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Tramel W, Schram B, Canetti E, Orr R. An Examination of Subjective and Objective Measures of Stress in Tactical Populations: A Scoping Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2515. [PMID: 37761712 PMCID: PMC10530665 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Persons working in tactical occupations are often exposed to high-stress situations. If this stress is to be measured, an understanding of the stress outcomes used in these occupations is needed. The aim of this review was to capture and critically appraise research investigating subjective and objective outcome measures of physiological stress in tactical occupations. Several literature databases (PubMed, EMBASE, EBsco) were searched using key search words and terms. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were critically evaluated and scored by two authors using the Joanne Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tool. Of 17,171 articles, 42 studies were retained. The Cohen's Kappa agreement between authors was 0.829 with a mean JBI Score of included studies of 8.1/9 ± 0.37 points. Multiple subjective and objective measures were assessed during a variety of high-stress tasks and environments across different occupations, including police officers, emergency service personnel, firefighters, and soldiers in the military. Common objective outcomes measures were heart rate, cortisol, and body temperature, and subjective measures were ratings of perceived exertion, and the Self Trait Anxiety Inventory. Often used in combination (i.e., subjective and objective), these outcome measures can be used to monitor stressors faced by tactical personnel undergoing on-the-job training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Tramel
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia; (B.S.); (E.C.); (R.O.)
| | - Ben Schram
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia; (B.S.); (E.C.); (R.O.)
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Elisa Canetti
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia; (B.S.); (E.C.); (R.O.)
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Robin Orr
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia; (B.S.); (E.C.); (R.O.)
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
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Pasetes LN, Rosendahl-Garcia KM, Goel N. Cardiovascular measures display robust phenotypic stability across long-duration intervals involving repeated sleep deprivation and recovery. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1201637. [PMID: 37547137 PMCID: PMC10397520 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1201637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We determined whether cardiovascular (CV) measures show trait-like responses after repeated total sleep deprivation (TSD), baseline (BL) and recovery (REC) exposures in two long-duration studies (total N = 11 adults). Methods A 5-day experiment was conducted twice at months 2 and 4 in a 4-month study (N = 6 healthy adults; 3 females; mean age ± SD, 34.3 ± 5.7 years; mean BMI ± SD, 22.5 ± 3.2 kg/m2), and three times at months 2, 4, and 8 in an 8-month study (N = 5 healthy adults; 2 females; mean age ± SD, 33.6 ± 5.17 years; mean BMI ± SD, 27.1 ± 4.9 kg/m2). Participants were not shift workers or exposed to TSD in their professions. During each experiment, various seated and standing CV measures were collected via echocardiography [stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), cardiac index (CI), left ventricular ejection time (LVET), and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI)] or blood pressure monitor [systolic blood pressure (SBP)] after (1) two BL 8h time in bed (TIB) nights; (2) an acute TSD night; and (3) two REC 8-10 h TIB nights. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) assessed CV measure stability during BL, TSD, and REC and for the BL and REC average (BL + REC) across months 2, 4, and 8; Spearman's rho assessed the relative rank of individuals' CV responses across measures. Results Seated BL (0.693-0.944), TSD (0.643-0.962) and REC (0.735-0.960) CV ICCs showed substantial to almost perfect stability and seated BL + REC CV ICCs (0.552-0.965) showed moderate to almost perfect stability across months 2, 4, and 8. Individuals also exhibited significant, consistent responses within seated CV measures during BL, TSD, and REC. Standing CV measures showed similar ICCs for BL, TSD, and REC and similar response consistency. Discussion This is the first demonstration of remarkably robust phenotypic stability of a number of CV measures in healthy adults during repeated TSD, BL and REC exposures across 2, 4, and 8 months, with significant consistency of responses within CV measures. The cardiovascular measures examined in our studies, including SV, HR, CI, LVET, SVRI, and SBP, are useful biomarkers that effectively track physiology consistently across long durations and repeated sleep deprivation and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Pasetes
- Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Namni Goel
- Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Garron T, Klein DJ. Male Army ROTC Cadets Fail to Meet Military Dietary Reference Intakes and Exhibit a High Prevalence of Low Energy Availability and Poor Sleep Quality. