1
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Fortrat JO, Ravé G. Autonomic Nervous System Influences on Cardiovascular Self-Organized Criticality. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:880. [PMID: 37372224 DOI: 10.3390/e25060880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular self-organized criticality has recently been demonstrated. We studied a model of autonomic nervous system changes to better characterize heart rate variability self-organized criticality. The model included short and long-term autonomic changes associated with body position and physical training, respectively. Twelve professional soccer players took part in a 5-week training session divided into "Warm-up", "Intensive", and "Tapering" periods. A stand test was carried out at the beginning and end of each period. Heart rate variability was recorded beat by beat (Polar Team 2). Bradycardias, defined as successive heart rates with a decreasing value, were counted according to their length in number of heartbeat intervals. We checked whether bradycardias were distributed according to Zipf's law, a feature of self-organized criticality. Zipf's law draws a straight line when the rank of occurrence is plotted against the frequency of occurrence in a log-log graph. Bradycardias were distributed according to Zipf's law, regardless of body position or training. Bradycardias were much longer in the standing position than the supine position and Zipf's law was broken after a delay of four heartbeat intervals. Zipf's law could also be broken in some subjects with curved long bradycardia distributions by training. Zipf's law confirms the self-organized nature of heart rate variability and is strongly linked to autonomic standing adjustment. However, Zipf's law could be broken, the significance of which remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Olivier Fortrat
- CHU Angers, Médecine Vasculaire, INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarMe, SFR ICAT, Université d'Angers, 49933 Angers, France
| | - Guillaume Ravé
- Toulouse Football Club, 1 Allée Gabriel Biénès, 31400 Toulouse, France
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2
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Fuentes-García JP, Crespo M, Martínez-Gallego R, Villafaina S. Impact of match-induced pressure on HRV of junior tennis players. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113836. [PMID: 35508281 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the impact of a tennis competition on the HRV of nationally ranked junior girls and boys tennis players. A total of 22 nationally ranked tennis players (8 girls and 14 boys), with a mean age of 14.18 (2.15) and experience in national tournaments of 4.23 (2.27) years, participated in this cross-sectional study. Boys had a mean age of 14.36 (1.86) years-old and girls had a mean age of 13.87 (2.69) years old. Participants were assessed the day before and 20 min before the competition match. Significantly reduction in time-domain variables such as the time between intervals R-R (RR-interval) (p-value = 0.001), the percentage of intervals >50 ms different from the previous interval (pNN50) (p-value = 0.020) and the square root of the mean of the squares of the successive differences of the interval RR (RMSSD) (p-value = 0.028) were found between baseline and pre-match assessments. Furthermore, the non-linear measure based on the dispersion, standard deviation, of points perpendicular to the axis of line-of-identity in the Poincaré plot (SD1) (p-value = 0.028) was also significantly reduced before the match when compared to the baseline. However, differences between girls and boys junior tennis players were not found in the pre-competitive heart rate variability (HRV) variables (p-value >0.05). HRV is a convenient, non-invasive measurement that can be easily performed with a watch at home and on the field in order to control and manage match-induced pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pedro Fuentes-García
- Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte. Avda: Universidad S/N, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Miguel Crespo
- Development Department, International Tennis Federation, London SW15 5XZ, UK.
| | | | - Santos Villafaina
- Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte. Avda: Universidad S/N, 10003, Cáceres, Spain; Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.
