monitoring of Local Sweat Rate Kinetics during Constant-Load Exercise Using Perspiration-Meter with Airflow Compensation System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5473. [PMID: 35897977 PMCID: PMC9331097 DOI: 10.3390/s22155473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal wearable sweat biomarker sensing technologies are likely affected by sweat rate because of the dilution effect and limited measurement methods. However, there is a dearth of reports on the local sweat rate (LSR) monitored in real-time during exercise. This explorative study investigated the feasibility of real-time LSR monitoring and clarified LSR kinetics on the forehead and upper arm during constant-load exercise using a perspiration meter with an airflow compensation system. This observational cross-sectional study included 18 recreationally trained males (mean age, 20.6 ± 0.8 years). LSR on the forehead and upper arm (mg/cm2/min) were measured during a constant-load exercise test at 25% of their pre-evaluated peak power until exhaustion. The LSR kinetics had two inflection points, with a gradual decrease in the incremental slope for each section. After the second flexion point, the LSR slope slightly decreased and was maintained until exhaustion. However, the degree of change varied among the participants. Although the ratio of forehead LSR to upper arm LSR tended to decrease gradually over time, there was little change in this ratio after a second flexion point of LSR in both. These findings suggest possible differences in LSR control between the forehead and upper arm during constant-load exercise to prolonged exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okawara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomonori Sawada
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
| | - Daisuke Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Yuta Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Shunsuke Minoji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Takashi Morisue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan;
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
| | - Takeo Nagura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; (H.O.); (Y.M.); (S.M.); (T.M.); (M.M.); (M.N.); (T.N.)
- Department of Clinical Biomechanics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Differences in Performance Assessments Conducted Indoors and Outdoors in Professional Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1054-1060. [PMID: 35361736 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between typical performance tests among elite and professional cyclists when conducted indoors and outdoors. METHODS Fourteen male cyclists of either UCI (Union Cycliste Internationale) Continental or UCI World Tour level (mean [SD] age 20.9 [2.8] y, mass 68.13 [7.25] kg) were recruited to participate in 4 test sessions (2 indoors and 2 outdoors) within a 14-day period, consisting of maximum mean power testing for durations of 60, 180, 300, and 840 seconds. RESULTS Across all maximum mean power test durations, the trimmed mean power was higher outdoors compared with indoor testing (P < .05). Critical power was higher outdoors compared with indoors (+19 W, P = .005), while no difference was observed for the work capacity above critical power. Self-selected cadence was 6 rpm higher indoors versus outdoors for test durations of 60 (P = .038) and 300 seconds (P = .002). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maximal power testing in indoor and outdoor settings cannot be used interchangeably. Furthermore, there was substantial individual variation in the difference between indoor and outdoor maximum mean powers across all time durations, further highlighting the difficulty of translating results from indoor testing to outdoor on an individual level in elite populations.
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Grzebisz-Zatońska N, Poprzęcki S, Stanula A, Sadowska-Krępa E, Gerasimuk D. Physiological and Somatic Principal Components Determining VO2max in the Annual Training Cycle of Endurance Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073951. [PMID: 35409636 PMCID: PMC8997756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of training on the physiological variables achieved during the test effort in the macrocycle of road cyclists and their use in the maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) prediction at individual training stages in the VO2max test. Nine well-trained male cyclists (age 25.6 ± 5.2 years and body weight 72.4 ± 7.35 kg) participated in the study and each phase of the macrocycle was followed by a time to exhaustion test (TTE) on the bicycle ergometer. The research showed that training loads significantly influence the maximum power (PPO), ventilation (VE) in the preparatory period (T1), time of the test (TTmax) at the start of the competition period (T2), percentage of body fat in total body weight (%FAT) and skeletal muscle mass (MMS) during the competition period (T3). Of the 16 variables taken for the analysis of the principal components (PC), the regression model determined one principal variable responsible for VO2max in the training macrocycle of cyclists, the relative value of maximum power (PPORV) and the accompanying variables in individual periods: breathing frequency (BF), delta blood lactate concentration (ΔLA), body fat (FAT) and MMS. Determining PC influencing the exercise capacity can be crucial in achieving the intended goals by athletes. Monitoring these indicators can help protect the health of professional athletes and provide guidelines in the training process, stimulate the body properly while protecting against overtraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Grzebisz-Zatońska
- Faculty of Cosmetology, Warsaw College of Engineering and Health, Bitwy Warszawskiej 1920 Street 18, 02-366 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Stanisław Poprzęcki
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.); (E.S.-K.); (D.G.)
| | - Arkadiusz Stanula
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.); (E.S.-K.); (D.G.)