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:95. [PMID: 37489308 PMCID: PMC10366743 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary habits, prevalence of low energy availability (EA), and sleep quality in a cohort of male army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) cadets, and to investigate the relationship between EA and sleep quality as well as EA and various body composition variables that are important for tactical readiness. Thirteen male army ROTC cadets (22.2 ± 4.1 yrs; BMI: 26.1 ± 2.3) had their EA and body composition assessed using diet and exercise records alongside bioelectrical impedance analysis. Cadets also completed a validated sleep questionnaire. Sixty-two percent of participants presented with clinically low EA (<30 kcal/kg fat-free mass [FFM]) and none met the optimum EA threshold (≥45 kcal/kg FFM). Dietary analysis indicated that 15%, 23%, 46%, 23%, and 7% of cadets met the Military Dietary Reference Intakes (MDRI) for calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, respectively. Additionally, 85% of cadets exhibited poor sleep quality. Significant associations between EA and fat mass/percent body fat were shown (p < 0.05). There was, however, no statistically significant correlation between EA and sleep quality. The present study found a high prevalence of low EA and sleep disturbance among male army ROTC cadets and that many were unable to meet the MDRIs for energy and macronutrient intake. Further, low EA was associated with higher percent body fat and fat mass but not sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Garron
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Dylan J Klein
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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Chronicity of sleep restriction during Army basic military training. J Sci Med Sport 2022; 25:432-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Non-Invasive Physiological Monitoring for Physical Exertion and Fatigue Assessment in Military Personnel: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168815. [PMID: 34444564 PMCID: PMC8393315 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During operational activities, military personnel face extremely demanding circumstances, which when combined lead to severe fatigue, influencing both their well-being and performance. Physical exertion is the main condition leading to fatigue, and its continuous tracking would help prevent its effects. This review aimed to investigate the up-to-date progress on non-invasive physiological monitoring to evaluate situations of physical exertion as a pre-condition to fatigue in military populations, and determine the potential associations between physiological responses and fatigue, which can later result in decision-making indicators to prevent health-related consequences. Adhering to the PRISMA Statement, four databases (Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and PubMed) were used for a literature search based on combinations of keywords. The eligibility criteria focused on studies monitoring physiological variables through non-invasive objective measurements, with these measurements being developed in military field, combat, or training conditions. The review process led to the inclusion of 20 studies. The findings established the importance of multivariable assessments in a real-life context to accurately characterise the effects of military practices. A tendency for examining heart rate variables, thermal responses, and actigraphy measurements was also identified. The objectives and experimental protocols were diverse, but the effectiveness of non-invasive measurements in identifying the most fatigue-inducing periods was demonstrated. Nevertheless, no assessment system for standardised application was presented. Future work may include the development of assessment methods to translate physiological recordings into actionable information in real-time and mitigate the effects of fatigue on soldiers’ performance accurately.
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Papadakis Z, Forsse JS, Stamatis A. High-Intensity Interval Exercise Performance and Short-Term Metabolic Responses to Overnight-Fasted Acute-Partial Sleep Deprivation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3655. [PMID: 33915744 PMCID: PMC8037712 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
People practicing high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) fasted during the morning hours under a lack of sleep. Such a habit may jeopardize the health benefits related to HIIE and adequate sleep. Fifteen habitually good sleeper males (age 31.1 ± 5.3 SD year) completed on a treadmill two isocaloric (500 kcal) HIIE sessions (3:2 min work:rest) averaged at 70% VO2reserve after 9-9.5 h of reference sleep exercise (RSE) and after 3-3.5 h of acute-partial sleep deprivation exercise (SSE). Diet and sleep patterns were controlled both 1 week prior and 2 days leading up to RSE and SSE. HIIE related performance and substrate utilization data were obtained from the continuous analysis of respiratory gases. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with the baseline maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and body fat percentage (BF%) as covariates at p < 0.05. No difference was observed in VO2max, time to complete the HIIE, VE, RER, CHO%, and FAT% utilization during the experimental conditions. Whether attaining an adequate amount of sleep or not, the fasted HIIE performance and metabolism were not affected. We propose to practice the fasted HIIE under adequate sleep to receive the pleiotropic beneficial effects of sleep to the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey S. Forsse
- Baylor Laboratories for Exercise Science and Technologies, Baylor University, Waco, TX 40385, USA;
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Keramidas ME, Kölegård R, Eiken O. Hypoxia gradually augments metabolic and thermoperceptual responsiveness to repeated whole-body cold stress in humans. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:2123-2140. [PMID: 33140429 PMCID: PMC7756580 DOI: 10.1113/ep089070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the central question of this study? In male lowlanders, does hypoxia modulate thermoregulatory effector responses during repeated whole‐body cold stress encountered in a single day? What is the main finding and its importance? A ∼10 h sustained exposure to hypoxia appears to mediate a gradual upregulation of endogenous heat production, preventing the progressive hypothermic response prompted by serial cold stimuli. Also, hypoxia progressively degrades mood, and compounds the perceived thermal discomfort, and sensations of fatigue and coldness.