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3
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García-Ceberino JM, Fuentes-García JP, Villafaina S. Impact of Basketball Match on the Pre-Competitive Anxiety and HRV of Youth Female Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7894. [PMID: 35805552 PMCID: PMC9265481 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of a basketball competition on the pre-competitive anxiety and Heart Rate Variability (HRV) of young female basketball players. A total of 12 female basketball players participated in this cross-sectional study. Girls had a mean age of 14 (1.41) years old and a mean experience of 4 (0.85) years practicing basketball. The pre-competitive anxiety and the HRV was assessed the week before and immediately before and after the match. Results showed a significant reduction (p-value < 0.05) of the several HRV variables after the match compared to baseline and pre-competition measures. However, differences between baseline and pre-competition were not found. Furthermore, a significant increase in somatic anxiety after the competition was reported. Taking into account HRV, somatic anxiety, and cognitive anxiety results, young female basketball players did not exhibit an increase in pre-competition anxiety. HRV measurements before competition can help coaches and physical trainers to identify female players with higher pre-competitive anxiety and propose intervention to manage it. Future studies should investigate the impact of coaches and parents on the pre-competitive anxiety of female and male basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. García-Ceberino
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Juan Pedro Fuentes-García
- Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Av. de la Universidad S/N, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
| | - Santos Villafaina
- Universidad de Extremadura, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Av. de la Universidad S/N, 10003 Cáceres, Spain;
- Departamento de Desporto e Saúde, Escola de Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
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Botelho R, Abad CCC, Spadari RC, Winckler C, Garcia MC, Guerra RLF. Psychophysiological Stress Markers During Preseason Among Elite Female Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1648-1654. [PMID: 35622110 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Botelho, R, Abad, CCC, Spadari, RC, Winckler, C, Garcia, MC, and Guerra, RLF. Psychophysiological stress markers during preseason among elite female soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1648-1654, 2022-This study aimed to investigate changes and correlations between mood states and various physiological stress markers after a 7-week preseason period among elite female soccer players. Twenty-four elite female soccer players participated in this study (26.4 ± 3.7 years). Their internal training load, mood states, day and evening salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations, blood creatine kinase concentration (CK), and heart rate variability (HRV) were assessed during the first week of preseason (PRE), and again 7 weeks after a systematic training period (END). After the preseason, there were significant increases in subject negative mood scales (p ≤ 0.03; Effect Size [ES] > 0.60), total mood scores (p = 0.01; QI = 100/0/0; ES = 1.32), day and evening testosterone and cortisol concentrations (p ≤ 0.03; ES > 0.54), and CK concentrations (p = 0.01; QI = 100/0/0; ES = 1.54). Correlations were found between cortisol and tension (r = 0.53 and 0.60; p ≤ 0.02), cortisol and confusion (r = 0.75; p = 0.01), and cortisol and the LF/HF index of HRV (r = -0.52; p = 0.04). Mood states (except vigor), salivary testosterone, and cortisol concentrations, as well as CK, showed significant changes after a 7-week systematic training system. The cortisol was the factor most highly related to various mood states (including tension and confusion), and with the HRV indices. Coaches and researchers can use these data to design, monitor, and control soccer training programs, in particular throughout the preseason period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Botelho
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil.,Sport Science Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar C C Abad
- Nucleus of High Performance in Sport (NAR), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Lusofona Faculty, Health and Science Department, Cotia, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina C Spadari
- Stress Biology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ciro Winckler
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil; and
| | - Márcia C Garcia
- Stress Biology Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo L F Guerra
- Interdisciplinary Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil; and.,Sport Science Laboratory, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, SP, Brazil
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Hottenrott L, Gronwald T, Hottenrott K, Wiewelhove T, Ferrauti A. Utilizing Heart Rate Variability for Coaching Athletes During and After Viral Infection: A Case Report in an Elite Endurance Athlete. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:612782. [PMID: 34541520 PMCID: PMC8446376 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.612782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Viral diseases have different individual progressions and can lead to considerable risks/long-term consequences. Therefore, it is not suitable to give general recommendations on a time off from training for athletes. This case report aims to investigate the relevance of detecting heart rate (HR) and HR variability (HRV) during an orthostatic test (OT) to monitor the progression and recovery process during and after a viral disease in an elite endurance athlete. Methods: A 30-year-old elite marathon runner contracted a viral infection (upper respiratory tract infection) 4 weeks after a marathon race. RR intervals in HR time series in supine and standing positions were monitored daily in the morning. Analyzed parameters included HR, the time-domain HRV parameter root mean square of successive difference (RMSSD), peak HR (HRpeak) in a standing position, and the time to HR peak (tHRpeak). Results: During the 6-day viral infection period, HR increased significantly by an average of 11 bpm in the supine position and by 22 bpm in the standing position. In addition, the RMSSD decreased from 20.8 to 4.2 ms, the HRpeak decreased by 13 bpm, and the tHRpeak increased by 18 s in the standing position significantly. There were no significant changes in the pre-viral infection RMSSD values in the supine position. The viral infection led to a significant change in HR and HRV parameters. The cardiac autonomic system reacted more sensitively in the standing position compared to the supine position after a viral infection in the present case study. Conclusion: These data have provided supportive rationale as to why the OT with a change from supine to standing body position and the detection of different indicators based on HR and a vagal driven time-domain HRV parameter (RMSSD) is likely to be useful to detect viral diseases early on when implemented in daily routine. Given the case study nature of the findings, future research has to be conducted to investigate whether the use of the OT might be able to offer an innovative, non-invasive, and time-efficient possibility to detect and evaluate the health status of (elite endurance) athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hottenrott
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Institute of Sports Science, Department of Training Science and Sports Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Thimo Wiewelhove
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alexander Ferrauti
- Department of Training and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sports Science, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Impact of the Result of Soccer Matches on the Heart Rate Variability of Women Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179414. [PMID: 34501999 PMCID: PMC8430763 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of a match lost and a match won on post-competitive heart rate variability (HRV) in semi-professional female soccer athletes. A total of 13 players, with a mean age of 23.75 (5.32), from the Cáceres Women Football Club of the Spanish Second National Division participated in our study. They were evaluated in two microcycles which correspond to a match lost and a match won. For each microcycle, baseline and post-competitive measures were collected. Results indicate that HRV was significantly reduced before a match lost and won. Significant differences in HRV variables were observed when compared the lost match, and the match won. Results highlight the importance and usefulness of analyzing the HRV as an indicator of post-competitive fatigue in semiprofessional soccer players. Therefore, a competition’s results could be considered a relevant variable to consider when programming training load.
