High-intensity resistance exercise is not as effective as traditional high-intensity interval exercise for increasing the cardiorespiratory response and energy expenditure in recreationally active subjects

The relationship between physical activity and appetite among older adults - A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Appetite loss among older adults is common and may lead to malnutrition, reduced function and frailty. Regular physical activity may help regulate appetite and enhance overall wellbeing. However, evidence concerning the relationship between physical activity and appetite in older adults remains scarce.

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to examine the existing literature for the relationship between appetite and physical activity among older adults, contributing to the identification of existing research gaps.

METHOD

A scoping review was conducted using a block search strategy with keywords including physical activity, exercise, appetite, and older adults. Searches were performed in Web of Science, PubMed, and CINAHL on November 23, 2023. The inclusion criteria were: English language, human studies, population aged 55+ without severe disease, addressing both appetite and physical activity, original articles, and not qualitative studies.

RESULTS

Of 1190 articles identified, 25 were included. Females comprised 52% of the participants and most studies focused on community-dwelling older adults, primarily in the US and northern Europe. Research design and methodologies varied widely. Of the 25 studies, 14 were cross-sectional studies, seven randomized controlled trials, three non-randomized controlled trials, and one longitudinal observational study. Associations between physical activity and appetite were found in a longitudinal observational study including 186 participants, two randomized trials involving higher-intensity exercise, all non-randomized studies, and 10 cross-sectional studies.

CONCLUSION

Although an association between appetite and physical activity among older adults has been observed, the lack of randomized controlled trials limits conclusions regarding whether exercise can effectively regulate appetite in older adults.

The Energy Expenditure Associated With Body-Weight Resistance Exercises of Various Movement Patterns Performed at Different Durations

ABSTRACT

Poulios, A, Fotiou, C, Draganidis, D, Avloniti, A, Rosvoglou, A, Batrakoulis, A, Tsimeas, P, Papanikolaou, K, Deli, CK, Stampoulis, T, Douroudos, II, Chatzinikolaou, A, Jamurtas, AZ, and Fatouros, IG. The energy expenditure associated with body-weight resistance exercises of various movement patterns performed at different durations. J Strength Cond Res 38(12): 2034-2046, 2024-Although body-weight resistance exercises (BWRE) are popular and effective for body mass reduction and neuromuscular performance, limited information exists regarding their total energy expenditure (TEE). This study determined the energy cost associated with seven BWRE of different movement patterns plank, push-ups, squat, single-leg squat [SLS], forward lunge [FL], burpees, and jumping jacks [JJ] using 2 different durations (T30: 30-second; T45: 45-second) in 10 healthy young adults using a randomized, 2-trial, crossover, repeated-measures design. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The burpees were associated with the highest and the plank with the lowest intensity (rates of perceived exertion [RPE] and mean heart rate [MHR]) and metabolic load (blood lactate [BL] accumulation, metabolic equivalents of task [METs], and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption [EPOC]) in both trials. In T30 and T45, TEE (kcals per minute) was 11.3/12.6 in plank, 18.6/22.0 in FL, 19.8/21.2 in SLS, 19.9/23.2 in squat, 22.0/24.9 in push-ups, 23.1/22.8 in JJ, and 32.2/40.7 in burpees. Although RPE, MHR, BL, and EPOC were comparable among T30 and T45, METs and TEE were greater in T45. These results suggest that TEE of BWRE ranges from ∼11 to 40 kcals·min -1 , depending on the movement pattern and the duration of exercise. This information may be valuable for those using BWRE for body-weight management and improvement of strength performance.

Methods to Assess Energy Expenditure of Resistance Exercise: A Systematic Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Nutrition guidance for athletes must consider a range of variables to effectively support individuals in meeting energy and nutrient needs. Resistance exercise is a widely adopted training method in athlete preparation and rehabilitation and therefore is one such variable that will influence nutrition guidance. Given its prominence, the capacity to meaningfully quantify resistance exercise energy expenditure will assist practitioners and researchers in providing nutrition guidance. However, the significant contribution of anaerobic metabolism makes quantifying energy expenditure of resistance exercise challenging.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this scoping review was to investigate the methods used to assess resistance exercise energy expenditure.

METHODS

A literature search of Medline, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Web of Science identified studies that included an assessment of resistance exercise energy expenditure. Quality appraisal of included studies was performed using the Rosendal Scale.

RESULTS

A total of 19,867 studies were identified, with 166 included after screening. Methods to assess energy expenditure included indirect calorimetry (n = 136), blood lactate analysis (n = 25), wearable monitors (n = 31) and metabolic equivalents (n = 4). Post-exercise energy expenditure was measured in 76 studies. The reported energy expenditure values varied widely between studies.

CONCLUSIONS

Indirect calorimetry is widely used to estimate energy expenditure. However, given its limitations in quantifying glycolytic contribution, indirect calorimetry during and immediately following exercise combined with measures of blood lactate are likely required to better quantify total energy expenditure. Due to the cumbersome equipment and technical expertise required, though, along with the physical restrictions the equipment places on participants performing particular resistance exercises, indirect calorimetry is likely impractical for use outside of the laboratory setting, where metabolic equivalents may be a more appropriate method.