Abstract We examined whether hypoxia would modulate thermoeffector responses during repeated cold stress encountered in a single day. Eleven men completed two ∼10 h sessions, while breathing, in normobaria, either normoxia or hypoxia (PO2: 12 kPa). During each session, subjects underwent sequentially three 120 min immersions to the chest in 20°C water (CWI), interspersed by 120 min rewarming. In normoxia, the final drop in rectal temperature (Trec) was greater in the third (∼1.2°C) than in the first and second (∼0.9°C) CWIs (P < 0.05). The first hypoxic CWI augmented the Trec fall (∼1.2°C; P = 0.002), but the drop in Trec did not vary between the three hypoxic CWIs (P = 0.99). In normoxia, the metabolic heat production (M˙) was greater during the first half of the third CWI than during the corresponding part of the first CWI (P = 0.02); yet the difference was blunted during the second half of the CWIs (P = 0.89). In hypoxia, by contrast, the increase in M˙ was augmented by ∼25% throughout the third CWI (P < 0.01). Regardless of the breathing condition, the cold‐induced elevation in mean arterial pressure was blunted in the second and third CWI (P < 0.05). Hypoxia aggravated the sensation of coldness (P = 0.05) and thermal discomfort (P = 0.04) during the second half of the third CWI. The present findings therefore demonstrate that prolonged hypoxia mediates, in a gradual manner, metabolic and thermoperceptual sensitization to repeated cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail E Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Kölegård
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Eiken
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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The Physical Fitness Effects of a Week-Long Specialist Tactical Police Selection Course. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186782. [PMID: 32957661 PMCID: PMC7559033 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Specialist police tactical teams, like special operations military personnel, are tasked with dangerous, high risk missions which are beyond the scope of general police. Consequently, the selection courses for entry into these teams are physiologically and psychologically demanding. The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological effects of a five-day selection course to aid in candidate preparation and course planning. Measures included body mass, grip strength, sit-and-reach flexibility, and a vertical jump assessment. Eleven candidates finished the selection course with significant decreases in body mass (-2.05 kg, p = 0.006 (95% CI = 3.65-0.45)), grip strength in the right (-14.48 kg, p < 0.001 (95% CI = 21.32-7.64)) and left (-14.27 kg, p < 0.001 (95% CI = 21.89-6.66)) hands and in sit-and-reach flexibility (-6.64 cm, p < 0.001 (95% CI = 9.94-3.33)). No significant decreases in power output or peak jump velocity of 669.77 W (95% CI = 1942.92-603.39) and 0.28 m/s (95% CI = 0.69-0.14) were found and a non-significant, overall increase in vertical jump height of 6.09 cm (95% CI = -6.08 to 18.79) was seen. Decreases in body mass, grip strength and lower limb flexibility are evident in a grueling five-day selection course. Individuals planning on attending these courses should plan for these negative effects and build redundancy into their performance to minimize the effects of fatigue, decrease injury risk and maximize chances of completion.