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Coyne J, Coutts A, Newton R, Haff GG. Training Load, Heart Rate Variability, Direct Current Potential and Elite Long Jump Performance Prior and during the 2016 Olympic Games. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:482-491. [PMID: 34267588 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this investigation was to investigate the relationships between training load (TL), heart rate variability (HRV) and direct current potential (DC) with elite long jump performance prior to and during the 2016 Olympics Games. Sessional ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE), training duration, HRV and DC were collected from four elite athletes (26.4 ± 1.4 years, height 1.83 ± 0.05 m, weight 68.9 ± 5.0 kg) for a 16-week period in qualification for and competition at the 2016 Olympic Games. Acute and chronic TL, training stress balance and differential load were calculated with three different smoothing methods. These TL measures along with HRV and DC were examined for their relationship to intra-athlete performance using repeated measure correlations and linear mixed models. Successful compared to unsuccessful intra-athlete performances were characterised by a higher chronic TL (p < 0.01, f2 = 0.31) but only when TL was exponentially smoothed. There were also negative correlations between HRV and performance (r = -0.55, p < 0.01) and HRV was significantly lower for more successful performances (p < 0.01, f2 = 0.19). Exponentially smoothed chronic TL was significantly higher and HRV was significantly lower for successful intra-athlete performances prior and during the 2016 Olympics Games in an elite group of long jump athletes. Monitoring sRPE and HRV measures and manipulating TL prior to competition seems worthwhile for elite long jump athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Coyne
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | - Aaron Coutts
- Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park Rd, Moore Park NSW 2021, Australia.,School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Moore Park Rd, Moore Park NSW 2021, Australia
| | - Robert Newton
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - G Gregory Haff
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia.,Directorate of Psychology and Sport, University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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Sekiguchi Y, Huggins RA, Curtis RM, Benjamin CL, Adams WM, Looney DP, West CA, Casa DJ. Relationship Between Heart Rate Variability and Acute:Chronic Load Ratio Throughout a Season in NCAA D1 Men's Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1103-1109. [PMID: 30289866 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sekiguchi, Y, Huggins, RA, Curtis, RM, Benjamin, CL, Adams, WM, Looney, DP, West, CA, and Casa, DJ. Relationship between heart rate variability and acute:chronic load ratio throughout a season in NCAA D1 men's soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1103-1109, 2021-The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to examine the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and acute:chronic workload ratio (ACWR)-based training load (TL) metrics and (b) to examine relationships across various A:C ratio-based TL metrics. Heart rate variability in 23 male college soccer players (mean ± SD; age, 21 ± 1 years; body mass, 80.3 ± 5.8 kg; height, 181.9 ± 6.5 cm; %body fat, 11.9 ± 2.0%; and V̇o2max, 51.9 ± 5.0 ml·kg-1·min-1) was measured at 5 time points: week(W)1, W3, W7, W12, and W14 during the 2015 NCAA men's soccer season. Heart rate variability was calculated from beat to beat intervals using a heart rate monitor. Players donned a global position satellite-enabled device that measured the following TL metrics: session time (ST), Player Load (PL), PL·min-1, and total distance (TD). Acute:chronic workload ratio was calculated for each TL metric: ACWR-based ST (ACWRST), ACWR-based PL (ACWRPL), ACWR-based PL·min-1 (ACWRPLM), and ACWR-based TD (ACWRTD): ACWR = week average TLs/mo average (30 ± 1 days) TLs. Relationships between HRV and ACWR-based each TL metric were evaluated using mixed effects models. Tukey pairwise comparisons were used to examine differences between types of ACWR-based TL metrics. An increase in ACWRST significantly reduced HRV throughout a season (-7.4 ± 3.6 m·s-1; p = 0.04). There were significant differences between ACWRPLM and ACWRST, ACWRPL and ACWRTD at W1, ACWRPLM and ACWRST at W3 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, ACWRST, ACWRPL, and ACWRTD were significantly different from ACWRPLM. ACWRST was found to significantly predict HRV; higher ACWRST was significantly associated with lower HRV. Therefore, tracking of the ACWR using ST may help to optimize athlete's physiological state throughout a season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuki Sekiguchi
