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Pellicer-Caller R, Vaquero-Cristóbal R, González-Gálvez N, Abenza-Cano L, Horcajo J, de la Vega-Marcos R. Influence of Exogenous Factors Related to Nutritional and Hydration Strategies and Environmental Conditions on Fatigue in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:2700. [PMID: 37375605 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the influence of exogenous factors related to nutritional and hydration strategies and environmental conditions, as modulators of fatigue, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability, in endurance tests lasting 45 min to 3 h. A search was carried out using four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and EBSCO. A total of 5103 articles were screened, with 34 included in the meta-analysis. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022327203) and adhered to the PRISMA guidelines. The study quality was evaluated according to the PEDro score and assessed using Rosenthal's fail-safe N. Carbohydrate (CHO) intake increased the time to exhaustion (p < 0.001) and decreased the heart rate (HR) during the test (p = 0.018). Carbohydrate with protein intake (CHO + PROT) increased lactate during the test (p = 0.039). With respect to hydration, dehydrated individuals showed a higher rate of perceived exertion (RPE) (p = 0.016) and had a higher body mass loss (p = 0.018). In hot conditions, athletes showed significant increases in RPE (p < 0.001), HR (p < 0.001), and skin temperature (p = 0.002), and a decrease in the temperature gradient (p < 0.001) after the test. No differences were found when athletes were subjected to altitude or cold conditions. In conclusion, the results revealed that exogenous factors, such as nutritional and hydration strategies, as well as environmental conditions, affected fatigue in endurance sports, including factors associated with performance fatigability and perceived fatigability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Pellicer-Caller
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- Caller Energy Labs, Caller SportEnergy S.L., 39005 Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - Lucía Abenza-Cano
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Horcajo
- Department of Social Psychology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo de la Vega-Marcos
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Human Movement, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Cardoso AM, Silvério MNO, de Oliveira Maciel SFV. Purinergic signaling as a new mechanism underlying physical exercise benefits: a narrative review. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:649-679. [PMID: 34590239 PMCID: PMC8677870 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, it has become evident that both acute and chronic physical exercise trigger responses/adaptations in the purinergic signaling and these adaptations can be considered one important mechanism related to the exercise benefits for health improvement. Purinergic system is composed of enzymes (ectonucleotidases), receptors (P1 and P2 families), and molecules (ATP, ADP, adenosine) that are able to activate these receptors. These components are widely distributed in almost all cell types, and they respond/act in a specific manner depending on the exercise types and/or intensities as well as the cell type (organ/tissue analyzed). For example, while acute intense exercise can be associated with tissue damage, inflammation, and platelet aggregation, chronic exercise exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-aggregant effects, promoting health and/or treating diseases. All of these effects are dependent on the purinergic signaling. Thus, this review was designed to cover the aspects related to the relationship between physical exercise and purinergic signaling, with emphasis on the modulation of ectonucleotidases and receptors. Here, we discuss the impact of different exercise protocols as well as the differences between acute and chronic effects of exercise on the extracellular signaling exerted by purinergic system components. We also reinforce the concept that purinergic signaling must be understood/considered as a mechanism by which exercise exerts its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréia Machado Cardoso
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences and Medicine Course, Federal University of Fronteira Sul - UFFS, Campus Chapecó, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, 89815-899, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mauro Nicollas Oliveira Silvério
- Medicine Course, Federal University of Fronteira Sul - UFFS, Campus Chapecó, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, 89815-899, Brazil
| | - Sarah Franco Vieira de Oliveira Maciel
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences and Medicine Course, Federal University of Fronteira Sul - UFFS, Campus Chapecó, Rodovia SC 484 - Km 02, Fronteira Sul, 89815-899, Brazil
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Denby K, Caruso R, Schlicht E, Ives SJ. The Impact of Wrist Percooling on Physiological and Perceptual Responses during a Running Time Trial Performance in the Heat. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207559. [PMID: 33080833 PMCID: PMC7590038 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Environmental heat stress poses significant physiological challenge and impairs exercise performance. We investigated the impact of wrist percooling on running performance and physiological and perceptual responses in the heat. In a counterbalanced design, 13 trained males (33 ± 9 years, 15 ± 7% body fat, and maximal oxygen consumption, VO2max 59 ± 5 mL/kg/min) completed three 10 km running time trials (27 °C, 60% relative humidity) while wearing two cooling bands: (1) both bands were off (off/off), (2) one band on (off/on), (3) both bands on (on/on). Heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV), mean arterial pressure (MAP), core temperature (TCO), thermal sensation (TS), and fatigue (VAS) were recorded at baseline and recovery, while running speed (RS) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during the 10 km. Wrist cooling had no effect (p > 0.05) at rest, except modestly increased HR (3-5 ∆beats/min, p < 0.05). Wrist percooling increased (p < 0.05) RS (0.25 ∆mi/h) and HR (5 ∆beats/min), but not TCO (∆ 0.3 °C), RPE, or TS. Given incomplete trials, the distance achieved at 16 min was not different between conditions (off/off 1.96 ± 0.16 vs. off/on 1.98 ± 0.19 vs. on/on 1.99 ± 0.24 miles, p = 0.490). During recovery HRV, MAP, or fatigue were unaffected (p > 0.05). We demonstrate that wrist percooling elicited a faster running speed, though this coincides with increased HR; although, interestingly, sensations of effort and thermal comfort were unaffected, despite the faster speed and higher HR.
