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Liu X, Liu Y, Xu X, Huang W, Yan Y, Wang Y, Tian W, Mo T, Cui X, Li J, Shi SP, Tu P. Molecular characterization and structure basis of a malonyltransferase with both substrate promiscuity and catalytic regiospecificity from Cistanche tubulosa. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2333-2348. [PMID: 38799633 PMCID: PMC11121200 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic malonylation of natural glycosides provides a promising alternative method for drug-like malonylated glycosides supply. However, the catalytic potential and structural basis of plant malonyltransferase are far from being fully elucidated. This work identified a new malonyltransferase CtMaT1 from Cistanche tubulosa. It displayed unprecedented mono- and/or di-malonylation activity toward diverse glucosides with different aglycons. A "one-pot" system by CtMaT1 and a malonyl-CoA synthetase was established to biosynthesize nine new malonylated glucosides. Structural investigations revealed that CtMaT1 possesses an adequately spacious acyl-acceptor pocket capable of accommodating diverse glucosides. Additionally, it recognizes malonyl-CoA through strong electrotactic and hydrogen interactions. QM/MM calculation revealed the H167-mediated SN2 reaction mechanism of CtMaT1, while dynamic simulations detected the formation of stable hydrogen bonds between the glucose-6-OH group and H167, resulting in its high malonylation regiospecificity. Calculated energy profiles of two isomeric glycosides highlighted lower reaction energy barriers towards glucoside substrates, emphasizing CtMaT1's preference for glucosides. Furthermore, a mutant CtMaT1H36A with notably increased di-malonylation activity was obtained. The underlying molecular mechanism was illuminated through MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation. This study significantly advances the understanding of plant acyltransferases from both functional and protein structural perspectives, while also providing a versatile tool for enzymatic malonylation applications in pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiping Xu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenqian Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaru Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingxia Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Mo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cui
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Burgos-Valencia E, Echevarría-Machado I, Ortega-Lule G, Medina-Lara F, García-Laynes F, Martínez-Estévez M, Narváez-Zapata J. Haplotype analysis, regulatory elements and docking simulation of structural models of different AT3 copies in the genus Capsicum. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38354741 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2024.2317991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are responsible for the pungency in Capsicum species. These are synthesized by the Capsaicin synthase (CS) encoded by the AT3 gene, which catalyzes the transference of an acyl moiety from a branched-chain fatty acid-CoA ester to the vanillylamine to produce capsaicinoids. Some AT3 gene copies have been identified on the Capsicum genome. The absence of capsaicinoid in some nonpungent accessions is related to mutant AT3 alleles. The differences between CS protein copies can affect the tridimensional structure of the protein and the affinity for its substrates, and this could affect fruit pungency. This study characterized 32 AT3 sequences covering Capsicum pungent and non-pungent accessions. These were clustered in AT3-D1 and AT3-D2 groups and representative sequences were analyzed. Genomic upstream analysis shows different regulatory elements, mainly responsive to light and abiotic stress. AT3-D1 and AT3-D2 gene expression was confirmed in fruit tissues of C. annuum. Amino acid substitutions close to the predictable HXXXD and DFGWG motifs were also identified. AT3 sequences were modeled showing a BAHD acyltransferase structure with two connected domains. A pocket with different shape, size and composition between AT3 models was found inside the protein, with the conserved motif HXXXD exposed to it, and a channel for their accessibility. CS substrates exhibit high interaction energies with the His and Asp conserved residues. AT3 models have different interaction affinities with the (E)-8-methylnon-6-enoyl-CoA, 8-methylnonanoyl-CoA and vanillylamine substrates. These results suggested that AT3-D1 and AT3-D2 sequences encode CS enzymes with different regulatory factors and substratum affinities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Burgos-Valencia
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Ileana Echevarría-Machado
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gustavo Ortega-Lule
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fátima Medina-Lara
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Federico García-Laynes
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Manuel Martínez-Estévez
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130, Chuburna de Hidalgo, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - José Narváez-Zapata
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - Centro de Biotecnología Genómica, Reynosa, Tamaulipas, México