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.); (E.S.-K.); (D.G.)
| | - Dagmara Gerasimuk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska Street 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (S.P.); (A.S.); (E.S.-K.); (D.G.)
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Okawara H, Sawada T, Nakashima D, Maeda Y, Minoji S, Morisue T, Katsumata Y, Matsumoto M, Nakamura M, Nagura T. Kinetic changes in sweat lactate following fatigue during constant workload exercise. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15169. [PMID: 35043587 PMCID: PMC8767313 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is useful to investigate various physiological responses induced by fatigue in athletes. Moreover, wearable noninvasive sensors, including sweat sensors, are compatible with fatigue evaluation because of their ease of use, and ability to measure repeatedly and continual data. This cross-sectional study aimed to clarify how sweat lactate elimination curves obtained during constant workload exercise changed following fatigue. Seventeen recreationally trained males (average age, 20.6 ± 0.8 years) completed two consecutive constant workload exercise tests (at 25% peak power) with rest intervals; the participants were encouraged to perform Test 1 until exhaustion and Test 2 only for 10 min. Subjective fatigue (numerical rating scale with face rating scale), sweat lactate, and sweat rate were measured for 10 min in each test. Subjective fatigue was compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and time to each constant value between Tests 1 and 2 was compared using paired t-test. Subjective fatigue significantly increased during Test 2 compared with that during Test 1. After Test 1, the sweat lactate elimination curve demonstrated a leftward shift, as proved by the significantly sooner observation of the peak and constant values of sweat lactate (2, 3, and 4 μA) (p < 0.01). Our preliminary results suggest that the sweat lactate elimination curve is different in the fatigue state. Further research may provide insight in the application of this curve to the evaluation for fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okawara
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Tomonori Sawada
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Daisuke Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Yuta Maeda
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Shunsuke Minoji
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Takashi Morisue
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- Institute for Integrated Sports MedicineKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
- Department of CardiologyKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Morio Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
| | - Takeo Nagura
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
- Department of Clinical BiomechanicsKeio University School of MedicineShinjukuJapan
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Rampinini E, Donghi F, Martin M, Bosio A, Riggio M, Maffiuletti NA. Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Serie A Soccer Players' Physical Qualities. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:917-923. [PMID: 33621997 DOI: 10.1055/a-1345-9262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic forced most activities in Italy, including soccer, to cease. During lockdown, players could only train at home, with limited evidence regarding the effect of this period. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of COVID-19 lockdown on professional soccer players' physical performance. Aerobic fitness and vertical jump were assessed before and after four periods in two different seasons: COVID-19 lockdown, competitive period before lockdown, competitive period and summer break of the 2016-2017 season. Linear mixed models were used to examine within-period changes and between-period differences in changes observed during COVID-19 lockdown and the three other periods. Within-period changes in aerobic fitness showed a significant improvement following COVID-19 lockdown (p<0.001) and a significant decline during summer break (p<0.001). Between-period differences were significant in the comparison of COVID-19 lockdown with both the competitive 2019-2020 season (p<0.01) and summer break (p<0.001). For the vertical jump, only the between-period comparison revealed significant differences as the changes associated with COVID-19 lockdown were worse than those of the two competitive periods, for both absolute (p<0.05; p<0.001) and relative peak power (p<0.01; p<0.001). Home-based training during lockdown was effective to improve aerobic fitness, although it did not allow players to maintain their competitive period's power levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermanno Rampinini