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Khataei T, Harding AMS, Janahmadi M, El-Geneidy M, Agha-Alinejad H, Rajabi H, Snyder PM, Sluka KA, Benson CJ. ASICs are required for immediate exercise-induced muscle pain and are downregulated in sensory neurons by exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:17-26. [PMID: 32463731 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00033.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is an effective therapy for many pain-related conditions, and trained athletes have lower pain perception compared with unconditioned people. Some painful conditions, including strenuous exercise, are associated with elevated levels of protons, metabolites, and inflammatory factors, which may activate receptors and/or ion channels, including acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs), on nociceptive sensory neurons. We hypothesized that ASICs are required for immediate exercise-induced muscle pain (IEIP) and that exercise training diminishes IEIP by modulating ASICs within muscle afferents. We found high-intensity interval training (HIIT) reduced IEIP in C57BL/6 mice and diminished ASIC mRNA levels in lumber dorsal root ganglia, and this downregulation of ASICs correlated with improved exercise capacity. Additionally, we found that ASIC3 -/- mice did not develop IEIP; however, the exercise capacity of ASIC3 -/- was similar to wild-type mice. These results suggest that ASICs are required for IEIP and that diminishment of IEIP after exercise training correlates with downregulation of ASICs in sensory neurons.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Exercise performance can be limited by the sensations of muscle fatigue and pain transmitted by muscle afferents. It has been proposed that exercise training abrogates these negative feedback signals. We found that acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are required for immediate exercise-induced muscle pain (IEIP). Moreover, exercise training prevented IEIP and was correlated with downregulation of ASICs in sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin Khataei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Anne Marie S Harding
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maram El-Geneidy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Hamid Rajabi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peter M Snyder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kathleen A Sluka
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Christopher J Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Roy J. and Lucile A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
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Lloyd A, Picton L, Raccuglia M, Hodder S, Havenith G. Localized and systemic variations in central motor drive at different local skin and muscle temperatures. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R219-R228. [PMID: 28592458 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00055.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the ability to sustain quadriceps central motor drive while subjected to localized heat and metaboreceptive feedback from the contralateral leg. Eight active males each completed two counter-balanced trials, in which muscle temperature (Tm) of a single-leg (TEMP-LEG) was altered to 29.4°C (COOL) or 37.6°C (WARM), while the contralateral leg (CL-LEG) remained thermoneutral: 35.3°C and 35.2°C Tm in COOL and WARM, respectively. To activate metaboreceptive feedback, participants first performed one 120-s isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the knee extensors in the TEMP-LEG, immediately followed by postexercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) via femoral blood flow occlusion. To assess central motor drive of a remote muscle group immediately following PEMI, another 120-s MVC was subsequently performed in the CL-LEG. Voluntary muscle activation (VA) was assessed using the twitch interpolation method. Perceived mental effort and limb discomfort were also recorded. In a cooled muscle, a significant increase in mean force output and mean VA (force, P < 0.001; VA, P < 0.05), as well as a significant decrease in limb discomfort (P < 0.05) occurred during the sustained MVC in the TEMP-LEG. However, no differences between Tm were observed in mean force output, mean VA, or limb discomfort during the sustained MVC in the CL-LEG (force, P = 0.33; VA, P > 0.68; and limb discomfort, P = 0.73). The present findings suggest that elevated local skin temperature and Tm can increase limb discomfort and decrease central motor drive, but this does not limit systemic motor activation of a thermoneutral muscle group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lloyd
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Picton
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Margherita Raccuglia
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hodder
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - George Havenith
- Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre, Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