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Xu D, Wang Z, Zhuang W, Wang T, Xie Y. Family characteristics, phylogenetic reconstruction, and potential applications of the plant BAHD acyltransferase family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1218914. [PMID: 37868312 PMCID: PMC10585174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1218914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The BAHD acyltransferase family is a class of proteins in plants that can acylate a variety of primary and specialized secondary metabolites. The typically acylated products have greatly improved stability, lipid solubility, and bioavailability and thus show significant differences in their physicochemical properties and pharmacological activities. Here, we review the protein structure, catalytic mechanism, and phylogenetic reconstruction of plant BAHD acyltransferases to describe their family characteristics, acylation reactions, and the processes of potential functional differentiation. Moreover, the potential applications of the BAHD family in human activities are discussed from the perspectives of improving the quality of economic plants, enhancing the efficacy of medicinal plants, improving plant biomass for use in biofuel, and promoting stress resistance of land plants. This review provides a reference for the research and production of plant BAHD acyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghuan Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Weibing Zhuang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, China
| | - Yinfeng Xie
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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de Figueiredo MRA, Barnes H, Boot CM, de Figueiredo ABTB, Nissen SJ, Dayan FE, Gaines TA. Identification of a Novel 2,4-D Metabolic Detoxification Pathway in 2,4-D-Resistant Waterhemp ( Amaranthus tuberculatus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15380-15389. [PMID: 36453610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A 2,4-dichlorophenoxyactic acid (2,4-D)-resistant population of Amaranthus tuberculatus (common waterhemp) from Nebraska, USA, was previously found to have rapid metabolic detoxification of the synthetic auxin herbicide 2,4-D. We purified the main 2,4-D metabolites from resistant and susceptible plants, solved their structures by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and synthesized the metabolites to determine their in planta toxicity. Susceptible plants conjugated 2,4-D to aspartate to form 2,4-D-aspartic acid (2,4-D-Asp), while resistant plants had a unique metabolic profile where 2,4-D was hydroxylated into 5-OH-2,4-D, followed by conjugation into a sugar metabolite (2,4-D-5-O-d-glucopyranoside) and subsequent malonylation into 2,4-D-(6'-O-malonyl)-5-O-d-glucopyranoside. Toxicological studies on waterhemp and Arabidopsis thaliana confirmed that the hydroxylated metabolite lost its auxinic action and toxicity. In contrast, the 2,4-D-Asp metabolite found in susceptible plants retained some auxinic action and toxicity. These results demonstrate that 2,4-D-resistant A. tuberculatus evolved novel detoxification reactions not present in susceptible plants to rapidly metabolize 2,4-D, potentially mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes that perform the initial 5-hydroxylation reaction. This novel mechanism is more efficient to detoxify 2,4-D and produces metabolites with lower toxicity compared to the aspartic acid conjugation found in susceptible waterhemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R A de Figueiredo
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Hamlin Barnes
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Claudia M Boot
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Molecular Analysis Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | | | - Scott J Nissen
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Franck E Dayan
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Todd A Gaines
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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5
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Hong B, Grzech D, Caputi L, Sonawane P, López CER, Kamileen MO, Hernández Lozada NJ, Grabe V, O'Connor SE. Biosynthesis of strychnine. Nature 2022; 607:617-622. [PMID: 35794473 PMCID: PMC9300463 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Strychnine is a natural product that, through isolation, structural elucidation and synthetic efforts, shaped the field of organic chemistry. Currently, strychnine is used as a pesticide to control rodents1 because of its potent neurotoxicity2,3. The polycyclic architecture of strychnine has inspired chemists to develop new synthetic transformations and strategies to access this molecular scaffold4, yet it is still unknown how plants create this complex structure. Here we report the biosynthetic pathway of strychnine, along with the related molecules brucine and diaboline. Moreover, we successfully recapitulate strychnine, brucine and diaboline biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana from an upstream intermediate, thus demonstrating that this complex, pharmacologically active class of compounds can now be harnessed through metabolic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benke Hong
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Dagny Grzech
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Caputi
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Prashant Sonawane
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Carlos E Rodríguez López
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Mohamed Omar Kamileen
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Néstor J Hernández Lozada
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Microscopic Imaging Service Group, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah E O'Connor
- Department of Natural Product Biosynthesis, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany.
