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Ferguson H, Harnish C, Klich S, Michalik K, Dunst AK, Zhou T, Chase JG. Track cycling sprint sex differences using power data. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15671. [PMID: 37456896 PMCID: PMC10340095 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Currently, there are no data on sex differences in the power profiles in sprint track cycling. This cross-section study analyses retrospective data of female and male track sprint cyclists for sex differences. We hypothesized that women would exhibit lower peak power to weight than men, as well as demonstrate a different distribution of power durations related to sprint cycling performance. Design We used training, testing, and racing data from a publicly available online depository (www.strava.com), for 29 track sprint cyclists (eight women providing 18 datasets, and 21 men providing 54 datasets) to create sex-specific profiles. R2 was used to describe model quality, and regression indices are used to compare watts per kilogram (W/kg) for each duration for both sexes against a 1:1 relationship expected for 15-s:15-s W/kg. Results We confirmed our sample were sprint cyclists, displaying higher peak and competition power than track endurance cyclists. All power profiles showed a high model quality (R2 ≥ 0.77). Regression indices for both sexes were similar for all durations, suggesting similar peak power and similar relationship between peak power and endurance level for both men and women (rejecting our hypothesis). The value of R2 for the female sprinters showed greater variation suggesting greater differences within female sprint cyclists. Conclusion The main finding shows female sprint cyclists in this study have very similar relationships between peak power and endurance power as men. Higher variation in W/kg for women in this study than men, within these strong relationships, indicates women in this study, had greater inter-athlete variability, and may thus require more personalised training. Future work needs to be performed with larger samples, and at different levels to optimize these recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamish Ferguson
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris Harnish
- Department of Exercise Science, Murphy Deming College of Health Sciences, Mary Baldwin College, Fisherville, Virginia, United States
| | - Sebastian Klich
- Department of Paralympic Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Michalik
- Department of Human Motor Skills, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Wrocław University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Tony Zhou
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Centre for Bioengineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Sex-related differences in accumulated O 2 deficit incurred by high-intensity rowing exercise during childhood and adolescence. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1641-1651. [PMID: 33660088 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aims of the present study were to determine during childhood and adolescence (i) the effect of sex on non-oxidative energy production, quantified by the accumulated oxygen deficit (AOD), and (ii) the influence of AOD on high-intensity performance. METHODS Thirty-nine boys and 35 girls aged 10-17 years performed a 60 s all-out test on a rowing ergometer to determine AOD and mean power output (MPO). Multiplicative allometric modelling was used to assess the concurrent effects of lean body mass (LBM) and age on AOD. RESULTS AOD significantly increased with age in both sexes (p < 0.001) with boys exhibiting significantly higher AOD than girls from the age of 14 years (10-11.9 yr: 1.9 vs 1.9 L, 12-13.9 yr: 2.4 vs 2.7 L, 14-15.9 yr: 2.8 vs 4.6 L and 16-17.9 yr: 2.9 vs 5.2 L, in girls and boys respectively, p < 0.001). However, a sex difference was no longer significant when AOD was analysed using an allometric model including age and LBM (p = 0.885). Finally, significant correlations were found between AOD and MPO in boys and girls but with lower evidence in girls (r2 = 0.41 vs. 0.89). CONCLUSION Non-oxidative energy production increased more extensively in boys than girls from the age of 14 years. Age and LBM accounted for the sexual differentiation of AOD during childhood and adolescence. In addition, AOD was found to be a determinant factor of high-intensity performance, more particularly in boys.
