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Kumari A, Mandzhieva SS, Minkina TM, Rajput VD, Shuvaeva VA, Nevidomskaya DG, Kirichkov MV, Veligzhanin AA, Svetogorov RD, Khramov EV, Ahmed B, Singh J. Speciation of macro- and nanoparticles of Cr 2O 3 in Hordeum vulgare L. and subsequent toxicity: A comparative study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115485. [PMID: 36775087 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chromium (Cr) is reported to be hazardous to environmental components and surrounding biota when levels exceed allowable thresholds. As Cr is extensively utilized in different industries, thereby comprehensively studied for its toxicity. Along with Cr, the applications of nano-Cr or chromium oxide nanoparticles (Cr2O3-NPs) are also expanding; however, the literature is scarce or limited on their phytotoxicity. Thereby, the current work investigated the morpho-physiological insights of macro- and nanoparticles of Cr in Hordeum vulgare L. plants. The increased accumulation and translocation of Cr under the exposure of both forms disturbed the cellular metabolism that might have inhibited germination and growth as well as interfered with the photosynthesis of plants. The overall extent of toxicity was noticeably higher under nanoparticles' exposure than macroparticles of Cr. The potential cue for such phytotoxic consequences mediated by Cr nanoparticles could be an increased bioavailability of Cr ions which was also supported by their total content, mobility, and factor toxicity index. Besides, to support further these findings, synchrotron X-ray technique was used to reliably identify Cr-containing compounds in the plant tissues. The X-ray spectra of the near spectral region and the far region of the spectrum of K-edge of Cr were obtained, and it was established that the dominant crystalline phase corresponds to Cr2O3 (eskolaite) from the recorded observations. Thus, the obtained results would allow revealing the mechanism of macro- and nanoparticles of Cr induced impacts on plant at the tissue, cellular- and sub-cellular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpna Kumari
- Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia; Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexei A Veligzhanin
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Pl. Akademika Kurchatova 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Rоman D Svetogorov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Pl. Akademika Kurchatova 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Evgeniy V Khramov
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute", Pl. Akademika Kurchatova 1, Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Bilal Ahmed
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jagpreet Singh
- University Centre for Research & Development Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India
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Peng H, Cendrero-Mateo MP, Bendig J, Siegmann B, Acebron K, Kneer C, Kataja K, Muller O, Rascher U. HyScreen: A Ground-Based Imaging System for High-Resolution Red and Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22239443. [PMID: 36502141 PMCID: PMC9740991 DOI: 10.3390/s22239443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is used as a proxy of photosynthetic efficiency. However, interpreting top-of-canopy (TOC) SIF in relation to photosynthesis remains challenging due to the distortion introduced by the canopy's structural effects (i.e., fluorescence re-absorption, sunlit-shaded leaves, etc.) and sun-canopy-sensor geometry (i.e., direct radiation infilling). Therefore, ground-based, high-spatial-resolution data sets are needed to characterize the described effects and to be able to downscale TOC SIF to the leafs where the photosynthetic processes are taking place. We herein introduce HyScreen, a ground-based push-broom hyperspectral imaging system designed to measure red (F687) and far-red (F760) SIF and vegetation indices from TOC with single-leaf spatial resolution. This paper presents measurement protocols, the data processing chain and a case study of SIF retrieval. Raw data from two imaging sensors were processed to top-of-canopy radiance by dark-current correction, radiometric calibration, and empirical line correction. In the next step, the improved Fraunhofer line descrimination (iFLD) and spectral-fitting method (SFM) were used for SIF retrieval, and vegetation indices were calculated. With the developed protocol and data processing chain, we estimated a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between 50 and 200 from reference panels with reflectance from 5% to 95% and noise equivalent radiance (NER) of 0.04 (5%) to 0.18 (95%) mW m-2 sr-1 nm-1. The results from the case study showed that non-vegetation targets had SIF values close to 0 mW m-2 sr-1 nm-1, whereas vegetation targets had a mean F687 of 1.13 and F760 of 1.96 mW m-2 sr-1 nm-1 from the SFM method. HyScreen showed good performance for SIF retrievals at both F687 and F760; nevertheless, we recommend further adaptations to correct for the effects of noise, varying illumination and sensor optics. In conclusion, due to its high spatial resolution, Hyscreen is a promising tool for investigating the relationship between leafs and TOC SIF as well as their relationship with plants' photosynthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyue Peng