- Human Performance Laboratory, Sport Service Mapei Srl, Olgiate Olona, Italy
| | - Federico Donghi
- Human Performance Laboratory, Sport Service Mapei Srl, Olgiate Olona, Italy
| | - Marco Martin
- Human Performance Laboratory, Sport Service Mapei Srl, Olgiate Olona, Italy.,College of Human Sciences, Bangor University School of Sport Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, Sport Service Mapei Srl, Olgiate Olona, Italy
| | - Marco Riggio
- U.S. Sassuolo Calcio, Sport Science, Sassuolo, Italy
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Staiano W, Bosio A, de Morree HM, Rampinini E, Marcora S. The cardinal exercise stopper: Muscle fatigue, muscle pain or perception of effort? PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2018; 240:175-200. [PMID: 30390830 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The capacity to sustain high-intensity aerobic exercise is essential for endurance performance. Therefore, it is important to understand what is the factor limiting time to exhaustion (TTE) in healthy and fit adults. In Study 1, maximal voluntary cycling power (MVCP) was measured in 11 volunteers before and immediately after a high-intensity TTE test on cycle ergometer. Cadence was 60 rpm in both the MVCP and TTE tests. Despite a 35% loss in MVCP, power produced during the final MVCP test (mean ± SD 469 ± 111 W) was significantly higher than the power required by the TTE test (269 ± 55 W) (P < 0.001). In Study 2, 12 participants performed a cold pressor test (CPT) to the limit of tolerance followed by a high-intensity TTE test on cycle ergometer. Ratings of pain unpleasantness (RPU) during the TTE test were anchored to the unpleasantness of pain experienced during the CPT. On average, the RPU was 9.7 ± 0.4 at completion of the CPT and 5.0 ± 0.9 at exhaustion during the TTE test. The difference between these two ratings of pain unpleasantness was statistically significant (P < 0.001). In both Studies 1 and 2, the slope of the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during the TTE test correlated significantly with TTE (r = -0.75 and -0.83, P < 0.01). Results of this two-part investigation suggest that perception of effort, rather than severe locomotor muscle fatigue or intolerably unpleasant muscle pain, is the cardinal exercise stopper during high-intensity aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Staiano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Lab, Mapei Sport, Olgiate Olona, Italy
| | - Helma M de Morree
- Personal Health Department Philips Research, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Samuele Marcora
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Chatham, United Kingdom; Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Reliability and Seasonal Changes of Submaximal Variables to Evaluate Professional Cyclists. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12:1356-1362. [PMID: 28338371 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of several submaximal variables that can be easily obtained by monitoring cyclists' performances. METHODS Eighteen professional cyclists participated in this study. In a first part (n = 15) the test-retest reliability of heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) during a progressive maximal test was measured. Derived submaximal variables based on HR, RPE, and power output (PO) responses were analyzed. In a second part (n = 7) the pattern of the submaximal variables according to cyclists' training status was analyzed. Cyclists were assessed 3 times during the season: at the beginning of the season, before the Vuelta a España, and the day after this Grand Tour. RESULTS Part 1: No significant differences in maximal and submaximal variables between test-retest were found. Excellent ICCs (0.81-0.98) were obtained in all variables. Part 2: The HR and RPE showed a rightward shift from early to peak season. In addition, RPE showed a left shift after the Vuelta a España. Submaximal variables based on RPE had the best relationship with both performance and changes in performance. CONCLUSION The present study showed the reliability of different maximal and submaximal variables used to assess cyclists' performances. Submaximal variables based on RPE seem to be the best to monitor changes in training status over a season.