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Martinho DV, Baptista R, Teixeira AS, Duarte JP, Valente-Dos-Santos J, Coelho-E-Silva MJ, Santos AMC, Armstrong N. Allometric Scaling of Force-velocity Test Output Among Pre-pubertal Basketball Players. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:994-1003. [PMID: 33621996 DOI: 10.1055/a-1327-2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Basketball is characterized by high-intensity episodes predominantly reliant on anaerobic metabolism. The force-velocity test enables individual determination of an optimal braking force and emerged as appropriate to estimate optimal peak power. It has rarely been used in youth basketball. This study aimed to examine the contribution of body size, composition, and biological maturation to interindividual variation in force-velocity test output among pre-pubertal basketball players. The sample consisted of 64 male participants (8.4-12.3 years). Stature, sitting height, body mass and two skinfolds were measured, and leg length estimated. Fat-free mass and lower limb volume were estimated from anthropometry. Age at peak height velocity was predicted from maturity offset. Optimal peak power was correlated with all body size descriptors (correlation: 0.541-0.700). Simple allometric models explained 30-47% of inter-individual variance, with fat-free mass being the best predictor of performance. Whole-body fat-free mass (as a surrogate for active muscle mass) plus the indicator of maturation emerged as the best proportional allometric model (53% explained variance). Even at pre-pubertal ages, the interpretation of the force-velocity test requires assessing the metabolically active component of body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo V Martinho
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Anderson S Teixeira
- Research Group for Development of Football and Futsal / Physical Effort Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Joao P Duarte
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joao Valente-Dos-Santos
- University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal.,Lusófona University, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuel J Coelho-E-Silva
- University of Coimbra, FCDEF, Coimbra, Portugal.,University of Coimbra, CIDAF (uid/dtp/04213/2020), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Neil Armstrong
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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Armstrong N, Welsman JO. Sex-Specific Longitudinal Modeling of Short-Term Power in 11- to 18-Year-Olds. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1055-1063. [PMID: 30531485 PMCID: PMC6493681 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate, longitudinally, short-term power output in relation to sex and concurrent changes in age, body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), and maturity status. Methods Multiplicative multilevel modeling which enables the effects of variables to be partitioned concurrently within an allometric framework was used to analyze the peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) of 388 11- to 18-yr-olds. Multilevel models were founded on 763 (405 from boys; 358 from girls) determinations of PP and MP from Wingate anaerobic tests, supported by anthropometric measures and maturity status. Results In both sexes, PP and MP were significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with age, body mass, and FFM. After controlling for body mass, initial models showed positive effects for age on PP and MP, with negative effects for sex and a sex by age interaction. Sex-specific models showed maturity status to have no additional effect on either PP or MP once age and body mass had been controlled for. Skinfold thicknesses in addition to body mass to provide a surrogate for FFM, yielded a significantly (P < 0.05) better statistical fit in all models compared with those based on either body mass or FFM estimated from youth-specific skinfold equations. Models founded on estimated FFM provided a significantly (P < 0.05) better fit than those based on body mass. Conclusions With body mass controlled for boys’ PP and MP are higher than those of girls and sex differences increase with age from 11 to 18 yr. A multilevel modeling approach has showed that in both sexes the most powerful influences on short-term power output are concurrent changes in age and FFM as reflected by the combination of body mass and skinfold thicknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Armstrong
- Children's Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
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Armstrong N, Welsman J, Bloxham S. Development of 11- to 16-year-olds' short-term power output determined using both treadmill running and cycle ergometry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1565-1580. [PMID: 31028467 PMCID: PMC6570681 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the development of peak power output (PP) and mean power output (MP) during two different modes of exercise in relation to sex and concurrent changes in age, body mass, fat-free mass (FFM), maturity status and, in the case of MP, peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]). METHODS PP and MP were determined cycling against a fixed braking force (Wingate anaerobic test) and running on a non-motorized treadmill. Peak [Formula: see text] was determined using cycle ergometry and treadmill running. 135 (63 girls) students initially aged 11-14 years were tested over 2 days on three annual occasions. The data were analysed using multiplicative allometric modelling which enables the effects of variables to be partitioned concurrently within an allometric framework. Multiplicative models were founded on 301 (138 from girls) determinations of PP and MP on each ergometer. RESULTS With body mass controlled for, both PP and MP increased with age but maturity status did not independently contribute to any of the multiplicative allometric models. Boys' PP and MP were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than girls' values on both ergometers. On both ergometers in both sexes, the most powerful morphological influence on PP and MP was FFM. Ergometer-specific peak [Formula: see text] had a significant (p < 0.05), additional effect in explaining the development of MP. CONCLUSIONS The development of short-term power output is sex specific but within sex multiplicative allometric models of running- and cycling-determined PP and MP were similar, suggesting that either mode of exercise can be used in future studies of short-term power output in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Armstrong