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Souissi W, Hammouda O, Ayachi M, Ammar A, Khcharem A, de Marco G, Souissi M, Driss T. Partial sleep deprivation affects endurance performance and psychophysiological responses during 12-minute self-paced running exercise. Physiol Behav 2020; 227:113165. [PMID: 32891607 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effects of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) on physical performance and psychophysiological responses during 12-minute self-paced running exercise. METHODS Twenty runners (20.8±1.1 years, 70.6±4.9 kg, 175.1±3.9 cm) performed, in a randomized order, two running self-paced field exercises after a normal sleep night (CONT, bedtime from 22:30 h to 06:30 h) and one night of PSD (bedtime from 00:30 h to 04:30 h). Core temperature and motivation were recorded before exercise. Speed, covered distance, heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and respiratory parameters (i.e., minute ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2)) were assessed during exercise. Blood lactate concentration [La] was assessed 2 min after exercise. Simple reaction time (SRT), mood and barrage test (BT) were assessed before and after exercise. RESULTS Higher RPE (p=0.01, d=0.90) and lower physical performance (i.e., p=0.001, d=0.59 for running speed and p=0.01, d=0.7 and Δ (%)=-6% for covered distance), following PSD, were obtained compared to CONT. Similarly, PSD attenuated core temperature (p=0.01, d=0.84), HR (p=0.006, ɳp2=0.45), VE (p=0.001, ɳp2=0.73), VO2 (p=0.001, ɳp2=0.96), BT (p<0.0005, ɳp2=0.86), SRT (p=0.0009, ɳp2=0.44) and mood (p<0.0005). However, VCO2, [La] and motivation score were not affected by sleep conditions. CONCLUSION The decrease of running performance and the increase of physical discomfort after PSD could be the origin of the lower cardio-respiratory responses to the 12-minute self-paced exercise. Effective strategies should be introduced to overcome the deterioration of physical performance and physiological responses after PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajdi Souissi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical activity, Health and learning (LINP2-2APS), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Omar Hammouda
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical activity, Health and learning (LINP2-2APS), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France; Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ayachi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical activity, Health and learning (LINP2-2APS), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Achraf Ammar
- Institute of Sport Science, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Amir Khcharem
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Giovanni de Marco
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical activity, Health and learning (LINP2-2APS), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France
| | - Mohamed Souissi
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, UR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Tarak Driss
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical activity, Health and learning (LINP2-2APS), UFR STAPS, UPL, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France.
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O'Leary TJ, Wardle SL, Greeves JP. Energy Deficiency in Soldiers: The Risk of the Athlete Triad and Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport Syndromes in the Military. Front Nutr 2020; 7:142. [PMID: 32984399 PMCID: PMC7477333 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Military personnel experience energy deficit (total energy expenditure higher than energy intake), particularly during combat training and field exercises where exercising energy expenditures are high and energy intake is reduced. Low energy availability (energy intake minus exercising energy expenditure expressed relative to fat free mass) impairs endocrine function and bone health, as recognized in female athletes as the Female Athlete Triad syndrome. More recently, the Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S) syndrome encompasses broader health outcomes, physical and cognitive performance, non-athletes, and men. This review summarizes the evidence for the effect of low energy availability and energy deficiency in military training and operations on health and performance outcomes. Energy availability is difficult to measure in free-living individuals but doubly labeled water studies demonstrate high total energy expenditures during military training; studies that have concurrently measured energy intake, or measured body composition changes with DXA, suggest severe and/or prolonged energy deficits. Military training in energy deficit disturbs endocrine and metabolic function, menstrual function, bone health, immune function, gastrointestinal health, iron status, mood, and physical and cognitive performance. There are more data for men than women, and little evidence on the chronic effects of repeated exposures to energy deficit. Military training impairs indices of health and performance, indicative of the Triad and RED-S, but the multi-stressor environment makes it difficult to isolate the independent effects of energy deficiency. Studies supplementing with energy to attenuate the energy deficit suggest an independent effect of energy deficiency in the disturbances to metabolic, endocrine and immune function, and physical performance, but randomized controlled trials are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J O'Leary
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie L Wardle
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie P Greeves
- Army Health and Performance Research, Army Headquarters, Andover, United Kingdom.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, United Kingdom.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Moore BA, Brock MS, Brager A, Collen J, LoPresti M, Mysliwiec V. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep, and Performance in Military Personnel. Sleep Med Clin 2020; 15:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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12