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Robert A Huggins
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Ryan M Curtis
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Courteney L Benjamin
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - William M Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - David P Looney
- Biophysics and Biomedical Modeling Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts; and
| | - Chris A West
- Department of Athletics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Douglas J Casa
- Department of Kinesiology, Korey Stringer Institute, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Sautillet B, Leprêtre PM, Schmitt L, Ahmaidi S, Costalat G. Post-exercise Heart Rate Variability: Whole-body Cryotherapy vs. Contrast Water Therapy. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:979-984. [PMID: 33735918 DOI: 10.1055/a-1312-6914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity training sessions are known to alter cardiac autonomic modulation. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of whole-body cryotherapy, contrast water therapy and passive recovery on the time course of cardiac autonomic markers following a standardized HIT session. Eleven runners completed a high intensity session followed by one of the following recovery interventions: whole-body cryotherapy, contrast water therapy or passive recovery. Changes in cardiac autonomic modulation were assessed in supine and standing positions during an active tilt test at pre-, post-14 h and post-38 h. In supine, high-frequency power increased from pre- to post-14 h following whole-body cryotherapy (1661.1±914.5 vs. 2799.0±948.4 ms2, respectively; p=0.023) and contrast water therapy (1906.1±1327.9 vs. 4174.3±2762.9 ms2, respectively; p=0.004) whereas high frequency power decreased in response to passive recovery (p=0.009). In standing, low-frequency power increased from pre-to post-38 h (1784.3 ± 953.7 vs. 3339.8±1862.7 ms2, respectively; p=0.017) leading to an increase in total power from pre- to post-38 h (1990.8 ± 1089.4 vs. 3606.1±1992.0 ms2, respectively; p=0.017). Spectral analysis revealed that contrast water therapy appears to be a more efficient recovery strategy than whole-body cryotherapy in restoring cardiac autonomic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Sautillet
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Amiens, France
| | - Pierre Marie Leprêtre
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculty of Sport Sciences/APERE laboratory, Amiens, France
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- National Centre of Nordic-Ski, Research and Performance, Premanon, France
| | - Said Ahmaidi
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculty of Sport Sciences/APERE laboratory, Amiens, France
| | - Guillaume Costalat
- Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Faculty of Sport Sciences/APERE laboratory, Amiens, France
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare heart rate variability indices before and after a table tennis match. Sixteen males (21.86 ± 8.34 yr, 1.73 ± 0.08 m, 64.09 ± 13.39 kg and 21.46 ± 4.38 kg·m-2) were evaluated in 21 matches, before and after the match. We observed that in time domain analysis, Mean RR, SDNN, LnRMSSD and pNN50 after match values were significantly lower than before match values (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), while Mean HR, Min HR and Max HR values were higher (p < 0.01) after than before the match, with no significant differences (p > 0.05) in STD HR. Meanwhile, frequency domain analysis showed LF Power (log), HF Power (log) and HF Power (in normalized units) after match values significantly lower than before match values (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05), while LF/HF value was higher after the match (p < 0.01), with no significant differences (p > 0.05) in LF Power (ms2), LF Power (in normalized units) and HF Power (ms2) values. Non-linear analysis showed SD1 and SD2 POST values significantly lower than PRE values (p < 0.05), while no significant differences were observed in SD2/SD1 value between POST and PRE analysis. As conclusion, due to the physiological strain of the table tennis match, changes were observed in heart rate variability values, suggesting an increase of sympathetic influence and a reduction of the parasympathetic influence.