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St Lukes Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
| | - Jo Welsman
- Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre, University of Exeter, St Lukes Campus, Exeter, EX1 2LU UK
| | - Saul Bloxham
- School of Sport, Health and Well Being, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford Road, Plymouth, PL6 8BH UK
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Comment on: "Are Prepubertal Children Metabolically Comparable to Well-Trained Adult Endurance Athletes?". Sports Med 2017; 47:1903-1905. [PMID: 28493062 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0736-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Valente-dos-Santos J, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Machado-Rodrigues AM, Elferink-Gemser MT, Malina RM, Petroski ÉL, Minderico CS, Silva AM, Baptista F, Sardinha LB. Prediction equation for lower limbs lean soft tissue in circumpubertal boys using anthropometry and biological maturation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107219. [PMID: 25229472 PMCID: PMC4168128 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lean soft tissue (LST), a surrogate of skeletal muscle mass, is largely limited to appendicular body regions. Simple and accurate methods to estimate lower limbs LST are often used in attempts to partition out the influence of body size on performance outputs. The aim of the current study was to develop and cross-validate a new model to predict lower limbs LST in boys aged 10–13 years, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method. Total body and segmental (lower limbs) composition were assessed with a Hologic Explorer-W QDR DXA scanner in a cross-sectional sample of 75 Portuguese boys (144.8±6.4 cm; 40.2±9.0 kg). Skinfolds were measured at the anterior and posterior mid-thigh, and medial calf. Circumferences were measured at the proximal, mid and distal thigh. Leg length was estimated as stature minus sitting height. Current stature expressed as a percentage of attained predicted mature stature (PMS) was used as an estimate of biological maturity status. Backward proportional allometric models were used to identify the model with the best statistical fit: ln (lower limbs LST) = 0.838× ln (body mass) +0.476× ln (leg length) – 0.135× ln (mid-thigh circumference) – 0.053× ln (anterior mid-thigh skinfold) – 0.098× ln (medial calf skinfold) – 2.680+0.010× (percentage of attained PMS) (R = 0.95). The obtained equation was cross-validated using the predicted residuals sum of squares statistics (PRESS) method (R2PRESS = 0.90). Deming repression analysis between predicted and current lower limbs LST showed a standard error of estimation of 0.52 kg (95% limits of agreement: 0.77 to −1.27 kg). The new model accurately predicts lower limbs LST in circumpubertal boys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marije T Elferink-Gemser
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Institute for Studies in Sports and Exercise, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert M Malina
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America; Department of Kinesiology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Édio L Petroski
- Research Centre for Kinanthropometry and Human Performance, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Cláudia S Minderico
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Fátima Baptista
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Luís B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
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Driss T, Vandewalle H. The measurement of maximal (anaerobic) power output on a cycle ergometer: a critical review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:589361. [PMID: 24073413 PMCID: PMC3773392 DOI: 10.1155/2013/589361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The interests and limits of the different methods and protocols of maximal (anaerobic) power (Pmax) assessment are reviewed: single all-out tests versus force-velocity tests, isokinetic ergometers versus friction-loaded ergometers, measure of Pmax during the acceleration phase or at peak velocity. The effects of training, athletic practice, diet and pharmacological substances upon the production of maximal mechanical power are not discussed in this review mainly focused on the technical (ergometer, crank length, toe clips), methodological (protocols) and biological factors (muscle volume, muscle fiber type, age, gender, growth, temperature, chronobiology and fatigue) limiting Pmax in cycling. Although the validity of the Wingate test is questionable, a large part of the review is dedicated to this test which is currently the all-out cycling test the most often used. The biomechanical characteristics specific of maximal and high speed cycling, the bioenergetics of the all-out cycling exercises and the influence of biochemical factors (acidosis and alkalosis, phosphate ions…) are recalled at the beginning of the paper. The basic knowledge concerning the consequences of the force-velocity relationship upon power output, the biomechanics of sub-maximal cycling exercises and the study on the force-velocity relationship in cycling by Dickinson in 1928 are presented in Appendices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarak Driss