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-2461-61-4514
| | - Maria Pilar Cendrero-Mateo
- Laboratory of Earth Observation, Image Processing Laboratory, University of Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Juliane Bendig
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Bastian Siegmann
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kelvin Acebron
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Caspar Kneer
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kari Kataja
- Specim Spectral Imaging Ltd., 90590 Oulu, Finland
| | - Onno Muller
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Uwe Rascher
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52428 Jülich, Germany
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Lysenko V, D. Rajput V, Kumar Singh R, Guo Y, Kosolapov A, Usova E, Varduny T, Chalenko E, Yadronova O, Dmitriev P, Zaruba T. Chlorophyll fluorometry in evaluating photosynthetic performance: key limitations, possibilities, perspectives and alternatives. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2041-2056. [PMID: 36573148 PMCID: PMC9789293 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-022-01263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Non-destructive methods for the assessment of photosynthetic parameters of plants are widely applied to evaluate rapidly the photosynthetic performance, plant health, and shifts in plant productivity induced by environmental and cultivation conditions. Most of these methods are based on measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, particularly on pulse modulation (PAM) fluorometry. In this paper, fluorescence methods are critically discussed in regard to some their possibilities and limitations inherent to vascular plants and microalgae. Attention is paid to the potential errors related to the underestimation of thylakoidal cyclic electron transport and anoxygenic photosynthesis. PAM-methods are also observed considering the color-addressed measurements. Photoacoustic methods are discussed as an alternative and supplement to fluorometry. Novel Fourier modifications of PAM-fluorometry and photoacoustics are noted as tools allowing simultaneous application of a dual or multi frequency measuring light for one sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lysenko
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu D. Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Rupesh Kumar Singh
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ya Guo
- School of IoT Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Alexey Kosolapov
- Russian Research Institute for the Integrated Use and Protection of Water Resources, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Elena Usova
- Russian Research Institute for the Integrated Use and Protection of Water Resources, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatyana Varduny
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Elizaveta Chalenko
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Olga Yadronova
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Pavel Dmitriev
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatyana Zaruba
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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Falcioni R, Moriwaki T, Antunes WC, Nanni MR. Rapid Quantification Method for Yield, Calorimetric Energy and Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Parameters in Nicotiana tabacum L. Using Vis-NIR-SWIR Hyperspectroscopy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11182406. [PMID: 36145806 PMCID: PMC9501474 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput and large-scale data are part of a new era of plant remote sensing science. Quantification of the yield, energetic content, and chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) remains laborious and is of great interest to physiologists and photobiologists. We propose a new method that is efficient and applicable for estimating photosynthetic performance and photosystem status using remote sensing hyperspectroscopy with visible, near-infrared and shortwave spectroscopy (Vis-NIR-SWIR) based on rapid multivariate partial least squares regression (PLSR) as a tool to estimate biomass production, calorimetric energy content and chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters. The results showed the presence of typical inflections associated with chemical and structural components present in plants, enabling us to obtain PLSR models with R2P and RPDP values greater than >0.82 and 3.33, respectively. The most important wavelengths were well distributed into 400 (violet), 440 (blue), 550 (green), 670 (red), 700−750 (red edge), 1330 (NIR), 1450 (SWIR), 1940 (SWIR) and 2200 (SWIR) nm operating ranges of the spectrum. Thus, we report a methodology to simultaneously determine fifteen attributes (i.e., yield (biomass), ΔH°area, ΔH°mass, Fv/Fm, Fv’/Fm’, ETR, NPQ, qP, qN, ΦPSII, P, D, SFI, PI(abs), D.F.) with high accuracy and precision and with excellent predictive capacity for most of them. These results are promising for plant physiology studies and will provide a better understanding of photosystem dynamics in tobacco plants when a large number of samples must be evaluated within a short period and with remote acquisition data.