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Davies MJ, Clark B, Welvaert M, Skorski S, Garvican-Lewis LA, Saunders P, Thompson KG. Effect of Environmental and Feedback Interventions on Pacing Profiles in Cycling: A Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2016; 7:591. [PMID: 27994554 PMCID: PMC5136559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In search of their optimal performance athletes will alter their pacing strategy according to intrinsic and extrinsic physiological, psychological and environmental factors. However, the effect of some of these variables on pacing and exercise performance remains somewhat unclear. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to provide an overview as to how manipulation of different extrinsic factors affects pacing strategy and exercise performance. Only self-paced exercise studies that provided control and intervention group(s), reported trial variance for power output, disclosed the type of feedback received or withheld, and where time-trial power output data could be segmented into start, middle and end sections; were included in the meta-analysis. Studies with similar themes were grouped together to determine the mean difference (MD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) between control and intervention trials for: hypoxia, hyperoxia, heat-stress, pre-cooling, and various forms of feedback. A total of 26 studies with cycling as the exercise modality were included in the meta-analysis. Of these, four studies manipulated oxygen availability, eleven manipulated heat-stress, four implemented pre-cooling interventions and seven studies manipulated various forms of feedback. Mean power output (MPO) was significantly reduced in the middle and end sections (p < 0.05), but not the start section of hypoxia and heat-stress trials compared to the control trials. In contrast, there was no significant change in trial or section MPO for hyperoxic or pre-cooling conditions compared to the control condition (p > 0.05). Negative feedback improved overall trial MPO and MPO in the middle section of trials (p < 0.05), while informed feedback improved overall trial MPO (p < 0.05). However, positive, neutral and no feedback had no significant effect on overall trial or section MPO (p > 0.05). The available data suggests exercise regulation in hypoxia and heat-stress is delayed in the start section of trials, before significant reductions in MPO occur in the middle and end of the trial. Additionally, negative feedback involving performance deception may afford an upward shift in MPO in the middle section of the trial improving overall performance. Finally, performance improvements can be retained when participants are informed of the deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and ExerciseBruce, ACT, Australia; Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of SportBruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Bradley Clark
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Marijke Welvaert
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and ExerciseBruce, ACT, Australia; Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of SportBruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Sabrina Skorski
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and ExerciseBruce, ACT, Australia; Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland UniversitySaarbrücken, Germany
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and ExerciseBruce, ACT, Australia; Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of SportBruce, ACT, Australia; Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philo Saunders
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Kevin G Thompson
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Bruce, ACT, Australia
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Junge N, Jørgensen R, Flouris AD, Nybo L. Prolonged self-paced exercise in the heat - environmental factors affecting performance. Temperature (Austin) 2016; 3:539-548. [PMID: 28090557 PMCID: PMC5198812 DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1216257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review we examine how self-paced performance is affected by environmental heat stress factors during cycling time trial performance as well as considering the effects of exercise mode and heat acclimatization. Mean power output during prolonged cycling time trials in the heat (≥30°C) was on average reduced by 15% in the 14 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Ambient temperature per se was a poor predictor of the integrated environmental heat stress and 2 of the prevailing heat stress indices (WBGT and UTCI) failed to predict the environmental influence on performance. The weighing of wind speed appears to be too low for predicting the effect for cycling in trained acclimatized subjects, where performance may be maintained in outdoor time trials at ambient temperatures as high as 36°C (36°C UTCI; 28°C WBGT). Power output during indoor trials may also be maintained with temperatures up to at least 27°C when humidity is modest and wind speed matches the movement speed generated during outdoor cycling, whereas marked reductions are observed when air movement is minimal. For running, representing an exercise mode with lower movement speed and higher heat production for a given metabolic rate, it appears that endurance is affected even at much lower ambient temperatures. On this basis we conclude that environmental heat stress impacts self-paced endurance performance. However, the effect is markedly modified by acclimatization status and exercise mode, as the wind generated by the exercise (movement speed) or the environment (natural or fan air movement) exerts a strong influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicklas Junge
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Rasmus Jørgensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory, Department of Exercise Science, University of Thessaly , Trikala, Greece
| | - Lars Nybo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, August Krogh Building, University of Copenhagen , Denmark
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