- CeRSM, E.A. 2931, Equipe de Physiologie et de Biomécanique du Mouvement, UFR STAPS, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre—La Défense, 200 avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Henry Vandewalle
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, UFR de Santé, Médecine et Biologie Humaine, Université Paris XIII, Rue Marcel Cachin, 93017 Bobigny Cedex, France
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Carvalho HM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Franco S, Figueiredo AJ, Tavares ÓM, Ferry B, Hidalgo-Hermanni I, Courteix D, Malina RM. Agreement between anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry assessments of lower-limb volumes and composition estimates in youth-club rugby athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:463-71. [DOI: 10.1139/h2012-027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the agreement of lower-limb volume estimates based on anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as a reference method in male rugby athletes. Predictive models using body mass and skinfolds were tested to improve the relative agreement between protocols (anthropometry, DXA). Rugby players (n = 41; 19.9 ± 2.2 years) volunteered for the study. Lower-limb total and fat-free volumes were estimated by anthropometry and also derived using DXA. Cross-validation between the anthropometry technique and DXA was then performed. Lower-limb volume estimates by anthropometry overestimated reference values and tended to be further from the reference values with the increase of scale. For the total sample, standard errors of measurement for volume estimates by anthropometry were 1.99 L and 1.34 L for total and fat-free volumes, respectively. Correlations with reference values were 0.81 for lower-limb volume and 0.90 for lower-limb fat-free volume. Correlations between estimated prediction equations and reference values showed higher correlations (r = 0.96 for lower-limb volume and r = 0.93 for lower-limb fat-free volume) compared with anthropometric estimates. Overall, the agreement of anthropometry method to quantify lower-limb volumes with DXA as a reference in young adult rugby players is acceptable and is a practical method when more expensive and complex techniques are not available. The consideration of body mass and lower-limb skinfolds increases the precision of lower-limb volume estimates using anthropometry in the young adult rugby players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto M. Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Estádio Universitário Coimbra Pavilhão-III, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Manuel J. Coelho-e-Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Estádio Universitário Coimbra Pavilhão-III, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sérgio Franco
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Estádio Universitário Coimbra Pavilhão-III, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António J. Figueiredo
- Faculdade de Ciências do Desporto e Educação Física, Estádio Universitário Coimbra Pavilhão-III, 3040-156 Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Béatrice Ferry
- Université de Limoges, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de Limoges, Département des Sciences et Métiers du Sport, France
- Clermont-Ferrand Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, EA 3533, France
| | - Ilsabeth Hidalgo-Hermanni
- Clermont-Ferrand Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, EA 3533, France
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Clermont-Ferrand Université, Université Blaise Pascal, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, EA 3533, France
| | - Robert M. Malina
- Department of Kinesiology, Tarleton State University, Stephenville, Texas, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
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Carvalho HM, Coelho-e-Silva MJ, Gonçalves CE, Philippaerts RM, Castagna C, Malina RM. Age-related variation of anaerobic power after controlling for size and maturation in adolescent basketball players. Ann Hum Biol 2011; 38:721-7. [PMID: 21923618 DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2011.613852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence is characterized by increments in body size and physical performance. Short bursts of maximal intensity, requiring anaerobic metabolism, are important in many team sports including basketball. AIM Variation of anaerobic power of adolescent basketball players (n = 93, 14-16 years) in relation to years before and after estimated age at peak height velocity (PHV) and variation in body size was considered. METHODS The cross-sectional study included chronological age, estimated age at PHV, training experience; stature, body mass (BM), free-fat mass (FFM) and estimated lower-limb volume (LLV) by anthropometry; and short-term power outputs derived from the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Based on proportional allometric modeling, power outputs were partitioned for biological maturity status and size variables. Pearson correlations were used to estimate the associations between distance to PHV (maturity offset) and training experience with absolute and scaled estimates of short-term power. RESULTS Absolute WAnT increased linearly (PP, r = 0.72; MP, r = 0.74) through the interval of rapid growth of the adolescent spurt. Increments were related mainly to BM and muscle mass. Nevertheless, a residual significant positive influence of chronological age per se on maximal short-term power outputs remained independent of body size. CONCLUSION Allometric modelling to partition size may reveal other potentially meaningful factors in the development of short-term performance in adolescent athletes.