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Abstract
Background: Heart rate variability (HRV) is widely used in professional soccer players as a tool to assess individual response to training load. Different devices and methods are available for HRV assessment. The relationship between HRV and competitive soccer matches performance is not documented. Methods: We monitored HRV in professional soccer players throughout a game season. Measurements were performed with a portable lightweight device in weekly 5 min sessions from which we obtained the value of the square root of the mean squared differences of successive beat-to-beat intervals (rMSSD). Game parameters of run and velocity were collected. Results: Twenty-seven players were monitored with a total of 121 observations. The rMSSD significantly related with the total distance covered (p = 0.036) and with the distance covered running at >15 km/h (p = 0.039) during soccer games. Conclusions: HRV was associated with competition performance in professional soccer players.
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12
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Ravé G, Granacher U, Boullosa D, Hackney AC, Zouhal H. How to Use Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Data to Monitor Training Load in the "Real World" of Elite Soccer. Front Physiol 2020; 11:944. [PMID: 32973542 PMCID: PMC7468376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- INISA, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Anthony C. Hackney
- Department of Exercise & Sport Science; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- Univ Rennes, M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé), Rennes, France
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13
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Forner-Llacer F, Aranda-Malaves R, Aranda Malavés R, Calleja-Gonzalez J, Perez-Turpin JA, Gonzalez-Rodenas J. Minimal Stabilization Time for Ultra-short Heart Rate Variability
Measurements in Professional Soccer. Int J Sports Med 2020; 41:1032-1038. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1186-1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe main aims of this study were: 1) to compare 1-minute RMSSD measurements using
different stabilization times between them and also with the criterion; and 2)
to determine the agreement between every 1-minute RMSSD measurement with the
criterion in professional soccer players. Seven hundred eighteen HRV
measurements from professional soccer players were taken. HRV was calculated
from 5 to 10 minutes (criterion) and from 1-minute windows with different
pre-stabilization times. Friedman and post-hoc tests were applied to compare
1-minute and criterion measurements. Effect size was considered to describe
magnitude of change. To determine agreement, Spearman’s correlation was
applied, and Bland–Altman analysis was also done between each
ultra-short HRV time window and the 5-minute HRV criterion period. The 1-minute
HRV without any pre-stabilization time was the only one different from all the
other 1-minute measurements that included 1 or more minutes of pre-stabilization
(p<0.001). One-minute HRV measurements with 1 or more minutes of
pre-stabilisation were highly correlated with those for the criterion period.
One-minute HRV without pre-stabilization showed the lowest correlation and the
highest bias from the criterion. It is concluded that 1-minute HRV measurements
with a prior 1-minute or longer pre-stabilization time are valid to measure HRV
in professional male soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Forner-Llacer
- Escuela de Doctorado, Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Aranda-Malaves
- Escuela de Doctorado, Valencia Catholic University Saint Vincent Martyr
Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Valencia, Spain
- Physical Education Department, University of Valencia, Valencia,
Spain
| | - Rafael Aranda Malavés
- Department d’Educació Física i
Esportiva-Facultat de Ciències de l’Activitat Física i
l’Esport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Analysis of Sport Performance, Sport and Physical
Education Department, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao,
Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Perez-Turpin
- Department of General Didactics and Specific Didactics-Faculty of
Education, University of Alicante, Alacant, Spain
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14
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Muñoz-López A, Naranjo-Orellana J. Individual versus team heart rate variability responsiveness analyses in a national soccer team during training camps. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11726. [PMID: 32678200 PMCID: PMC7367264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability (HRV) analyses can be performed using group or individual changes. Individual changes could be of potential interest during training camps for national soccer teams. The purpose of this study was to compare whether analysis of individual daily HRV could detect changes in cardiac autonomic responses during training camps for national soccer teams. During two different training camps, 34 professional soccer players were monitored daily over 9 days, using heart rate monitors. Players were divided into First Eleven (those who participated in the main squad) or Reserves. Daily HRV was individually analyzed using a day-to-day method or a baseline (days prior to first match) method, using the smallest worthwhile change and the typical error in the estimate to establish a trivial (random change) zone. Group changes were also analyzed using an ANOVA one-way repeated measures test. Players’ responsiveness was classified as High-, Low- or Non-response depending on individual changes. Both analyses showed substantial daily individual changes after playing a soccer match, regardless of the group. However, group changes showed that only First Eleven players had significant changes after playing a soccer match. In conclusion, individual daily HRV analyses are useful in detecting individual changes in professional soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Muñoz-López
