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Wang Y, Jiang C, Zhang X, Yan H, Yin Z, Sun X, Gao F, Zhao Y, Liu W, Han S, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang H, Li J, Xie X, Zhao Q, Wang X, Ye G, Li J, Ming R, Li Z. Upland rice genomic signatures of adaptation to drought resistance and navigation to molecular design breeding. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:662-677. [PMID: 37909415 PMCID: PMC10893945 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Upland rice is a distinctive drought-aerobic ecotype of cultivated rice highly resistant to drought stress. However, the genetic and genomic basis for the drought-aerobic adaptation of upland rice remains largely unclear due to the lack of genomic resources. In this study, we identified 25 typical upland rice accessions and assembled a high-quality genome of one of the typical upland rice varieties, IRAT109, comprising 384 Mb with a contig N50 of 19.6 Mb. Phylogenetic analysis revealed upland and lowland rice have distinct ecotype differentiation within the japonica subgroup. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that adaptive differentiation of lowland and upland rice is likely attributable to the natural variation of many genes in promoter regions, formation of specific genes in upland rice, and expansion of gene families. We revealed differentiated gene expression patterns in the leaves and roots of the two ecotypes and found that lignin synthesis mediated by the phenylpropane pathway plays an important role in the adaptive differentiation of upland and lowland rice. We identified 28 selective sweeps that occurred during domestication and validated that the qRT9 gene in selective regions can positively regulate drought resistance in rice. Eighty key genes closely associated with drought resistance were appraised for their appreciable potential in drought resistance breeding. Our study enhances the understanding of the adaptation of upland rice and provides a genome navigation map of drought resistance breeding, which will facilitate the breeding of drought-resistant rice and the "blue revolution" in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Conghui Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and EcologyShandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Xingtan Zhang
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
- Agricultural Genomics Institute in ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenGuangdongChina
| | - Huimin Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Zhigang Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xingming Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fenghua Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shichen Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yage Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Hainan Academy of Agricultural SciencesSanyaHainanChina
| | - Zhanying Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinjie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xianzhi Xie
- Institute of Wetland Agriculture and EcologyShandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJinanShandongChina
| | - Quanzhi Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Sanya Institute of Hainan Academy of Agricultural SciencesSanyaHainanChina
| | - Guoyou Ye
- Agricultural Genomics Institute in ShenzhenChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesShenzhenGuangdongChina
- Institution International Rice Research InstituteLos BañosLagunaPhilippines
| | - Junzhou Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, Henan Key Laboratory of Rice BiologyHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Ray Ming
- Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Ministry of EducationFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Zichao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Agronomy and BiotechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Sanya Institute of Hainan Academy of Agricultural SciencesSanyaHainanChina
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Huang S, Gill S, Ramzan M, Ahmad MZ, Danish S, Huang P, Al Obaid S, Alharbi SA. Uncovering the impact of AM fungi on wheat nutrient uptake, ion homeostasis, oxidative stress, and antioxidant defense under salinity stress. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8249. [PMID: 37217569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) is constrained by soil salinity, although some fungal species have been shown to enhance production in saline environments. The yield of grain crops is affected by salt stress, and this study aimed to investigate how arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) mitigates salt stress. An experiment was conducted to assess the impact of AMF on wheat growth and yield in conditions of 200 mM salt stress. Wheat seeds were coated with AMF at a rate of 0.1 g (108 spores) during sowing. The results of the experiment demonstrated that AMF inoculation led to a significant improvement in the growth attributes of wheat, including root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot. Furthermore, a significant increase in chlorophyll a, b, total, and carotenoids was observed in the S2 AMF treatment, validating the effectiveness of AMF in enhancing wheat growth under salt stress conditions. Additionally, AMF application reduced the negative effects of salinity stress by increasing the uptake of micronutrients such as Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn while regulating the uptake of Na (decrease) and K (increase) under salinity stress. In conclusion, this study confirms that AMF is a successful strategy for reducing the negative effects of salt stress on wheat growth and yield. However, further investigations are recommended at the field level under different cereal crops to establish AMF as a more effective amendment for the alleviation of salinity stress in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoucheng Huang
- College of Life and Health Science, Anhui Science and Technology University, Fengyang, 233100, China
| | - Sidra Gill
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Musarrat Ramzan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Zaheer Ahmad
- Dr. M. Ajmal Khan, Insititute of Sustainable Halophytes Utilization, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Subhan Danish
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Ping Huang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Anhui Science and Technology University, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Sami Al Obaid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Kim G, Sung J. Transcriptional Expression of Nitrogen Metabolism Genes and Primary Metabolic Variations in Rice Affected by Different Water Status. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1649. [PMID: 37111873 PMCID: PMC10140879 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The era of climate change strongly requires higher efficiency of energies, such as light, water, nutrients, etc., during crop production. Rice is the world's greatest water-consuming plant, and, thus, water-saving practices such as alternative wetting and drying (AWD) are widely recommended worldwide. However the AWD still has concerns such as lower tillering, shallow rooting, and an unexpected water deficit. The AWD is a possibility to not only save water consumption but also utilize various nitrogen forms from the soil. The current study tried to investigate the transcriptional expression of genes in relation to the acquisition-transportation-assimilation process of nitrogen using qRT-PCR at the tillering and heading stages and to profile tissue-specific primary metabolites. We employed two water supply systems, continuous flooding (CF) and alternative wetting and drying (AWD), during rice growth (seeding to heading). The AWD system is effective at acquiring soil nitrate; however, nitrogen assimilation was predominant in the root during the shift from the vegetative to the reproductive stage. In addition, as a result of the greater amino acids in the shoot, the AWD was likely to rearrange amino acid pools to produce proteins in accordance with phase transition. Accordingly, it is suggested that the AWD 1) actively acquired nitrate from soil and 2) resulted in an abundance of amino acid pools, which are considered a rearrangement under limited N availability. Based on the current study, further steps are necessary to evaluate form-dependent N metabolism and root development under the AWD condition and a possible practice in the rice production system.