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McCormick MC, Baker JS. Considerations in the Use of High Intensity Leg Cycle Ergometry as a Test of Muscular Performance. Res Sports Med 2011; 19:202-16. [PMID: 21722007 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2011.583151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Clare McCormick
- a Health and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, School of Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton, Scotland
| | - Julien S. Baker
- a Health and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, School of Science , University of the West of Scotland , Hamilton, Scotland
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Thomas NE, Leyshon A, Hughes MG, Jasper MA, Davies B, Graham MR, Bulloch JM, Baker JS. Concentrations of salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A after supra-maximal exercise in female adolescents. J Sports Sci 2011; 28:1361-8. [PMID: 20853205 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2010.510144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of supra-maximal exercise on circulating concentrations of salivary testosterone, salivary cortisol, and salivary immunoglobulin A in female adolescents. Nineteen apparently healthy females aged 15-16 years participated in this study. All participants completed 668 s sprints, interspersed with 30 s recovery intervals on a cycle ergometer. Salivary testosterone, cortisol, and immunoglobulin A samples were taken before and 5 min after exercise. Experimental procedures continued over two mornings, at least 3 h after a light breakfast. Participants refrained from performing any strenuous physical activity for at least 24 h prior to the exercise test. None of the participants were engaged in a structured training programme. The group mean (± s) for peak power output was 562 ± 113.0 W. Female adolescents recruited for this study showed no changes in salivary testosterone, cortisol or immunoglobulin A following repeated bouts of supra-maximal cycling (P > 0.05). To date, there has been a paucity of information concerning adolescents' hormonal and mucosal immune function responses to supra-maximal exercise. Our data provide further guidance with regard to physical activities and sports prescription for female adolescents. Further research, on a larger sample of females, is required to elucidate the physiological significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Thomas
- Centre for Children and Young People's Health and Well-Being, School of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
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Predictors of maximal short-term power outputs in basketball players 14-16 years. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:789-96. [PMID: 20981436 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between growth, maturation and maximal short-term power outputs were investigated in 94 youth basketball players aged 14-16 years. Data included chronological age (CA), skeletal age (SA), years of training; body dimensions, estimated thigh volume, a running based short-term exercise assessed by the line drill test (LDT), the Bangsbo sprint test (BST) and short-term muscle power outputs with the Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to estimate the effects of CA, skeletal maturity (SA/CA), years of training experience, body size and lower-limb volume on short-term performance in the LDT, BST and WAnT, respectively. Explained variances differed between cycle-ergometry outputs (52-54%) and running test performances (23-46%). The independent effects of predictors were small in the fatigue scores of the WAnT (4%) and the BST (11%). Skeletal maturity, body mass and leg length were primary predictors for all maximal short-term power output measures. Leg length was more relevant as a predictor than stature in the WAnT outputs, while stature and body mass appeared in the model with the running tests as dependent variable. Maximal short-term running abilities were also sensitive to years of training. In summary, skeletal maturation, body size and thigh muscle mass explained moderate to large proportions of the variance on maximal short-term performances of adolescent basketball players. The results highlight the importance of considering maturity status in evaluating the maximal short-term power outputs of adolescent athletes.
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Physiological, Biochemical and Mechanical Issues Relating to Resistive Force Selection During High-intensity Cycle Ergometer Exercise. J Exerc Sci Fit 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1728-869x(09)60023-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Clinical value of anthropometric estimates of leg lean volume in nutritionally depleted and non-depleted patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Br J Nutr 2008; 100:380-6. [PMID: 18184453 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114507886399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the clinical usefulness of an anthropometrically based method for estimating leg lean volume (LLV) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who presented or not with nutritional depletion. We prospectively evaluated a group of forty-eight patients (thirty-eight males) with moderate to severe COPD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung disease stages II-IV) who underwent a 6 min walking test and knee isokinetic dynamometry. Leg lean mass (muscle mass plus bone) was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) with derivation of its respective volume: these values were compared with those obtained by the truncated cones method first described by Jones and Pearson in 1969. As expected, depleted patients (n 19) had reduced exercise capacity and impaired muscle performance as compared to non-depleted subjects (P < 0.01). The mean bias of the LLV differences between anthropometry and DEXA were 0.40 litre (95 % CI - 0.59, 1.39) and 0.50 litre (95 % CI - 1.08, 2.08) for depleted and non-depleted patients, respectively. Anthropometrically and DEXA-based estimates correlated similarly with muscle functional attributes. A ROC curve analysis revealed that leg height-corrected LLV values had acceptable sensitivity and specificity to identify depleted patients (area under the curve 0.93 (range 0.86-1.00); P < 0.001). Moreover, patients with LLV <or= 9.2 litres/m (the best cut-off value according to the ROC curve) had significantly lower exercise capacity and muscle performance than their counterparts (P < 0.05). In conclusion, an anthropometrically based method of estimating LLV (Jones and Pearson method) was shown to present with clinically acceptable accuracy and external validity in depleted and non-depleted patients with stable COPD.