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Education Sciences School, University of Seville, Desk 4.78, c/Pirotecnica s/n, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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15
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Fortrat JO. Zipf's Law of Vasovagal Heart Rate Variability Sequences. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 22:e22040413. [PMID: 33286187 PMCID: PMC7516888 DOI: 10.3390/e22040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular self-organized criticality (SOC) has recently been demonstrated by studying vasovagal sequences. These sequences combine bradycardia and a decrease in blood pressure. Observing enough of these sparse events is a barrier that prevents a better understanding of cardiovascular SOC. Our primary aim was to verify whether SOC could be studied by solely observing bradycardias and by showing their distribution according to Zipf's law. We studied patients with vasovagal syncope. Twenty-four of them had a positive outcome to the head-up tilt table test, while matched patients had a negative outcome. Bradycardias were distributed according to Zipf's law in all of the patients. The slope of the distribution of vasovagal sequences and bradycardia are slightly but significantly correlated, but only in cases of bradycardias shorter than five beats, highlighting the link between the two methods (r = 0.32; p < 0.05). These two slopes did not differ in patients with positive and negative outcomes, whereas the distribution slopes of bradycardias longer than five beats were different between these two groups (-0.187 ± 0.004 and -0.213 ± 0.006, respectively; p < 0.01). Bradycardias are distributed according to Zipf's law, providing clear insight into cardiovascular SOC. Bradycardia distribution could provide an interesting diagnosis tool for some cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques-Olivier Fortrat
- UMR CNRS 6015 Inserm 1083, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Angers, 4 Rue Larrey CEDEX 9, 49933 Angers, France
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16
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Abstract
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been typically used to monitor athletes’ physical fitness readiness. The supine position maximizes parasympathetic tone, which is important for monitoring in continuous aerobic sports, however, this is not the case of team sports that rely on anaerobic intermittent bouts, thus increasing sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal. We hypothesized that HRV during sympathetic activation and vagal withdrawal would be a useful marker to evaluate perceived physical fitness in team sports. HRV was measured in both supine and standing positions during the mornings of 4 match days in 14 professional players. The supine Root Mean Square of the Successive Differences (RMSSD), as well as spectral analysis indices were recorded. Perceived physical fitness was assessed after each match by means of a visual analogue scale (VAS). Supine RMSSD was moderately correlated with perceived physical fitness (rho = 0.416), however, larger correlations were observed for supine and standing spectral indices (rho > 0.5). Correlation between RMSSD and Total Power was very large, thus questioning the usual interpretation of RMSSD (rho > 0.7). Standing Spectral HRV analyses may be a useful method for evaluating perceived physical fitness in the context of team sports. RMSSD may reflect the overall variability of HR and not only the parasympathetic influence, as observed in the current study.
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17
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Vachon A, Berryman N, Mujika I, Paquet JB, Arvisais D, Bosquet L. Effects of tapering on neuromuscular and metabolic fitness in team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:300-311. [PMID: 32172680 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1736183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To assess the effects of a taper strategy on neuromuscular and metabolic fitness in team sport athletes, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Method: To be included in this meta-analysis, studies had to involve competitive team sport athletes and a tapering intervention providing details about the procedures used to decrease the training load, as well as competition or field-based criterion performance and all necessary data to calculate effect sizes. Four databases were searched according to these criteria, which led to the identification of 895 potential studies and the subsequent inclusion of 14 articles. Independent variables were training intensity, volume and frequency, as well as the pattern of taper and its duration. The dependent variable was performance obtained in various neuromuscular and metabolic tests. Results: There was limited evidence of a moderate taper-induced improvement in repeated sprint ability (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) (95%IC;I2) = 0.41 (0.26-0.55;0%)) and moderate evidence of a moderate increase in maximal power (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.44 (0.32-0.56;15%)), change of direction speed (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.38 (0.15-0.60;28%)) and maximal oxygen uptake (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.76 (0.43-1.09;37%)). Conclusion: Tapering is an effective training strategy to improve maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, repeated sprint ability and change of direction speed in team sports. However, the literature lacks studies using various tapering strategies to compare their effectiveness and make evidence-based recommendations. Future original studies should focus on this major issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Vachon
- Lab MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of sport sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Stade Rochelais Rugby, La Rochelle, France
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Lab MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of sport sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke QC, Canada.,Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal QC, Canada.,Département des Science de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal QC, Canada
| | - Iñigo Mujika