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6
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Muratovska N, Silva P, Pozdniakova T, Pereira H, Grey C, Johansson B, Carlquist M. Towards engineered yeast as production platform for capsaicinoids. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107989. [PMID: 35623491 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicinoids are bioactive alkaloids produced by the chili pepper fruit and are known to be the most potent agonists of the human pain receptor TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel Subfamily V Member 1). They are currently produced by extraction from chili pepper fruit or by chemical synthesis. Transfer of the biosynthetic route to a microbial host could enable more efficient capsaicinoid production by fermentation and may also enable the use of synthetic biology to create a diversity of new compounds with potentially improved properties. This review summarises the current state of the art on the biosynthesis of capsaicinoid precursors in baker's yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and discusses bioengineering strategies for achieving total synthesis from sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Muratovska
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paulo Silva
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Pozdniakova
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Humberto Pereira
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Carl Grey
- Division of Biotechnology, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Björn Johansson
- CBMA - Center of Molecular and Environmental Biology Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.
| | - Magnus Carlquist
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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Chen ZJ, Liu J, Zhang N, Yang H. Identification, characterization and expression of rice (Oryza sativa) acetyltransferase genes exposed to realistic environmental contamination of mesotrione and fomesafen. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113349. [PMID: 35219957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The plant acetyltransferases (ACEs) belong to a super family of proteins that contribute to secondary metabolisms and involve various abiotic and biotic stress responses. However, how rice ACEs respond to toxic agrochemicals is largely unknown. This study demonstrates that 86 and 83 genes coding ACEs in the transcriptome profiling were expressed under mesotrione (MTR) and fomesafen (FSA) exposure, respectively. Of these, 18 and 8 ACE differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in MTR- and FSA-exposed rice transcriptome datasets. Some of the ACE genes were validated by quantitative RT-PCR analysis. Analysis of biochemical properties of ACEs revealed that many genes have various cis-elements and structural domain which may cope with a variety of biotic and abiotic stress responses and detoxification of xenobiotics. Moreover, the ACE activities in rice were induced under MTR and FSA exposure and reached out to the highest value at the 0.1 mg L-1. The ACE activities in the MTR and FSA treated roots were 2.6 and 3.5 fold over the control and those in shoots with MTR and FSA were 4.0 and 26.1 fold over the control, respectively. These results indicate that the ACE-coding genes can respond to the MTR and FSA stress by increasing their transcriptional level, along with the enhanced specific ACE protein activities in rice tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Jie Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jintong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Zhang JJ, Yang H. Metabolism and detoxification of pesticides in plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148034. [PMID: 34111793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides make indispensable contributions to agricultural productivity. However, the residues after their excessive use may be harmful to crop production, food safety and human health. Although the ability of plants (especially crops) to accumulate and metabolize pesticides has been intensively investigated, data describing the chemical and metabolic processes in plants are limited. Understanding how pesticides are metabolized is a key step toward developing cleaner crops with minimal pesticides in crops, creating new green pesticides (or safeners), and building up the engineered plants for environmental remediation. In this review, we describe the recently discovered mechanistic insights into pesticide metabolic pathways, and development of improved plant genotypes that break down pesticides more effectively. We highlight the identification of biological features and functions of major pesticide-metabolized enzymes such as laccases, glycosyltransferases, methyltransferases and ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters, and discuss their chemical reactions involved in diverse pathways including the formation of pesticide S-conjugates. The recent findings for some signal molecules (phytohomormes) like salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and brassinosteroids involved in metabolism and detoxification of pesticides are summarized. In particular, the emerging research on the epigenetic mechanisms such DNA methylation and histone modification for pesticide metabolism is emphasized. The review would broaden our understanding of the regulatory networks of the pesticide metabolic pathways in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Tropper M, Höhn S, Wolf LS, Fritsch J, Kastner-Detter N, Rieck C, Munkert J, Meitinger N, Lanig H, Kreis W. 21-Hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonylation, a crucial step in cardenolide biosynthesis, can be achieved by substrate-promiscuous BAHD-type phenolic glucoside malonyltransferases from Arabidopsis thaliana and homolog proteins from Digitalis lanata. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 187:112710. [PMID: 33930670 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three putative 21-hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonyltransferases (21MaT) from Digitalis lanata were partially purified. Two of them were supposed to be BAHD-type enzymes. We were unable to purify them in quantities necessary for reliable sequencing. We identified two genes in A. thaliana coding for substrate-promiscuous BAHD-type phenolic glucoside malonyltransferases (AtPMaT1, AtPMaT2) and docked various 21-hydroxypregnanes into the substrate-binding site of a homology model built on the BAHD template 2XR7 (NtMaT1 from N. tabacum). Recombinant forms of Atpmat1 and Atpmat2 were expressed in E. coli and the recombinant enzymes characterized with regard to their substrate preferences. They were shown to malonylate various 21-hydroxypregnanes. The Atpmat1 sequence was used to identify candidate genes in Digitalis lanata (Dlmat1 to Dlmat4). Dlmat1 and Dlmat2 were also expressed in E. coli and shown to possess 21-hydroxypregnane 21-O-malonyltransferase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tropper
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Höhn
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura-Sophie Wolf
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Fritsch
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nina Kastner-Detter
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Rieck
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Munkert
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nadine Meitinger
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Harald Lanig
- Zentralinstitut für Scientific Computing (ZISC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 5a, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kreis
- Lehrstuhl für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Department Biologie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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Murayama K, Kato-Murayama M, Sato T, Hosaka T, Ishiguro K, Mizuno T, Kitao K, Honma T, Yokoyama S, Tanaka Y, Shirouzu M. Anthocyanin 5,3'-aromatic acyltransferase from Gentiana triflora, a structural insight into biosynthesis of a blue anthocyanin. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 186:112727. [PMID: 33743393 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The acylation of anthocyanins contributes to their structural diversity. Aromatic acylation is responsible for the blue color of anthocyanins and certain flowers. Aromatic acyltransferase from Gentiana triflora Pall. (Gentianaceae) (Gt5,3'AT) catalyzes the acylation of glucosyl moieties at the 5 and 3' positions of anthocyanins. Anthocyanin acyltransferase transfers an acyl group to a single position, such that Gt5,3'AT possesses a unique enzymatic activity. Structural investigation of this aromatic acyl group transfer is fundamental to understand the molecular mechanism of the acylation of double positions. In this study, structural analyses of Gt5,3'AT were conducted to identify the underlying mechanism. The crystal structure indicated that Gt5,3'AT shares structural similarities with other BAHD family enzymes, consisting of N and C terminal lobes. Structural comparison revealed that acyl group preference (aromatic or aliphatic) for the enzymes was determined by four amino acid positions, which are well conserved in aromatic and aliphatic CoA-binding acyltransferases. Although a complex structure with anthocyanins was not obtained, the binding of delphinidin 3,5,3'-triglucoside to Gt5,3'AT was investigated by evaluating the molecular dynamics. The simulation indicated that acyl transfer by Gt5,3'AT preferentially occurs at the 5-position rather than at the 3'-position, with interacting amino acids that are mainly located in the C-terminal lobe. Subsequent assays of chimeric enzymes (exchange of the N-terminal lobe and the C-terminal lobe between Gt5,3'AT and lisianthus anthocyanin 5AT) demonstrated that acyl transfer selectivity may be caused by the C-terminal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan; Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kato-Murayama
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sato
- Laboratory for Structure-Based Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Hosaka
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kanako Ishiguro
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Takayuki Mizuno
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kitao
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- Laboratory for Structure-Based Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Research Institute, Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- Laboratory for Protein Functional and Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
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11
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Functional Characterization of an Anthocyanin Dimalonyltransferase in Maize. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072020. [PMID: 33916241 PMCID: PMC8037723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are pigments with appealing hues that are currently being used as sources of natural colorants. The interaction of acylation on the stability of anthocyanin molecules has long been known. Maize is an abundant source of malonylglucoside and dimalonylglucoside anthocyanins. The enzyme Aat1 is an anthocyanin acyltransferase known to synthesize the majority of acylated anthocyanins in maize. In this paper, we characterize the substrate specificity and reaction kinetics of Aat1. It was found that Aat1 has anthocyanin 3-O-glucoside dimalonyltransferase activity and is only the second enzyme of this type characterized to this date. Our results indicate that Aat1 can utilize malonyl-CoA; succinyl-CoA and every anthocyanin 3-O-glucoside tested. Results of this study provide insight into the structure-function relations of dimalonyltransferases and give a unique insight into the activity of monocot anthocyanin acyltransferases.