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Botcazou M, Gratas-Delamarche A, Allain S, Jacob C, Bentué-Ferrer D, Delamarche P, Zouhal H. [Influence of menstrual cycle phase on catecholamine response to sprint exercise in the woman]. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2007; 31:604-11. [PMID: 17111015 DOI: 10.1139/h06-038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to verify the menstrual cycle phase influence on catecholamine concentrations (adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA)), peak power (P(pic)), and peak lactatemia (La(pic)) in response to a 6 s sprint exercise on a cycle ergometer in eight untrained women (19.1 +/- 0.9 years, 167.7 +/- 5.4 cm, 59.5 +/- 4.7 kg). All women realize the 6 s sprint test in the morning, within the same menstrual cycle, in the follicular (PF) and the luteal phase (PL). Plasma catecholamine concentrations were determined at rest (A0 and NA0), immediately at the end of the sprint exercise (AEX and NAEX), and after 5 min of recovery (A5 and NA5). P(pic) and La(pic) were not significantly affected by the menstrual cycle phase. Catecholamine concentrations measured at rest, in response to the 6 s sprint test and after 5 min of recovery were not significantly different in PF and PL. Significant relationships were observed between AEX and La(pic) (r = 0.53, p < 0.01) and between AEX and P(pic) (r = 0.70, p < 0.01). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the menstrual cycle phase did not alter performance, lactatemia, and sympatho-adrenergic responses to a short sprint exercise in untrained women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maïtel Botcazou
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biomécanique de l'exercice musculaire, UFRAPS, Université Rennes 2-ENS Cachan, av. Charles Tillon, CS 24414, 35044 Rennes CEDEX, France.
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Duché P, Ducher G, Lazzer S, Doré E, Tailhardat M, Bedu M. Peak power in obese and nonobese adolescents: effects of gender and braking force. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002; 34:2072-8. [PMID: 12471318 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-200212000-00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the cycling peak power (CPP) of obese compared with nonobese adolescents and to identify possible effects of braking force (BF) and gender on CPP. To adjust for differences in body size, we used ratio standard and allometric model. METHODS Obese (26 girls, 18 boys) and nonobese (30 girls, 20 boys) adolescents participated. Fat-free mass (FFM) was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in obese and by anthropometric method in nonobese groups. A force-velocity test was used to measure peak power (flywheel inertia included) for BF corresponding to applied load: 25, 50, and 75 g x kg(-1) body mass (BM). The highest peak power was defined as CPP. RESULTS CPP was independent of BF in nonobese adolescents but dependent in obese adolescents. The optimal braking load is approximately 6.5% FFM. Absolute CPP was higher in obese than nonobese adolescents. Related to BM, CPP was significantly lower in obese than nonobese adolescents, using the standard ratio or the allometric model. These differences disappeared when CPP was related to FFM. Multiple stepwise regression showed that FFM was the most important explanatory variable of the variance of CPP (72%) in obese and nonobese adolescents. No significant difference between obese and nonobese adolescents occurred when Fopt was related to FFM (standard or power function ratios used). There was no gender effect on CPP, and the manner of expressing CPP did not affect the results. However, girls showed a higher FFM-related Fopt than boys, using standard and power function ratios. CONCLUSION There was no significant difference between obese and nonobese girls and boys for anaerobic performance (CPP and Fopt) when FFM was taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Duché
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie des APS. UFR STAPS, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 104, F-63172 AUBIERE Cedex, France.