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CULLEN TOM, THOMAS GAVIN, WADLEY ALEXJ. Sleep Deprivation: Cytokine and Neuroendocrine Effects on Perception of Effort. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 52:909-918. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Cullen T, Thomas G, Wadley AJ, Myers T. The effects of a single night of complete and partial sleep deprivation on physical and cognitive performance: A Bayesian analysis. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:2726-2734. [PMID: 31608829 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1662539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of complete and partial sleep deprivation on multiple aspects of athletic performance. Ten males completed a cognitive function test, maximal handgrip strength, countermovement jump (CMJ) and a 15 min all out cycling test to assess aerobic performance. These tests were performed following 3 different sleep conditions; normal sleep (CON), a 4 hr sleep opportunity (PART) and complete sleep deprivation (DEP). Data were analysed using a Bayesian multi-level regression model to provide probabilities of impairment (p = %). Aerobic performance, CMJ and handgrip strength were impaired by 11.4% (p = 100%), 10.9% (p = 100%) and 6% (p = 97%) following DEP, while aerobic performance and CMJ were highly likely impaired by 4.1% (p = 90%) and 5.2% (p = 94%) following PART. Cognitive reaction time was not impacted by PART or DEP. In contrast the accuracy of responses was highly likely impaired by 2% (91) following DEP, while there was less certainty of impaired accuracy following PART (-1%, p = 73). Multiple aspects of physical and cognitive performance were impacted by sleep deprivation. The greatest detrimental effects were seen for aerobic performance and CMJ. Partial sleep deprivation equating to 4 hrs of sleep causes subtle, but potentially important negative impairments on athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cullen
- Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
- School of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Gavin Thomas
- School of Sport & Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - Alex J. Wadley
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Tony Myers
- Sport, Physical Activity and Health Research Centre, Newman University, Birmingham, UK
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Hormeño-Holgado AJ, Nikolaidis PT, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological Patterns Related to Success in a Special Operation Selection Course. Front Physiol 2019; 10:867. [PMID: 31354520 PMCID: PMC6636462 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actual theaters of operations require fast actions from special operations units with a high level of readiness and survival. Mission accomplishment depends on their psychological and physiological performance. The aim of the present study was to analyze: (1) the physical parameters related with success in a special operation selection course; and (2) the modifications of the psychological profile of recruits before and after a special operation selection course. Fifty-five male soldiers of the Spanish Army (25.1 ± 5.0 years, 1.8 ± 0.1 cm, 76.8 ± 7.9 kg, 24.4 ± 2.5 kg/m2) undertaking a 10-week special operation selection course performed a battery of physiological and psychological tests. Results showed how successful soldiers presented higher leg strength, anaerobic running performance, and cardiovascular response than non-successful soldiers. The psychological values of life engagement test, acceptance and action questionnaire, coping flexibility scale, and perceived stress scale did not present significant differences after the selection course. We can conclude that success in a special operation selection course was related to higher anaerobic and cardiovascular fitness. This special operation selection course did not modify the psychological profile of successful soldiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Hormeño-Holgado
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.,Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Vicente J Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain.,Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), Toledo, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
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Grandou C, Wallace L, Fullagar HHK, Duffield R, Burley S. The Effects of Sleep Loss on Military Physical Performance. Sports Med 2019; 49:1159-1172. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Assessment of the static upright balance index and brain blood oxygen levels as parameters to evaluate pilot workload. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214277. [PMID: 30921375 PMCID: PMC6438667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the potential for static upright balance function and brain-blood oxygen parameters to evaluate pilot workload. Methods Phase 1: The NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) was used to compare the workloads of real flights with flight simulator simulated flight tasks in 15 pilots (Cohort 1). Phase 2: To determine the effects of workload, 50 cadets were divided equally into simulated flight task load (experimental) and control groups (Cohort 2). The experimental group underwent 2 h of simulated flight tasks, while the control group rested for 2 h. Their static upright balance function was evaluated using balance index-1 (BI-1), before and after the tasks, with balance system posturography equipment and cerebral blood oxygen parameters monitored with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in real time. Sternberg dual-task and reaction time tests were performed in the experimental and control groups before and after the simulated flight tasks. Results (Phase1) There was a significant correlation between the workload caused by real flight and simulated flight tasks (P<0.01), indicating that NASA-TLX scales were also a tool for measuring workloads of the stimulated flight tasks. (Phase 2) For the simulated flight task experiments, the NASA-TLX total scores were significantly different between the two groups (P<0.001) and (pre-to-post) changes of the BI-1 index were greater in the experimental group than in controls (P<0.001). The cerebral blood oxygen saturation levels (rsO2) (P<0.01) and ΔHb reductions (P<0.05) were significantly higher in the experimental, compared to the control group, during the simulated flight task. In contrast to the control group the error rates (P = 0.002) and accuracy (P<0.001) changed significantly in the experimental group after the simulated flight tasks. Conclusions The simulated flight task model could simulate the real flight task load and static balance and NIRS were useful for evaluating pilots’ workload/fatigue.