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12
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Haslam TM, Kunst L. Arabidopsis ECERIFERUM2-LIKEs Are Mediators of Condensing Enzyme Function. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 61:2126-2138. [PMID: 33079186 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Condensing enzymes catalyze the committed reaction of fatty acid elongation and determine the chain length of fatty acids accepted and produced by the elongation complex. While necessary for the elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs), identified plant condensing enzymes cannot efficiently produce VLCFAs longer than 28 carbons, which are precursors for the most abundant cuticular waxes of most plant species that have been surveyed. The eceriferum2 (cer2) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana has a severe wax-deficient phenotype and specifically lacks waxes longer than 28 carbons, but the CER2 protein does not share sequence similarity with condensing enzymes. Instead, CER2 is homologous to BAHD acyltransferases. Heterologous expression in yeast previously demonstrated that CER2, and a small clade of BAHD acyltransferases with high sequence identity to CER2, can extend the chain-length specificity of the condensing enzyme CER6. This biochemical function is distinct from that of the broader BAHD acyltransferase family. The product specificity and physiological functions of individual CER2-LIKE proteins are unique. Here, we demonstrate that CER2 physically interacts with the fatty acid elongase. We cloned chimeric CER2-LIKE proteins and expressed these in yeast cells to identify the features that define the substrate specificities of CER2-LIKEs. We generated homology-based structural models to compare CER2-LIKEs and BAHD acyltransferases. In addition, based on the current phylogenetic analysis of the CER2-LIKE clade, we describe two further Arabidopsis CER2-LIKE genes, CER2-LIKE3 and CER2-LIKE4. We used yeast expression and mutant analysis to characterize these genes. Collectively, these results expand our knowledge of the functions of CER2-LIKEs, the BAHD acyltransferase family and cuticular wax metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan M Haslam
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, BC, Canada
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13
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Yamane M, Takenoya M, Yajima S, Sue M. Crystal structure of barley agmatine coumaroyltransferase, an N-acyltransferase from the BAHD superfamily. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 76:590-596. [PMID: 33263570 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20014880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The enzymes of the BAHD superfamily, a large group of acyl-CoA-dependent acyltransferases in plants, are involved in the biosynthesis of diverse secondary metabolites. While the structures of several O-acyltransferases from the BAHD superfamily, such as hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA shikimate hydroxycinnamoyl transferase, have been elucidated, no structural information on N-acyltransferases is available. Hordeum vulgare agmatine coumaroyltransferase (HvACT) is an N-acyltransferase from the BAHD superfamily and is one of the most important enzymes in the secondary metabolism of barley. Here, an apo-form structure of HvACT is reported as the first structure of an N-acyltransferase from the BAHD superfamily. HvACT crystals diffracted to 1.8 Å resolution and belonged to the monoclinic space group P21, with unit-cell parameters a = 57.6, b = 59.5, c = 73.6 Å, α = 90, β = 91.3 , γ = 90°. Like other known BAHD superfamily structures, HvACT contains two domains that adopt a two-layer αβ-sandwich architecture and a solvent-exposed channel that penetrates the enzyme core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyo Yamane
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Takenoya
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sue
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka 1-1-1, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Li J, Schuman MC, Halitschke R, Li X, Guo H, Grabe V, Hammer A, Baldwin IT. The decoration of specialized metabolites influences stylar development. eLife 2018; 7:e38611. [PMID: 30289384 PMCID: PMC6192696 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants produce many different specialized (secondary) metabolites that function in solving ecological challenges; few are known to function in growth or other primary processes. 17-Hydroxygeranylinalool diterpene glycosides (DTGs) are abundant herbivory-induced, structurally diverse and commonly malonylated defense metabolites in Nicotiana attenuata plants. By identifying and silencing a malonyltransferase, NaMaT1, involved in DTG malonylation, we found that DTG malonylation percentages are normally remarkably uniform, but when disrupted, result in DTG-dependent reduced floral style lengths, which in turn result from reduced stylar cell sizes, IAA contents, and YUC activity; phenotypes that could be restored by IAA supplementation or by silencing the DTG pathway. Moreover, the Nicotiana genus-specific JA-deficient short-style phenotype also results from alterations in DTG malonylation patterns. Decorations of plant specialized metabolites can be tuned to remarkably uniform levels, and this regulation plays a central but poorly understood role in controlling the development of specific plant parts, such as floral styles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancai Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Meredith C Schuman
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
- Department of GeographyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Department of Evolutionary NeuroethologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Austin Hammer
- Department of BiologyBrigham Young UniversityProvoUnited States