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Abstract
During growth and maturation, the study of very brief high-intensity exercise has not received the same attention from researchers as, for instance, aerobic function. In anaerobic tasks or sports events such as sprint cycling, jumping or running, the children's performance is distinctly lower than that of adults. This partly reflects children's lesser ability to generate mechanical energy from chemical energy sources during short-term intensive activity. For many years, various attempts have been made to quantify the anaerobic energy yield in maximal-intensity exercise, but many assumptions have had to be made with respect to mechanical efficiency, lactate turnover, dilution space for lactate, and so on. During childhood and adolescence, direct measurements of the rate or capacity of anaerobic pathways for energy turnover presents several ethical and methodological difficulties. Thus, rather than measure energy supply, paediatric exercise scientists have concentrated on measuring short-term muscle power (STMP) by means of standardised tests. Previously, investigators have used various protocols such as short-term cycling power tests, vertical jump tests or running tests. Cycling ergometer tests are the most common. There is, however, no ideal test, and so it is important to acknowledge the limitations of each test. Progress has been made in assessing instantaneous cycling STMP from a single exercise bout. Several investigators have reported STMP increases with age and have suggested that late pubertal period may accentuate anaerobic glycolysis. Mass-related STMP was shown to increase dramatically during childhood and adolescence, whereas the corresponding increase in peak blood lactate was considerably lower. The latter results support the hypothesis that the difference observed between children and adolescents during STMP testing is more related to neuromuscular factors, hormonal factors and improved motor coordination, rather than being an indicator of reduced lactate-producing glycolysis mechanism. Evidence suggesting a causal link between the ability to generate lactate during exercise and sexual maturation is weak. Despite the majority of research being focused on short-term power output, the study of anaerobic function warrants more investigation. Spectacular progress is being made at the moment in the development of molecular biology tools that can be used in, for example, the genetic dissection of human performance phenotypes. Noninvasive power tools like magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy are presently used to determine possible differences in phosphorus compounds between fast and slow fibre types. Undoubtedly these tools will lead to more information in the near future regarding STMP capabilities of the growing child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Van Praagh
- Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Faculty of Sports Science, Blaise Pascal University, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Nanci Maria F, Eric D, Mario B, Emmanuel VP. Comparison of peak muscle power between Brazilian and French girls. Am J Hum Biol 2002; 14:364-71. [PMID: 12001094 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the muscle power of Brazilian circumpubertal girls and extended the analysis to a cross-cultural dimension. A total of 462 children, 123 Brazilian girls and 339 French girls, 9-18 years, participated in this investigation. Anthropometric data included body mass (BM), height, skinfold thicknesses, and estimated lean leg volume (LLV). All subjects completed a physical activity questionnaire. Cycling peak power was measured including the flywheel inertia of the device (CPPi). Brazilian girls self-assessed their maturation using pubic hair development. CPPi and optimal velocity (v(opt) = velocity at CPPi) increased with stages of puberty. A multiple stepwise regression with anthropometric variables as explanatory factors showed only LLV and age explaining the variance of CPPi (R2 = 0.40, P < 0.001). Therefore, 60% of the variance of CPPi in Brazilian girls was related to undetermined qualitative individual factors, which may be related to cycling skill. Even when normalized for anthropometric variables, the anaerobic performance (CPPi and v(opt)) of Brazilian girls was significantly lower than a cohort of French girls. The latter demonstrated a high participation in sport and training activities, while 50% of the Brazilian girls had only physical education classes in the form of regular physical activity. Moreover, most of the Brazilian girls demonstrated an ineffective sprint cycling skill. The data suggest that motor learning is an important issue in muscle power assessment and might, therefore, partially explain peak power differences in Brazilian compared with French girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- França Nanci Maria
- Laboratório de Estudos em Educação Física e Saúde, Universidade Católica de Brasilia, Brasil
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Response to a letter to the editor from Dr. Baker regarding our article “Anaerobic cycling performance characteristics in prepubescent, adolescent and young adult females” [Doré et al., Eur J Appl Physiol (2001) 84:476-48l]. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-001-0553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Baker J. High intensity exercise cycle ergometer performance: the influence of handgrip and resistive force selection. Eur J Appl Physiol 2002; 86:370-1; author reply 372. [PMID: 11990752 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-001-0552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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