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Hormeño-Holgado AJ, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Psychophysiological Monitorization in a Special Operation Selection Course. J Med Syst 2019; 43:47. [PMID: 30661118 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-019-1171-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The present research aimed: i. to analyse the psychophysiological response of soldiers undertaking a special operation selection course; ii. to study the relationship between fat and muscle loss and the psychophysiological response of soldiers undertaking a special operation selection course. We analysed 46 professional soldiers from a special operations unit (25.1 ± 5.0 years, 1.8 ± 0.1 cm, 76.8 ± 7.9 kg, 24.4 ± 2.5 kg/m2) undertaking the last phase of their 10 weeks special operation selection course. Before and immediately after the exercise the following variables were assessed: Stress subjective perception, fatigue subjective perception, rating of perceived perception, cortical arousal, body temperature, blood oxygen saturation, spirometry, isometric hand strength, lower body muscular strength, urine, body composition, life engagement test, coping flexibility scale, acceptance and action questionnaire, perceived stress scale, anxiety state, visual analogue scale and differential aptitude test. A special operation selection course induced an intense stress and physical response as suggested by the psychophysiological changes with a significant (p < 0.05) increase in fatigue and stress subjective perception, blood oxygen saturation, Ph, cognitive impairment and motivation-loss. Moreover, decreased leg strength, peak expiratory flow, cortical arousal, body composition, body weight, fat and muscle mass, anxiety stress, alertness, sadness and tension decreased after the exercise. Regarding body composition, higher muscle mass loss participants were related to a higher cognitive impairment and similar psychophysiological response than lower fat mass loss participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto J Hormeño-Holgado
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo street, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), Toledo, Spain
| | - Vicente J Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo street, s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.
- Studies Centre in Applied Combat (CESCA), Toledo, Spain.
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia.
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Sharma A, Muresanu DF, Ozkizilcik A, Tian ZR, Lafuente JV, Manzhulo I, Mössler H, Sharma HS. Sleep deprivation exacerbates concussive head injury induced brain pathology: Neuroprotective effects of nanowired delivery of cerebrolysin with α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 245:1-55. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Capaldi VF, Balkin TJ, Mysliwiec V. Optimizing Sleep in the Military. Chest 2019; 155:215-226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.08.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Staiano W, Bosio A, Piazza G, Romagnoli M, Invernizzi PL. Kayaking performance is altered in mentally fatigued young elite athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:1253-1262. [PMID: 30317839 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.09051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to assess the impact of 60 min of a cognitive demanding task inducing mental fatigue (Stroop) on kayaking performance in young elite athletes. The second objective was to elucidate the effect of mental fatigue on performance in a population of young under-17 elite athletes of national. METHODS Thirteen under-17 elite kayakers completed 60 min of an incongruent Stroop color-word test, or the equivalent time in a control condition in a cross-over study design. Afterwards, participants completed a 2000 m kayaking time trial in which power output, stroke rate and time at the end of 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 m were recorded. Physiological and perceptual measures of heart rate (HR), blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were collected during the time trial. Psychological questionnaires were used to assess fatigue and mental demand of the Stroop. Subjective ratings of mental fatigue following the Stroop were almost certainly higher. RESULTS Results of the time trial suggested that mental fatigue almost certainly impaired power output, stroke rate and time (552±30 s) compared to the control (521±36 s) condition. Yet, during the time trial RPE was almost certainly higher in the mental fatigue condition, while HR was reported to be possibly lower. Blood lactate resulted almost certainly lower in the mental fatigue state at completion of the time trial (10.3±1.5 vs. 12.2±1.6 mmol·L-1). CONCLUSIONS Mental fatigue has an almost certain negative impact on 2000-m kayaking performance in young elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Staiano
- Faculty of Science of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Andrea Bosio
- Human Performance Laboratory, Mapei Sport, Olgiate Olona, Varese, Italy -
| | - Gaia Piazza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Romagnoli
- Faculty of Science of Physical Education and Sport, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pietro L Invernizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Keramidas ME, Siebenmann C, Norrbrand L, Gadefors M, Eiken O. A brief pre-exercise nap may alleviate physical performance impairments induced by short-term sustained operations with partial sleep deprivation – A field-based study. Chronobiol Int 2018; 35:1464-1470. [PMID: 29985669 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2018.1490316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michail E. Keramidas
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, Royal Institute of Technology-KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Siebenmann
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, Royal Institute of Technology-KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Norrbrand
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, Royal Institute of Technology-KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ola Eiken
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, Royal Institute of Technology-KTH, Stockholm, Sweden
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