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Effects of Carbohydrate and Glutamine Supplementation on Oral Mucosa Immunity after Strenuous Exercise at High Altitude: A Double-Blind Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070692. [PMID: 28671626 PMCID: PMC5537807 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation on salivary immunity after exercise at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Fifteen volunteers performed exercise of 70% of VO2peak until exhaustion and were divided into three groups: hypoxia placebo, hypoxia 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min), and hypoxia after six days glutamine (20 g/day) and 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min). All procedures were randomized and double-blind. Saliva was collected at rest (basal), before exercise (pre-exercise), immediately after exercise (post-exercise), and two hours after exercise. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures and Tukey post hoc test were performed. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. SaO₂% reduced when comparing baseline vs. pre-exercise, post-exercise, and after recovery for all three groups. There was also a reduction of SaO₂% in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for the hypoxia group and an increase was observed in pre-exercise vs. recovery for both supplementation groups, and between post-exercise and for the three groups studied. There was an increase of salivary flow in post-exercise vs. recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) decreased from baseline vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Glutamine group. Interleukin 10 (IL-10) increased from post-exercise vs. after recovery in Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Reduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was observed from baseline vs. post-exercise and after recovery for the Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group; a lower concentration was observed in pre-exercise vs. post-exercise and recovery. TNF-α had a reduction from baseline vs. post-exercise for both supplementation groups, and a lower secretion between baseline vs. recovery, and pre-exercise vs. post-exercise for Hypoxia + Carbohydrate group. Five hours of hypoxia and exercise did not change IgA. Carbohydrates, with greater efficiency than glutamine, induced anti-inflammatory responses.
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Coquart J, Tabben M, Farooq A, Tourny C, Eston R. Submaximal, Perceptually Regulated Exercise Testing Predicts Maximal Oxygen Uptake: A Meta-Analysis Study. Sports Med 2017; 46:885-97. [PMID: 26790419 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0465-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, several authors have proposed the use of a submaximal 'perceptually regulated exercise test' (PRET) to predict maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]). The PRET involves asking the individual to self-regulate a series of short bouts of exercise corresponding to pre-set ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). The individual linear relationship between RPE and oxygen uptake (RPE:[Formula: see text]) is then extrapolated to the [Formula: see text], which corresponds to the theoretical maximal RPE (RPE20). Studies suggest that prediction accuracy from this method may be better improved during a second PRET. Similarly, some authors have recommended an extrapolation to RPE19 rather than RPE20. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the meta-analysis was to examine the validity of the method of predicting [Formula: see text] from the RPE:[Formula: see text] during a PRET, and to determine the level of agreement and accuracy of predicting [Formula: see text] from an initial PRET and retest using RPE19 and RPE20. DATA SOURCES From a systematic search of the literature, 512 research articles were identified. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA The eligible manuscripts were those which used the relationship between the RPE≤15 and [Formula: see text], and used only the Borg's RPE scale. PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS Ten studies (n = 274 individuals) were included. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS For each study, actual and predicted [Formula: see text] from four subgroup outcomes (RPE19 in the initial test, RPE19 in the retest, RPE20 in the initial test, RPE20 in the retest) were identified, and then compared. The magnitude of the difference regardless of subgroup outcomes was examined to determine if it is better to predict [Formula: see text] from extrapolation to RPE19 or RPE20. The magnitude of differences was examined for the best PRET (test vs retest). RESULTS The results revealed that [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET in different populations and in various PRET modalities, regardless of the subgroup outcomes. To obtain greater accuracy of predictions, extrapolation to RPE20 during a retest may be recommended. LIMITATIONS The included studies reported poor selection bias and data collection methods. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS OF KEY FINDINGS The [Formula: see text] may be predicted from RPE:[Formula: see text] during PRET, especially when [Formula: see text] is extrapolated to RPE20 during a second PRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Coquart
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France.
