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Gross KN, Harty PS, Krieger JM, Mumford PW, Sunderland KL, Hagele AM, Kerksick CM. Milk or Kefir, in Comparison to Water, Do Not Enhance Running Time-Trial Performance in Endurance Master Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:717. [PMID: 38474845 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared flavored kefir (KFR) and flavored milk (MLK) as a recovery drink in endurance master athletes. Using a randomized, placebo-controlled, non-blinded crossover design, 11 males and females completed three testing visits whilst acutely ingesting either KFR, MLK, or water as a placebo (PLA). KFR supplementation occurred for 14 days before the KFR-testing day, followed by a 3-week washout period. Testing visits consisted of an exhausting-exercise (EE) bout, a 4-h rest period where additional carbohydrate feeding was provided, and a treadmill 5 km time trial (TT). The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) survey was assessed at four timepoints. Blood was collected at baseline and after the TT and was analyzed for I-FABP levels. No significant difference (PLA: 33:39.1 ± 6:29.0 min, KFR: 33:41.1 ± 5:44.4 min, and MLK: 33:36.2 ± 6:40.5 min, p = 0.99) was found between the groups in TT performance. The KFR GSRS total score was significantly lower than the PLA after EE (p = 0.005). No differences in I-FABP were observed between conditions. In conclusion, acute KFR supplementation did not impact TT performance or I-FABP levels but may have reduced subjective GI symptoms surrounding exercise when compared to MLK or PLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Gross
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Patrick S Harty
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Joesi M Krieger
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Petey W Mumford
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Kyle L Sunderland
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Anthony M Hagele
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, College of Science, Technology and Health, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA
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2
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Brunelli L, De Vitis V, Ferrari R, Minuzzo M, Fiore W, Jäger R, Taverniti V, Guglielmetti S. In vitro assessment of the probiotic properties of an industrial preparation containing Lacticaseibacillus paracasei in the context of athlete health. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:857987. [PMID: 36016576 PMCID: PMC9397523 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.857987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intense physical activity is often associated with undesirable physiological changes, including increased inflammation, transient immunodepression, increased susceptibility to infections, altered intestinal barrier integrity, and increased oxidative stress. Several trials suggested that probiotics supplementation may have beneficial effects on sport-associated gastro-intestinal and immune disorders. Recently, in a placebo-controlled human trial, the AminoAlta™ probiotic formulation (AApf) was demonstrated to increase the absorption of amino acids from pea protein, suggesting that the administration of AApf could overcome the compositional limitations of plant proteins. In this study, human cell line models were used to assess in vitro the potential capacity of AApf to protect from the physiological damages that an intense physical activity may cause. The obtained results revealed that the bacteria in the AApf have the ability to adhere to differentiated Caco-2 epithelial cell layer. In addition, the AApf was shown to reduce the activation of NF-κB in Caco-2 cells under inflammatory stimulation. Notably, this anti-inflammatory activity was enhanced in the presence of partially hydrolyzed plant proteins. The AApf also triggered the expression of cytokines by the THP-1 macrophage model in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, the expression of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α was higher than that of the regulatory cytokine IL-10, resembling a cytokine profile characteristic of M1 phenotype, which typically intervene in counteracting bacterial and viral infections. Finally, AApf was shown to reduce transepithelial permeability and increase superoxide dismutase activity in the Caco-2 cell model. In conclusion, this study suggests that the AApf may potentially provide a spectrum of benefits useful to dampen the gastro-intestinal and immune detrimental consequences of an intense physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Jäger
- Increnovo LLC, Whitefish Bay, WI, United States
| | - Valentina Taverniti
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Simone Guglielmetti,
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3
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Chantler S, Griffiths A, Matu J, Davison G, Holliday A, Jones B. A systematic review: Role of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-associated gut damage and permeability. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266379. [PMID: 35417467 PMCID: PMC9007357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition strategies and supplements may have a role to play in diminishing exercise associated gastrointestinal cell damage and permeability. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the influence of dietary supplements on markers of exercise-induced gut endothelial cell damage and/or permeability. Five databases were searched through to February 2021. Studies were selected that evaluated indirect markers of gut endothelial cell damage and permeability in response to exercise with and without a specified supplement, including with and without water. Acute and chronic supplementation protocols were included. Twenty-seven studies were included. The studies investigated a wide range of supplements including bovine colostrum, glutamine, probiotics, supplemental carbohydrate and protein, nitrate or nitrate precursors and water across a variety of endurance exercise protocols. The majority of studies using bovine colostrum and glutamine demonstrated a reduction in selected markers of gut cell damage and permeability compared to placebo conditions. Carbohydrate intake before and during exercise and maintaining euhydration may partially mitigate gut damage and permeability but coincide with other performance nutrition strategies. Single strain probiotic strains showed some positive findings, but the results are likely strain, dosage and duration specific. Bovine colostrum, glutamine, carbohydrate supplementation and maintaining euhydration may reduce exercise-associated endothelial damage and improve gut permeability. In spite of a large heterogeneity across the selected studies, appropriate inclusion of different nutrition strategies could mitigate the initial phases of gastrointestinal cell disturbances in athletes associated with exercise. However, research is needed to clarify if this will contribute to improved athlete gastrointestinal and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Chantler
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Griffiths
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Matu
- School of Clinical and Applied Sciences, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Davison
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Holliday
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, the University of Cape Town and the Sports Science Institute of South Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
- England Performance Unit, Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
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4
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Heimer M, Teschler M, Schmitz B, Mooren FC. Health Benefits of Probiotics in Sport and Exercise - Non-existent or a Matter of Heterogeneity? A Systematic Review. Front Nutr 2022; 9:804046. [PMID: 35284446 PMCID: PMC8906887 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.804046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of probiotics in sports has been growing in recent years, as up to 50% of athletes suffer from training- and performance-limiting gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Moreover, repeated exhaustive exercise and high training loads may lead to a transiently depressed immune function, associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Aim To provide a qualitative analysis of probiotic effects on URTI, GI symptoms and the immune system in healthy individuals under consideration of performance level as main classifier. Methods A systematic review of the literature was conducted (PubMed, SPORTDiscus with Full Text, Web of Science) to analyze the effects of probiotics in athletes and healthy active individuals on GI problems, URTI, and the immune system. A qualitative synthesis with performance level and treatment duration as main classifiers was performed. Results Of 41 eligible studies, 24 evaluated the effects of probiotic supplements in athletes, 10 in recreationally active individuals and 7 in healthy untrained adults. Large heterogeneity was observed in terms of probiotic strains, mode of delivery, performance level, treatment duration and outcome assessment. Overall, studies provided inconsistent observations. Conclusion The effects of probiotics on immune system, URTI, and GI symptoms in athletes, healthy adults and recreationally active individuals remain inconclusive. Based on the analyzed studies and identified parameters, this article provides suggestions to align future research on the effects of probiotics in exercise. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO, identifier: CRD42021245840.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Heimer
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Marc Teschler
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Boris Schmitz
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
| | - Frank C. Mooren
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
- DRV Clinic Königsfeld, Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Ennepetal, Germany
- *Correspondence: Frank C. Mooren
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Tataka Y, Haramura M, Hamada Y, Ono M, Toyoda S, Yamada T, Hiratsu A, Suzuki K, Miyashita M. Effects of oral cystine and glutamine on exercise-induced changes in gastrointestinal permeability and damage markers in young men. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:2331-2339. [PMID: 35106632 PMCID: PMC9279189 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02806-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although acute prolonged strenuous exercise has been shown to increase markers of gastrointestinal permeability and damage, little is known regarding the efficacy of nutritional supplement interventions on the attenuation of exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome. This study addressed the effects of oral amino acid supplementation on markers of gastrointestinal permeability and damage in response to exercise. METHODS Sixteen active men aged 22.7 ± 2.6 years (mean ± standard deviation) completed placebo or cystine and glutamine supplementation trials in random order. Participants received either a placebo or cystine and glutamine supplements, three times a day for 5 days, separated by a 2-week washout period. On day 6, participants took their designated supplements 30 min before running at a speed corresponding to 75% of maximal oxygen uptake for 1 h, followed by a 4-h rest period. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise, immediately post-exercise, 30 min post-exercise, and 1, 2 and 4 h post-exercise on day 6. The plasma lactulose to mannitol ratio (L:M) and plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) were used as markers of gastrointestinal permeability and damage, respectively. RESULTS Plasma L:M (linear mixed model, coefficient ± standard error: - 0.011 ± 0.004, P = 0.0090) and changes (i.e., from pre-exercise) in plasma I-FABP (linear mixed model, - 195.3 ± 65.7 coefficient ± standard error (pg/mL), P = 0.0035) were lower in the cystine and glutamine supplementation trial than in the placebo trial. CONCLUSION Oral cystine and glutamine supplementation attenuated the markers of gastrointestinal permeability and damage after 1 h of strenuous running in young men. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER UMIN000026008. DATE OF REGISTRATION 13 December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusei Tataka
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miki Haramura
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuka Hamada
- Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Miho Ono
- Institute of Food Sciences and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sakiko Toyoda
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Ayano Hiratsu
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Masashi Miyashita
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
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6
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Probiotics for the Management of Sepsis: Advances in Animal Models and Intensive Care Unit Environments. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis frequently leads to multiple organ failure and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Although intensive care protocols and antibiotic therapy have improved sepsis treatment, specific management is lacking with respect to efficient protection from tissue damage and long-term outcomes. Probiotics are live microbes that modulate the immune system and inflammation and colonize the gut. In this narrative review, we have traced the evolution of the administration of probiotics in an animal model of sepsis and treatment alternatives in the intensive care unit setting. First, probiotics are categorized by species before describing their modulation of the microbiota, repair of tissue-specific damage, immune response, and molecular pathways to prevent complications. The impact on therapy for infant and adult patients is also addressed. Finally, we have emphasized the challenges and gaps in current studies as well as future perspectives for further investigation. The present review can open up avenues for new strategies that employ promising probiotic strains for the treatment of sepsis and discusses their ability to prevent disease-associated long-term complications.
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7
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Ribeiro FM, Petriz B, Marques G, Kamilla LH, Franco OL. Is There an Exercise-Intensity Threshold Capable of Avoiding the Leaky Gut? Front Nutr 2021; 8:627289. [PMID: 33763441 PMCID: PMC7982409 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.627289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance-sport athletes have a high incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, compromising performance and impacting overall health status. An increase in several proinflammatory cytokines and proteins (LPS, I-FABP, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, C-reactive protein) has been observed in ultramarathoners and triathlon athletes. One of the most common effects of this type of physical activity is the increase in intestinal permeability, known as leaky gut. The intestinal mucosa's degradation can be identified and analyzed by a series of molecular biomarkers, including the lactulose/rhamnose ratio, occludin and claudin (tight junctions), lipopolysaccharides, and I-FABP. Identifying the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of leaky gut by physical exercise can assist in the determination of safe exercise thresholds for the preservation of the gastrointestinal tract. It was recently shown that 60 min of vigorous endurance training at 70% of the maximum work capacity led to the characteristic responses of leaky gut. It is believed that other factors may contribute to this effect, such as altitude, environmental temperature, fluid restriction, age and trainability. On the other hand, moderate physical training and dietary interventions such as probiotics and prebiotics can improve intestinal health and gut microbiota composition. This review seeks to discuss the molecular mechanisms involved in the intestinal mucosa's adaptation and response to exercise and discuss the role of the intestinal microbiota in mitigating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe M Ribeiro
- Post-graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Petriz
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca (Unifran), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Exercise Physiology, University Center - UDF, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Lima H Kamilla
- Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Post-graduation Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil.,Center for Proteomic and Biochemical Analysis, Post-graduation in Genomic and Biotechnology Sciences, Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil.,S-Inova Biotech, Catholic University Dom Bosco, Biotechnology Program, Campo Grande, Brazil
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