Acute effects of resistance-type and cycling-type high-intensity interval training on arterial stiffness, cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiac biomarkers

BACKGROUND

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has been shown to enhance cardiovascular health. However, there is a lack of research investigating the specific cardiovascular effects of different HIIT training modes. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the acute effects of cycling-type high intensity interval training (C-HIIT) and resistance-type high intensity interval training (R-HIIT) on arterial stiffness, cardiac autonomic modulation, and cardiac biomarkers in healthy young men.

METHODS

This is a cross-over randomized trial. Eleven healthy active young men took part in both C-HIIT and R-HIIT. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), heart rate variability (HRV), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were measured before, immediately and 30 min after the exercise in C-HIIT and R-HIIT. Meanwhile, blood samples for cardiac troponin-T (cTnT) and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) were assessed using ELISA before, 5min and 35min after exercise.

RESULTS

There was a significant time × group interaction effect (P = 0.019, ηp2 = 0.182) and time main effect for ⊿CAVI (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.729), and R-HIIT resulted in a more significant reduction in ⊿CAVI compared to C-HIIT (- 0.60 ± 0.30, P = 0.043, d = 0.924) immediately after exercise. There was a significant time main effect was observed for SBP (P = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.304). A significant time main effect for lnHF (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.782), lnRMSSD (P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.693), and LF/HF (P = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.302) of HRV was observed. A significant time main effect was observed for cTnT (P = 0.023, ηp2 = 0.193) and NT-proBNP (P = 0.001, ηp2 = 0.334) of cardiac biomarkers.

CONCLUSION

R-HIIT and C-HIIT elicited similar acute responses in cardiac autonomic modulation and cardiac biomarkers. However, R-HIIT was more effective in reducing arterial stiffness in healthy young men. Furthermore, the increase in cardiac biomarkers induced by both C-HIIT and R-HIIT was reversible.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The study was prospectively registered on 22 February 2022 at www.chictr.org.cn with identification number ChiCTR2200056897.

The association between meat consumption and muscle strength index in young adults: the mediating role of total protein intake and lean mass percentage

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to analyse the associations between the consumption of different types of meat and the muscle strength index (MSI) and to examine whether this relationship is mediated by total protein intake (TPI) and lean mass percentage (LM%) in young adults.

METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional study with first-year university students from Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Different types of meat consumption (total, red, processed, and white and fish) were separately evaluated using a Food-Frequency Questionnaire. MSI was determined from the handgrip and standing long jump tests. ANCOVA models were used to test the mean differences in MSI by categories of meat consumption. Serial multiple mediation models were used to explore the mediating role of TPI and LM% in the relationship between meat consumption and MSI. All analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and socioeconomic level, identified through a directed acyclic graph. Additional analyses were performed with a small subsample including alcohol intake, tobacco smoking, physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and total energy intake as covariates in the multiple mediation models.

RESULTS

A total of 230 students (mean age 21.1 ± 2.1 years, 66.5% women) were included in the analysis. Young adults with higher meat consumption (total, red, and white and fish) had higher MSI adjusted means than their peers with lower meat consumption (p < 0.05). These associations did not remain after controlling for TPI and LM%. In adjusted mediation analyses, a significant indirect effect was observed through TPI and LM% in the associations between each of the types of meat consumption and MSI. In the additional analyses, a greater effect of white and fish meat consumption on muscle strength through mediation of TPI and LM% was reported compared to red or processed meat consumption, and no significant effects were observed between processed meat consumption and MSI.

CONCLUSION

Higher consumption of total, red, and white and fish meat was associated with increased MSI in young adults. TPI and LM% mediated this relationship.

Comparison of the acute physiological and perceptual responses between resistance-type and cycling high-intensity interval training

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to compare the acute physiological and perceptual responses between resistance-type high-intensity interval training (R-HIIT)and cycling high-intensity interval training (C-HIIT).

Methods: Twelve healthy and active men randomly performed C-HIIT and R-HIIT. The C-HIIT protocol was performed on a cycle ergometer and consisted of ten 60 s working intervals at 90% PPO separated by a 60 s active recovery at 25% PPO. The R-HIIT protocol consisted of ten 60 s working intervals (barbell back squat with a load of 20% bodyweight, maximum 30 reps) separated by 60 s passive recovery period in an unloaded standing position. Oxygen consumption (V˙O₂), heart rate (HR), energy expenditure (EE) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during exercise. Blood lactate concentration (Blac), serum testosterone and cortisol, and heart rate variability (HRV) were measured before and after exercise.

Results: Peak (p < 0.05) and average V˙O₂ (p < 0.001), aerobic (p < 0.001) and total EE (p < 0.05) were higher during C-HIIT compared to R-HIIT. Blac after exercise (p < 0.05) and anaerobic glycolytic EE (p < 0.05) during exercise were higher in R-HIIT compared to C-HIIT. No differences (p > 0.05) in peak and average HR, serum testosterone and cortisol, HRV, and RPE responses were observed between C-HIIT and R-HIIT.

Conclusion: The R-HIIT protocol can elicit similar cardiovascular, hormones, and perceptual responses as C-HIIT but with a higher contribution to the anaerobic glycolysis energy system. In contrast, C-HIIT is superior to R-HIIT for increasing oxygen consumption during exercise. Therefore, the two types of HIIT may lead to different metabolic and neuromuscular adaptations.