| | - Montassar Tabben
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Tourny
- Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, CETAPS, Boulevard Siegfried, 76821, Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Roger Eston
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Physical Activity, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Garcia-Tabar I, Izquierdo M, Gorostiaga EM. On-field prediction vs monitoring of aerobic capacity markers using submaximal lactate and heart rate measures. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 27:462-473. [PMID: 28181710 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the use of a single blood lactate concentration measurement taken following a 5-minute running bout at 10 km·h-1 (BLC10 ) and the speed associated with 90% of maximal heart rate (S90 ) to predict and monitor fixed blood lactate concentration (FBLC) thresholds in athletes. Three complementary studies were undertaken. Study I: A cross-sectional study examining the associations of BLC10 and S90 with running speeds at FBLC of 3 (S3mM) and 4 mmol·L-1 (S4mM) in 100 athletes. Study II: A cross-validation study assessing the predictive capacity of BLC10 and S90 to estimate FBLC thresholds in real practice. Study III: A longitudinal study examining whether training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds could be monitored using BLC10 and S90 in 80 athletes tested before and after an intensified training period. Study I: BLC10 (r=-.87 to -.89) and S90 (r=.73-.79) were very largely (P<.001) related to FBLC thresholds. Study II: Predictive models yielded robust correlations between estimated and measured FBLC thresholds (r=.75-.91; P<.001). The limits of agreements, however, revealed that prediction of FBLC thresholds could be biased up to 9%-15%. Study III: BLC10 was very largely related to training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds (r=-.72 to -.76; P<.001). Increases in S90 were associated with improvements in FBLC thresholds, but decreases in S90 led to unclear changes in FBLC thresholds. This study supports the use of BLC10 as a simple, low-cost, non-fatiguing, and time-efficient functional variable to monitor, but not predict, FBLC thresholds in athletes. The present results also question the use of S90 to detect declines in endurance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Garcia-Tabar
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center, Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - E M Gorostiaga
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Center, Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
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Fontana FY, Colosio AL, Keir DA, Murias JM, Pogliaghi S. Identification of critical intensity from a single lactate measure during a 3-min, submaximal cycle-ergometer test. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2191-2197. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1261177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Y. Fontana
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro L. Colosio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Daniel A. Keir
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
- School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Juan M. Murias
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Caris AV, Da Silva ET, Dos Santos SA, Lira FS, Oyama LM, Tufik S, Dos Santos RVT. Carbohydrate Supplementation Influences Serum Cytokines after Exercise under Hypoxic Conditions. Nutrients 2016; 8:E706. [PMID: 27827949 PMCID: PMC5133093 DOI: 10.3390/nu8110706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise performed at the hypoxia equivalent of an altitude of 4200 m is associated with elevated inflammatory mediators and changes in the Th1/Th2 response. By contrast, supplementation with carbohydrates has an anti-inflammatory effect when exercise is performed under normoxic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate supplementation on cytokines and cellular damage markers after exercise under hypoxic conditions at a simulated altitude of 4200 m. METHODS Seven adult male volunteers who exercised for 60 min at an intensity of 50% VO2Peak were randomly evaluated under three distinct conditions; normoxia, hypoxia and hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation. Blood samples were collected at rest, at the end of exercise and after 60 min of recovery. To evaluate hypoxia + carbohydrate supplementation, volunteers received a solution of 6% carbohydrate (maltodextrin) or a placebo (strawberry-flavored Crystal Light®; Kraft Foods, Northfield, IL, USA) every 20 min during exercise and recovery. Statistical analyses comprised analysis of variance, with a one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test with a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS Under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 after exercise and after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05), while in the hypoxia + carbohydrate group, there was a significant increase in the concentration of IL-6 and TNF-α after exercise compared to at rest (p < 0.05). Furthermore, under this condition, TNF-α, IL-2 and the balance of IL-2/IL-4 were increased after recovery compared to at rest (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION We conclude that carbohydrate supplementation modified the IL-6 and TNF-α serum concentrations and shifted the IL-2/IL-4 balance towards Th1 in response without glycemic, glutaminemia and cell damage effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Venticinque Caris
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Fabio Santos Lira
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Presidente Prudente 19060-900, Brazil.
| | - Lila Missae Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo 04021-001, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Bioscience, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos 11060-001, Brazil.