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Paravar A, Maleki Farahani S, Rezazadeh A. Morphological, physiological and biochemical response of L allemantia species to elevated temperature and light duration during seed development. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15149. [PMID: 37123928 PMCID: PMC10133671 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Seed weight, storability, and germinability can depend on maternal plant's environment. However, there is slight information about the effect of light and temperature on seed quality of Lallemantia species. The purpose of this research was to determine the properties of physio-biochemical of maternal plant, seed quality, and seed chemical composition of Lallemantia species (Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana) under temperature (15 °C, 25 °C, and 35 °C) and photoperiod (8 hd-1, 16 hd-1, and 24 hd-1) maternal plants environment. Increasing temperature and photoperiod caused a reduction in leaf chlorophyll, stomatal movement, total soluble sugar, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes activities, and an increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content of seeds. However, the highest weight, germination, vigor index, and longevity, seed chemical compositions were obtained in offspring which matured under 25 °C for 16 hd-1. The highest germination, oil, and relative percentage of fatty acids (oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and linolenic acid (LNA)) were obtained in L. iberica seeds. On the contrary, longevity, mucilage, and sucrose were more abundant in L. royleana seeds. Overall, this research has clearly shown that temperature and light quality and quantity of maternal plant's environment have an immensely effect on producing of seeds with high-quality. However, it is necessary to investigate the impact of the epigenetic mechanisms of the maternal plant on the offspring in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Paravar
- Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Maleki Farahani
- Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Alireza Rezazadeh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Balasurya S, Okla MK, AbdElgawad H, Al-Ghamdi AA, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Al-Amri SS, Madany MMY, Khan SS. Sunlight promoted self-fenton photodegradation and pathway of doxycycline: Interactive effects of nanomaterial on bean plant and its genotoxicity against Allium cepa. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137286. [PMID: 36403816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic induction of electron/hole recombination, surface property and light response ability effectively enhance the photocatalytic activity of nanomaterial. In this work, the effective charge carrier separating Sn/Mn-ZnFe2O4-CdFe2O4-Ag3PO4 Quantum dots (M/SZFO-CFO-AP QDs) was fabricated for photocatalytic degradation of doxycycline (doxy) antibiotic. The result showed enhanced photocatalytic activity of doxy and the degradation efficiency of doxy was about 98.8% in short span of time. The calculated WH plot and urbach energy of prepared photocatalyst exhibited evidence for the prevalence of point defects and its contribution to efficient charge separation and transferability. The total organic carbon (TOC) removal was found to be 98.9%, which depicts the complete mineralization of doxy. The synergetic charge transfer of n-p-n heterojunction enables the effective removal of doxy under visible light irradiation. Further, the genotoxicity study was determined by interacting the SZFO-CFO-AP QDs with Allium Cepa. The results depict that SZFO-CFO-AP QDs show lower toxicity level and there were no trace of defective mitotic phases and micro nuclei. Further, the progression and development of bean plant was determined after treating with prepared nanomaterials and the result showed the enhanced growth in SZFO-CFO-AP QDs treated bean plant compared to the counterparts. Therefore, the prepared SZFO-CFO-AP QDs was can be used as an environmental friendly photocatalyst for effective treatment of antibiotic present in the water bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balasurya
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K Okla
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020, Antwerp, Belgium; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Abdullah A Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mostafa A Abdel-Maksoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud S Al-Amri
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M Y Madany
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - S Sudheer Khan
- Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications, Institut National de La Recherche Scientifique, Varennes, QC, Canada.