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Yu M, Chen L, Liu DH, Sun D, Shi GL, Yin Y, Wen DQ, Wang ZX, Ai J. Enhancement of Photosynthetic Capacity in Spongy Mesophyll Cells in White Leaves of Actinidia kolomikta. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:856732. [PMID: 35646000 PMCID: PMC9131848 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.856732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Considering that Actinidia kolomikta bears abundant white leaves on reproductive branches during blossoming, we hypothesized that the white leaves may maintain photosynthetic capacity by adjustments of leaf anatomy and physiological regulation. To test this hypothesis, leaf anatomy, gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and the transcriptome were examined in white leaves of A. kolomikta during flowering. The palisade and spongy mesophyll in the white leaves were thicker than those in green ones. Chloroplast development in palisade parenchyma of white leaves was abnormal, whereas spongy parenchyma of white leaves contained functional chloroplasts. The highest photosynthetic rate of white leaves was ~82% of that of green leaves over the course of the day. In addition, the maximum quantum yield of PSII (F v/F m) of the palisade mesophyll in white leaves was significantly lower than those of green ones, whereas F v/F m and quantum yield for electron transport were significantly higher in the spongy mesophyll of white leaves. Photosynthetic capacity regulation of white leaf also was attributed to upregulation or downregulation of some key genes involving in photosynthesis. Particularly, upregulation of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), glyeraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and RuBisCO activase (RCA) in white leaf suggested that they might be involved in regulation of sugar synthesis and Rubisco activase in maintaining photosynthetic capacity of white leaf. Conclusions: white leaves contained a thicker mesophyll layer and higher photosynthetic activity in spongy parenchyma cells than those of palisade parenchyma cells. This may compensate for the lowered photosynthetic capacity of the palisade mesophyll. Consequently, white leaves maintain a relatively high photosynthetic capacity in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yu
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Dan Sun
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guang-li Shi
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Envolutionary Botany, State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - De-quan Wen
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-xing Wang
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Ai
- Laboratory of Wild Fruit Physiology, College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Lysenko V, Varduny T. High levels of anoxygenic photosynthesis revealed by dual-frequency Fourier photoacoustics in Ailanthus altissima leaves. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2022; 49:573-586. [PMID: 35413232 DOI: 10.1071/fp21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to oxygenic photosynthesis, true anoxygenic photosynthesis is not associated with O2 evolution originated from water photolysis but still converts light energy to that of the phosphoanhydride bonds of ATP. In a narrow sense, anoxygenic photosynthesis is mainly known as to be related to the purple and green sulfur bacteria, but in a broad sense, it also occurs in the vascular plants. The portion of photosynthetic water photolysis that is compensated by the processes of O2 uptake (respiration, photorespiration, Mehler cycle, etc.) may be referred to as 'quasi' anoxygenic photosynthesis. Photoacoustic method allows for the separate detection of photolytic O2 at frequencies of measuring light about 20-40Hz, whereas at 250-400Hz, it detects the photochemical energy storage. We have developed a fast-Fourier transform photoacoustic method enabling measurements of both these signals simultaneously in one sample. This method allows to calculate oxygenic coefficients, which reflect the part of photochemically stored light energy that is used for the water photolysis. We show that the true anoxygenic photosynthesis in Ailanthus altissima Mill. leaves reached very high levels under low light, under moderate light at the beginning of the 1-h period, and at the end of the 40-min period under saturating light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lysenko
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Botanichesky spusk 7, 344041 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatyana Varduny
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Botanichesky spusk 7, 344041 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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Lysenko V, Kosolapov A, Usova E, Tatosyan M, Varduny T, Dmitriev P, Rajput V, Krasnov V, Kunitsina A. Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics and oxygen evolution in Chlorella vulgaris cells: Blue vs. red light. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 258-259:153392. [PMID: 33636555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics in cells of the Chlorella vulgaris strain (Europolytest, Russia) were studied under low, moderate and high photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD 40, 130 and 350 μmol photons m-2 s-1) of the red and blue actinic light. A novel method of a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) Fourier chlorophyll fluorometry was applied to obtain photoinduction curves simultaneously for the red and blue measuring light for one sample. It was found that the red light did not induce oxygen evolution at low and moderate PPFD, whereas at high PPFD it caused a declining oxygen release. There was only a trace fluorescence kinetics at the low PPFD, but noticeable fluorescence kinetics under the red light was observed at the low and moderate PPFD. Particularly, the moderate red illumination of Chlorella cells excited a high chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics along with the absence of oxygen evolution that suggests anoxygenic photosynthesis. In contrast, the blue light induced a significant oxygen evolution as well as fluorescence kinetics already at low PPFD which were both further increased with the PPFD increasing. In addition, a high value of the chromatic divergence of quantum yield of photosystem II was revealed between the red and blue measuring light under high PPFD of the red actinic light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lysenko
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia.