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Abstract
Maximal or peak oxygen uptake (V˙O2 max and V˙O2 peak , respectively) are commonly measured during graded exercise tests (GXTs) to assess cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), to prescribe exercise intensity and/or to evaluate the effects of training. However, direct measurement of CRF requires a GXT to volitional exhaustion, which may not always be well accepted by athletes or which should be avoided in some clinical populations. Consequently, numerous studies have proposed various sub-maximal exercise tests to predict V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak . Because of the strong link between ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and oxygen uptake (V˙O2), it has been proposed that the individual relationship between RPE and V˙O2 (RPE:V˙O2) can be used to predict V˙O2 max (or V˙O2 peak) from data measured during submaximal exercise tests. To predict V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak from these linear regressions, two procedures may be identified: an estimation procedure or a production procedure. The estimation procedure is a passive process in which the individual is typically asked to rate how hard an exercise bout feels according to the RPE scale during each stage of a submaximal GXT. The production procedure is an active process in which the individual is asked to self-regulate and maintain an exercise intensity corresponding to a prescribed RPE. This procedure is referred to as a perceptually regulated exercise test (PRET). Recently, prediction of V˙O2max or V˙O2 peak from RPE:V˙O2 measured during both GXT and PRET has received growing interest. A number of studies have tested the validity, reliability and sensitivity of predicted V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak from RPE:V˙O2 extrapolated to the theoretical V˙O2 max at RPE20 (or RPE19). This review summarizes studies that have used this predictive method during submaximal estimation or production procedures in various populations (i.e., sedentary individuals, athletes and pathological populations). The accuracy of the methods is discussed according to the RPE:V˙O2 range used to plot the linear regression (e.g., RPE9–13 versus RPE9–15 versus RPE9–17 during PRET), as well as the perceptual endpoint used for the extrapolation (i.e., RPE19 and RPE20). The V˙O2 max or V˙O2 peak predictions from RPE:V˙O2 are also compared with heart rate-related predictive methods. This review suggests that V˙O2 max (or V˙O2 peak ) may be predicted from RPE:V˙O2 extrapolated to the theoretical V˙O2 max (or V˙O2 peak) at RPE20 (or RPE19). However, it is generally preferable to (1) extrapolate RPE:V ˙ O 2 to RPE19 (rather than RPE20); (2) use wider RPE ranges (e.g. RPE ≤ 17 or RPE9–17) in order to increase the accuracy of the predictions; and (3) use RPE ≤ 15 or RPE9–15 in order to reduce the risk of cardiovascular complications in clinical populations.
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Pinot J, Grappe F. A six-year monitoring case study of a top-10 cycling Grand Tour finisher. J Sports Sci 2014; 33:907-14. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.969296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Caris AV, Lira FS, de Mello MT, Oyama LM, dos Santos RVT. Carbohydrate and glutamine supplementation modulates the Th1/Th2 balance after exercise performed at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. Nutrition 2014; 30:1331-6. [PMID: 25280408 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of carbohydrate or glutamine supplementation, or a combination of the two, on the immune system and inflammatory parameters after exercise in simulated hypoxic conditions at 4500 m. METHODS Nine men underwent three sessions of exercise at 70% VO2peak until exhaustion as follows: 1) hypoxia with a placebo; 2) hypoxia with 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min) during exercise and for 2 h after; and 3) hypoxia after 6 d of glutamine supplementation (20 g/d) and supplementation with 8% maltodextrin (200 mL/20 min) during exercise and for 2 h after. All procedures were randomized and double blind. Blood was collected at rest, immediately before exercise, after the completion of exercise, and 2 h after recovery. Glutamine, cortisol, cytokines, glucose, heat shock protein-70, and erythropoietin were measured in serum, and the cytokine production from lymphocytes was measured. RESULTS Erythropoietin and interleukin (IL)-6 increased after exercise in the hypoxia group compared with baseline. IL-6 was higher in the hypoxia group than pre-exercise after exercise and after 2 h recovery. Cortisol did not change, whereas glucose was elevated post-exercise in the three groups compared with baseline and pre-exercise. Glutamine increased in the hypoxia + carbohydrate + glutamine group after exercise compared with baseline. Heat shock protein-70 increased post-exercise compared with baseline and pre-exercise and after recovery compared with pre-exercise, in the hypoxia + carbohydrate group. No difference was observed in IL-2 and IL-6 production from lymphocytes. IL-4 was reduced in the supplemented groups. CONCLUSION Carbohydrate or glutamine supplementation shifts the T helper (Th)1/Th2 balance toward Th1 responses after exercise at a simulated altitude of 4500 m. The nutritional strategies increased in IL-6, suggesting an important anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline V Caris
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Nutrition, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco T de Mello
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lila M Oyama
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Postgraduate Nutrition, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo V T dos Santos
- Department of Psychobiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Bioscience, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.