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Basque Country.,Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Denis Arvisais
- Direction of Libraries, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Lab MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of sport sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,Department of kinesiology, University of Montreal, Montreal QC, Canada
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18
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Vescovi JD. Intra-Individual Variation of HRV during Orthostatic Challenge in Elite Male Field Hockey Players. J Med Syst 2019; 43:328. [PMID: 31655934 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-019-1478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the intra-individual variation of heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate using an orthostatic challenge in elite male athletes during a training camp. Heart rate (variability) was measured upon waking. Log-transformed HRV metrics were evaluated in three segments (first min discarded for stabilization): 0-3 min supine, 3-6 min supine, and standing. Heart rate was assessed while supine, 15 s after standing and average final 30 s standing (Rusko protocol). A RM-ANOVA compared intra-individual means, standard deviations (SD) and coefficients of variation (CV%) for HRV and heart rate. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEmeas) were used for relative and absolute reliability, respectively. Time and frequency domain HRV metrics had low variation (CV% <8.5%; SEmeas% ≤4.0%) for 0-3 min supine which was not improved during 3-6 min. Standing HRV had lower ICC and higher SEmeas than supine values. Variability and reliability outcomes for heart rate were comparable to log-transformed HRV metrics. This study uniquely describes the intra-individual variation of HRV metrics during an orthostatic challenge and demonstrated low variability in this cohort of elite male athletes. These data can be helpful for identifying when true individual changes occur for the autonomic nervous system indices in supine and standing positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vescovi
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Graduate School of Exercise Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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19
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Dun Y, Smith JR, Liu S, Olson TP. High-Intensity Interval Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation. Clin Geriatr Med 2019; 35:469-487. [PMID: 31543179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been recognized as a safe and effective alternative to moderate-intensity continuous training for older patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in cardiac rehabilitation settings in an effort to improve health outcomes. This brief review considers general principles and suggestions for prescription of HIIT for older patients with CVD, specific challenges pertaining to older adults, the physiologic mechanisms by which HIIT contributes to improvements in peak Vo2, and the effects of HIIT on cardiovascular health in older patients with coronary artery disease and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoshan Dun
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China; Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Joshua R Smith
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Suixin Liu
- Division of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China.
| | - Thomas P Olson
- Division of Preventive Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street Southwest, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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20
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Lima-Borges DS, Martinez PF, Vanderlei LCM, Barbosa FSS, Oliveira-Junior SA. Autonomic modulations of heart rate variability are associated with sports injury incidence in sprint swimmers. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2018. [PMID: 29536784 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2018.1450606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Young athletes' participation in competitive sports is becoming increasingly common, and this increased involvement raises concerns about the occurrence of overtraining and sports injuries. Since these issues are poorly understood, this study analyzed heart rate variability, stress/recovery relationship, and sports injury incidence during a training macrocycle of young sprint and endurance swimmers. METHODS Thirty teenage swimmers (aged 12 to 17 years) were divided into two groups as follows: Sprint (n = 17) and Endurance (n = 13). Subjects were evaluated over 20 weeks, based on the following three schedules: general, specific, and competitive. In addition to heart rate variability and sports injury incidence, the Recovery-Stress-Questionnaire of Athletes was used to analyse stress/recovery states in athletes. All procedures were developed at the initial moment and at the end of each periodization step. RESULTS The Sprint group presented a reduced standard deviation of normal-normal beats (73.0 ± 6.6 vs. 54.1 ± 3.5 ms; p < 0.05) and root mean square of the successive differences (55.3 ± 6.2 vs. 42.0 ± 3.7 ms; p < 0.01) from the period of general preparation until the time of competition. Recovery-stress monitoring was affected only by the swimming training periodization (p < 0.05). During the general period, differences between recovery and stress scales were correlated directly with the root mean square of the successive differences (r = 0.576; p = 0.001), the standard deviation of instantaneous variability beat-to-beat (r = 0.521; p = 0.003) and the triangular index (r = 0.476; p = 0.008). Differences between general recovery and stress scales were inversely correlated with geometric indexes after the specific training period. Moreover, the Sprint group showed a higher incidence of sports injury than the Endurance group (0.0214 ± 0.0068 vs. 0.0136 ± 0.0050 cases/1000 hours). CONCLUSION Sprint training was associated with progressive activation of the sympathetic nervous system as well as a higher incidence of sports injury in comparison to endurance swimming during a training macrocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne S Lima-Borges