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular EcologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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15
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You LF, Wei T, Zheng QW, Lin JF, Guo LQ, Jiang BH, Huang JJ. Activity Essential Residue Analysis of Taxoid 10β-O-Acetyl Transferase for Enzymatic Synthesis of Baccatin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2018; 186:949-959. [PMID: 29797298 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-018-2789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Taxoid 10β-O-acetyl transferase (DBAT) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of the famous anticancer drug paclitaxel, which catalyses the formation of baccatin III from 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB). However, the activity essential residues of the enzyme are still unknown, and the acylation mechanism from its natural substrate 10-deacetylbaccatin III and acetyl CoA to baccatin III remains unclear. In this study, the homology modelling, molecular docking, site-directed mutagenesis, and kinetic parameter determination of the enzyme were carried out. The results showed that the enzyme mutant DBATH162A resulted in complete loss of enzymatic activity, suggesting that the residue histidine at 162 was essential to DBAT activity. Residues D166 and R363 which were located in the pocket of the enzyme by homology modelling and molecular docking were also important for DBAT activity through the site-directed mutations. Furthermore, four amino acid residues including S31 and D34 from motif SXXD, D372 and G376 from motif DFGWG also played important roles on acylation. This was the first report of the elucidation of the activity essential residues of DBAT, making it possible for the further structural-based re-design of the enzyme for efficient biotransformation of baccatin III and paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Feng You
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu-Shan Road, Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Functional Organic Molecule, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing, 400067, China
| | - Tao Wei
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu-Shan Road, Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian-Wang Zheng
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu-Shan Road, Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu-Shan Road, Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu-Shan Road, Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bing-Hua Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Jia-Jun Huang
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wu-Shan Road, Tian-He District, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
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16
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Zhang M, Song X, Lv K, Yao Y, Gong Z, Zheng C. Differential proteomic analysis revealing the ovule abortion in the female-sterile line of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 260:31-49. [PMID: 28554473 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ovule abortion affects the yield and quality of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. seeds. Research into ovule abortion has importance for improving the seed setting rate and establishing artificial seed production techniques. Fertile line (FL) ovules (FL-E) and sterile line (SL) ovules (SL-E) in the early stage of free nuclear mitosis of megagametophyte (FNMM), FL ovules (FL-L) and SL ovules (SL-L) in the late stage of FNMM of P. tabulaeformis were collected as materials. 4192 proteins were identified by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based analysis. Bioinformatics analysis implied that in SL ovules, substances and energy might be deficient, perhaps leading to abnormal DNA replication. Because the incomplete antioxidant system and the abnormal expression levels of enzymes involved in cell signal transduction, DNA DSBs probably occurs. Facing the abnormities of DNA replication and damage, the cell cycle was arrested and the DNA damage failed to be repaired, potentially resulting in the occurrence of PCD. Taken together, an inference can be drawn from our study - substance and energy deficiencies, reactive oxygen stress, and the failure of both cell cycle progression and DNA damage repair, which possibly hinder FNMM, leading to ovule abortion in the female-sterile line of P. tabulaeformis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qing Hua Dong Lu, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaoxin Song
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qing Hua Dong Lu, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Kun Lv
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qing Hua Dong Lu, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yang Yao
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qing Hua Dong Lu, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zaixin Gong
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qing Hua Dong Lu, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Caixia Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Qing Hua Dong Lu, Beijing, 100083, China.
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17
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Liu Y, Wang X, Mo T, Yan Y, Song Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Shi S, Liu X, Tu P. Identification and functional application of a new malonyltransferase NbMaT1 towards diverse aromatic glycosides from Nicotiana benthamiana. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01940h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new malonyltransferase NbMaT1 from Nicotiana benthamiana with significant substrate tolerance was identified and used in the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of diverse bioactive malonylated glycosides derivatives in this article.
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