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Garcin M, Coquart JBJ, Robin S, Matran R. Prediction of time to exhaustion in competitive cyclists from a perceptually based scale. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:1393-9. [PMID: 21358435 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d67fd6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Prediction of time to exhaustion in competitive cyclists from a perceptually based scale. We have tested the validity of the estimated time limit (ETL) scale to predict an exhaustion time (T(lim)) from values stemming from incremental and randomized constant workloads tests on a cycle ergometer. Twenty-five cyclists performed 1 continuous incremental test, 1 discontinuous test with randomized workloads, and 1 constant power output test at 90% of maximal aerobic power (MAP) to exhaustion. Estimated time limits at 90% MAP during the incremental test and the test with randomized workloads were calculated from exponential relationships between power and ETL using the same 4 workloads. Real measured T(lim) during the constant power output test was converted into ETL values (called measured ETL). The differences between the calculated and measured ETLs were examined. Estimated time limits calculated at 90% MAP during the incremental and randomized tests corresponded to 14 minutes 56 seconds and 10 minutes 14 seconds, whereas measured ETL was equal to 11 minutes 19 seconds ± 3 minutes 40 seconds. The results showed a nonsignificant difference between calculated and measured ETLs. However, the mean differences between the measured ETL values during the constant test performed at the same intensity were -1.3 ± 2.9 and 0.3 ± 3.0 for the incremental and the randomized constant workloads tests, respectively. Consequently, the use of ETL calculated at 90% MAP during the test with randomized constant workloads may be preferable to predict the accurate T(lim). Moreover, it would seem that high-level cyclists, who were more consciously attuned to their bodies and their own effort sense, were more accurate in their prediction than low-level cyclists. It is concluded that the randomized constant workloads test that is both shorter and less strenuous would be more convenient for high-level athletes.
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Sassi A, Impellizzeri FM, Morelli A, Menaspà P, Rampinini E. Seasonal changes in aerobic fitness indices in elite cyclists. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:735-42. [PMID: 18641717 DOI: 10.1139/h08-046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to compare seasonal changes in cycling gross efficiency (GE) and economy (EC) with changes in other aerobic fitness indices. The secondary aim was to assess the relationship between maximum oxygen consumption, GE, and EC among elite cyclists. The relationships of maximum oxygen consumption with GE and EC were studied in 13 cyclists (8 professional road cyclists and 5 mountain bikers). Seasonal changes in GE and EC, predicted time to exhaustion (pTE), maximum oxygen consumption, and respiratory compensation point (RCP) were examined in a subgroup of 8 subjects, before (TREST) and after (TPRECOMP) the pre-competitive winter training, and during the competitive period (TCOMP). GE and EC were assessed during a constant power test at 75% of peak power output (PPO). Significant main effect for time was found for maximum oxygen consumption (4.623 +/- 0.675, 4.879 +/- 0.727, and 5.010 +/- 0.663 L.min(-1); p = 0.028), PPO (417.8 +/- 46.5, 443.0 +/- 48.0, and 455 +/- 48 W; p < 0.001), oxygen uptake at RCP (3.866 +/- 0.793, 4.041 +/- 0.685, and 4.143 +/- 0.643 L.min(-1); p = 0.049), power output at RCP (330 +/- 64, 354 +/- 52, and 361 +/- 50 W; p < 0.001), and pTE (17 +/- 4, 30 +/- 8, and 46 +/- 17 min; p < 0.001). No significant main effect for time was found in GE (p = 0.097) or EC (p = 0.225), despite within-subject seasonal changes. No significant correlations were found between absolute maximum oxygen consumption and GE (r = -0.276; p = 0.359) or EC (r = -0.328; p = 0.272). However, cyclists with high maximum oxygen consumption values (i.e., over 80 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)), showed low efficiency rates. Despite within-subject seasonal waves in cycling efficiency, changes in GE and EC should not be expected as direct consequence of changes in other maximal and submaximal parameters of aerobic fitness (i.e., maximum oxygen consumption and RCP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Sassi
- Human Performance Laboratory, Mapei Sport Research Center, Via Don Minzoni 34, Castellanza, Varese, Italy.
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