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Melandri G, Monteverde E, Riewe D, AbdElgawad H, McCouch SR, Bouwmeester H. Can biochemical traits bridge the gap between genomics and plant performance? A study in rice under drought. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:1139-1152. [PMID: 35166848 PMCID: PMC9157150 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of introducing metabolic/biochemical phenotyping to complement genomics-based predictions in breeding pipelines has been considered for years. Here we examine to what extent and under what environmental conditions metabolic/biochemical traits can effectively contribute to understanding and predicting plant performance. In this study, multivariable statistical models based on flag leaf central metabolism and oxidative stress status were used to predict grain yield (GY) performance for 271 indica rice (Oryza sativa) accessions grown in the field under well-watered and reproductive stage drought conditions. The resulting models displayed significantly higher predictability than multivariable models based on genomic data for the prediction of GY under drought (Q2 = 0.54-0.56 versus 0.35) and for stress-induced GY loss (Q2 = 0.59-0.64 versus 0.03-0.06). Models based on the combined datasets showed predictabilities similar to metabolic/biochemical-based models alone. In contrast to genetic markers, models with enzyme activities and metabolite values also quantitatively integrated the effect of physiological differences such as plant height on GY. The models highlighted antioxidant enzymes of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and a lipid oxidation stress marker as important predictors of rice GY stability under drought at the reproductive stage, and these stress-related variables were more predictive than leaf central metabolites. These findings provide evidence that metabolic/biochemical traits can integrate dynamic cellular and physiological responses to the environment and can help bridge the gap between the genome and the phenome of crops as predictors of GY performance under drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Melandri
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Eliana Monteverde
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Laboratorio de Evolución y Domesticación de las Plantas, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - David Riewe
- Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Seeland, Germany
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt
| | - Susan R McCouch
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Plant Hormone Biology group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Abdirad S, Ghaffari MR, Majd A, Irian S, Soleymaniniya A, Daryani P, Koobaz P, Shobbar ZS, Farsad LK, Yazdanpanah P, Sadri A, Mirzaei M, Ghorbanzadeh Z, Kazemi M, Hadidi N, Haynes PA, Salekdeh GH. Genome-Wide Expression Analysis of Root Tips in Contrasting Rice Genotypes Revealed Novel Candidate Genes for Water Stress Adaptation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:792079. [PMID: 35265092 PMCID: PMC8899714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.792079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) is an important agronomic trait with vital roles in plant productivity under water stress conditions. A deep and branched root system may help plants to avoid water stress by enabling them to acquire more water and nutrient resources. Nevertheless, our knowledge of the genetics and molecular control mechanisms of RSA is still relatively limited. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome response of root tips to water stress in two well-known genotypes of rice: IR64, a high-yielding lowland genotype, which represents a drought-susceptible and shallow-rooting genotype; and Azucena, a traditional, upland, drought-tolerant and deep-rooting genotype. We collected samples from three zones (Z) of root tip: two consecutive 5 mm sections (Z1 and Z2) and the following next 10 mm section (Z3), which mainly includes meristematic and maturation regions. Our results showed that Z1 of Azucena was enriched for genes involved in cell cycle and division and root growth and development whereas in IR64 root, responses to oxidative stress were strongly enriched. While the expansion of the lateral root system was used as a strategy by both genotypes when facing water shortage, it was more pronounced in Azucena. Our results also suggested that by enhancing meristematic cell wall thickening for insulation purposes as a means of confronting stress, the sensitive IR64 genotype may have reduced its capacity for root elongation to extract water from deeper layers of the soil. Furthermore, several members of gene families such as NAC, AP2/ERF, AUX/IAA, EXPANSIN, WRKY, and MYB emerged as main players in RSA and drought adaptation. We also found that HSP and HSF gene families participated in oxidative stress inhibition in IR64 root tip. Meta-quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis revealed that 288 differentially expressed genes were colocalized with RSA QTLs previously reported under drought and normal conditions. This finding warrants further research into their possible roles in drought adaptation. Overall, our analyses presented several major molecular differences between Azucena and IR64, which may partly explain their differential root growth responses to water stress. It appears that Azucena avoided water stress through enhancing growth and root exploration to access water, whereas IR64 might mainly rely on cell insulation to maintain water and antioxidant system to withstand stress. We identified a large number of novel RSA and drought associated candidate genes, which should encourage further exploration of their potential to enhance drought adaptation in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Abdirad
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ghaffari
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ahmad Majd
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Irian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Daryani
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parisa Koobaz
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Zahra-Sadat Shobbar
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Laleh Karimi Farsad
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Parisa Yazdanpanah
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sadri
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zahra Ghorbanzadeh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mehrbano Kazemi
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Naghmeh Hadidi
- Department of Clinical Research and Electronic Microscope, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paul A. Haynes
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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