- a Postgraduate Program in Health and Development , Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande , Brazil
| | - Paula F Martinez
- a Postgraduate Program in Health and Development , Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande , Brazil.,b School of Physical Therapy , Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande , Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos M Vanderlei
- c Department of Physical Therapy and Postgraduate Program in Physical Therapy , Faculty of Science and Technology FCT/UNESP , Presidente Prudente , Brazil
| | - Fernando S S Barbosa
- a Postgraduate Program in Health and Development , Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande , Brazil
| | - Silvio A Oliveira-Junior
- a Postgraduate Program in Health and Development , Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande , Brazil.,b School of Physical Therapy , Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande , Brazil
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21
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Rave G, Fortrat JO, Dawson B, Carre F, Dupont G, Saeidi A, Boullosa D, Zouhal H. Heart rate recovery and heart rate variability: use and relevance in European professional soccer. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1460053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Rave
- Stade Lavallois MFC, Plaine des Gandonnières rue Coupeau, Laval, France
| | | | - Brian Dawson
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Exercise Biochemistry Division, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia-DF, Brazil
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé) – EA 1274, Univ Rennes, Rennes, France
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22
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Nardolillo AM, Baghdadi A, Cavuoto LA. Heart Rate Variability During a Simulated Assembly Task; Influence of Age and Gender. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1541931213601943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Attention has been concentrated on productivity in manufacturing settings with assembly line tasks being a common area of focus. Prolonged fatigue can occur during various assembly tasks both cognitively and physically. This can place a damper on efficiency and productivity for workers in manufacturing. Intercession can subsequently take place centered on reducing excessive workload tasks to assure a worker’s mental and physical thresholds are not contravened. Fatigue can be better understood by a person’s physiologic measures specifically their heart rate. Heart rate variability (HRV) which consists of calculations taken from each heartbeat can objectively quantify human capacity levels and the onset of fatigue. This study considers HRV during an assembly line task and compares differences in cardiac parameters between younger and older participants. The results obtained from this study were used to better understand the pattern of fatigue during the task at each segmented time interval. The HRV outcomes exhibited an index for each interval which gave the ability to make improved task demand decisions within the assembly line task. Statistical differences between age groups were also prominent which gave notion that workplace tasks should consider age classification when designing work structures for employees. This study assessed the potential function of HRV during a simulated task by examining the autonomic responses of the heart. The relationship between the autonomic nervous system to HRV was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel M. Nardolillo
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Amir Baghdadi
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lora A. Cavuoto
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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23
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Djaoui L, Haddad M, Chamari K, Dellal A. Monitoring training load and fatigue in soccer players with physiological markers. Physiol Behav 2017; 181:86-94. [PMID: 28886966 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The quantification and monitoring of training load (TL) has been the topic of many scientific works in the last fifteen years. TL monitoring helps coaches to individually prescribe, follow-up, analyse, adjust and programme training sessions. In particular, the aim of the present review was to provide a critical literature report regarding different physiological markers of TL monitoring, particularly in soccer, as the load is specific to individual sports. Therefore, the interests and limitations of heart rate (HR), HR variability (HRV) and biochemical variables (blood, urinary and hormonal variations) were analysed, with a special focus on daily measures (before, during and after training) and monitoring throughout a whole season. It appears that the most relevant markers were the resting HR before training, HR reserve during training, HRV during rest days, blood lactate, and blood and salivary immunological status in follow-ups throughout the season. Urinary markers indicative of the players' hydration status also deserve attention. However, these objective markers should be considered with a subjective marker of TL such as the rating of perceived exertion to give a more precise quantification of TL and its perception. Future research could be directed towards urinary marker analysis and the analysis of specific markers of TL, which could be related to injury occurrence and to performance during competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Djaoui
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Monoem Haddad
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts & Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Karim Chamari
- Athletic Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Alexandre Dellal
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement and Biology (LIBM), University Claude Bernard Lyon1, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France; FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Centre Orthopédique Santy, Sport Science and Research Department, Lyon, France
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