| | - Aleksey Kosolapov
- Russian Information-Analytical and Water Management Research Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Elena Usova
- Russian Information-Analytical and Water Management Research Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Margarita Tatosyan
- Russian Information-Analytical and Water Management Research Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Tatyana Varduny
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Pavel Dmitriev
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vishnu Rajput
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Vladimir Krasnov
- Russian Information-Analytical and Water Management Research Center, Rostov-on-Don, Russia; Rostov State Medical University, Department of General and Clinical Biochemistry No. 1, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kunitsina
- Southern Federal University, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Rostov-on-Don, Russia
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Protective Role of Leaf Variegation in Pittosporum tobira under Low Temperature: Insights into the Physio-Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194857. [PMID: 31574927 PMCID: PMC6801658 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leaf variegation has been demonstrated to have adaptive functions such as cold tolerance. Pittosporum tobira is an ornamental plant with natural leaf variegated cultivars grown in temperate regions. Herein, we investigated the role of leaf variegation in low temperature responses by comparing variegated “Variegatum” and non-variegated “Green Pittosporum” cultivars. We found that leaf variegation is associated with impaired chloroplast development in the yellow sector, reduced chlorophyll content, strong accumulation of carotenoids and high levels of ROS. However, the photosynthetic efficiency was not obviously impaired in the variegated leaves. Also, leaf variegation plays low temperature protective function since “Variegatum” displayed strong and efficient ROS-scavenging enzymatic systems to buffer cold (10 °C)-induced damages. Transcriptome analysis under cold conditions revealed 309 differentially expressed genes between both cultivars. Distinctly, the strong cold response observed in “Variegatum” was essentially attributed to the up-regulation of HSP70/90 genes involved in cellular homeostasis; up-regulation of POD genes responsible for cell detoxification and up-regulation of FAD2 genes and subsequent down-regulation of GDSL genes leading to high accumulation of polyunsaturated fatty acids for cell membrane fluidity. Overall, our results indicated that leaf variegation is associated with changes in physiological, biochemical and molecular components playing low temperature protective function in P. tobira.
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Transcriptome Profile of the Variegated Ficus microcarpa c.v. Milky Stripe Fig Leaf. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061338. [PMID: 30884842 PMCID: PMC6470861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic properties and transcriptomic profiles of green and white sectors of Ficus microcarpa (c.v. milky stripe fig) leaves were examined in naturally variegated plants. An anatomic analysis indicated that chloroplasts of the white sectors contained a higher abundance of starch granules and lacked stacked thylakoids. Moreover, no photosynthetic rate was detected in the white sectors. Transcriptome profile and differential expressed gene (DEG) analysis showed that genes encoding PSII core proteins were down-regulated in the white sectors. In genes related to chlorophyll metabolism, no DEGs were identified in the biosynthesis pathway of chlorophyll. However, genes encoding the first step of chlorophyll breakdown were up-regulated. The repression of genes involved in N-assimilation suggests that the white sectors were deprived of N. The mutation in the transcription factor mitochondrial transcription termination factor (mTERF) suggests that it induces colorlessness in leaves of the milky stripe fig.
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Anthocyanin-dependent anoxygenic photosynthesis in coloured flower petals? Sci Rep 2013; 3:3373. [PMID: 24284801 PMCID: PMC3842538 DOI: 10.1038/srep03373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorophylless flower petals are known to be composed of non-photosynthetic tissues. Here, we show that the light energy storage that can be photoacoustically measured in flower petals of Petunia hybrida is approximately 10-12%. We found that the supposed chlorophylless photosynthesis is an anoxygenic, anthocyanin-dependent process occurring in blue flower petals (ADAPFP), accompanied by non-respiratory light-dependent oxygen uptake and a 1.5-fold photoinduced increase in ATP levels. Using a simple, adhesive tape stripping technique, we have obtained a backside image of an intact flower petal epidermis, revealing sword-shaped ingrowths connecting the cell wall and vacuole, which is of interest for the further study of possible vacuole-related photosynthesis. Approaches to the interpretations of ADAPFP are discussed, and we conclude that these results are not impossible in terms of the known photochemistry of anthocyanins.
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