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Terry LI, Moore CJ, Roemer RB, Brookes DR, Walter GH. Unique chemistry associated with diversification in a tightly coupled cycad-thrips obligate pollination mutualism. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 186:112715. [PMID: 33721794 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cycad cone thermogenesis and its associated volatiles are intimately involved in mediating the behavior of their obligate specialist pollinators. In eastern Australia, thrips in the Cycadothrips chadwicki species complex are the sole pollinators of many Macrozamia cycads. Further, they feed and reproduce entirely in the pollen cones. M. miquelii, found only in the northern range of this genus, is pollinated only by a C. chadwicki cryptic species that is the most distantly related to others in the complex. We examined the volatile profile from M. miquelii pollen and ovulate (receptive and non-receptive) cones to determine how this mediates pollination mechanistically, using GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) and behavioral tests. Monoterpenes comprise the bulk of M. miquelii volatile emissions, as in other Macrozamia species, but we also identified compounds not reported previously in any cycad, including three aliphatic esters (prenyl acetate and two of uncertain identity) and two aliphatic alcohols. The two unknown esters were confirmed as prenyl (3-methylbut-2-enyl) esters of butyric and crotonic ((E))-but-2-enoic) acids after chemical synthesis. Prenyl crotonate is a major component in emissions from pollen and receptive ovulate cones, is essentially absent from non-receptive cones, and has not been reported from any other natural source. In field bioassays, Cycadothrips were attracted only to those volatile treatments containing prenyl crotonate. We discuss M. miquelii cone odorants relative to those of other cycads, especially with respect to prenyl crotonate being a species-specific signal to this northern C. chadwicki cryptic species, and how this system may have diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Irene Terry
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Chris J Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | - Robert B Roemer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Dean R Brookes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
| | - Gimme H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072, Australia.
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Birami B, Bamberger I, Ghirardo A, Grote R, Arneth A, Gaona-Colmán E, Nadal-Sala D, Ruehr NK. Heatwave frequency and seedling death alter stress-specific emissions of volatile organic compounds in Aleppo pine. Oecologia 2021; 197:939-956. [PMID: 33835242 PMCID: PMC8591014 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-04905-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) play important roles in plant stress responses and can serve as stress indicators. While the impacts of gradual environmental changes on BVOCs have been studied extensively, insights in emission responses to repeated stress and recovery are widely absent. Therefore, we studied the dynamics of shoot gas exchange and BVOC emissions in Pinus halepensis seedlings during an induced moderate drought, two four-day-long heatwaves, and the combination of drought and heatwaves. We found clear stress-specific responses of BVOC emissions. Reductions in acetone emissions with declining soil water content and transpiration stood out as a clear drought indicator. All other measured BVOC emissions responded exponentially to rising temperatures during heat stress (maximum of 43 °C), but monoterpenes and methyl salicylate showed a reduced temperature sensitivity during the second heatwave. We found that these decreases in monoterpene emissions between heatwaves were not reflected by similar declines in their internal storage pools. Because stress intensity was extremely severe, most of the seedlings in the heat-drought treatment died at the end of the second heatwave (dark respiration ceased). Interestingly, BVOC emissions (methanol, monoterpenes, methyl salicylate, and acetaldehyde) differed between dying and surviving seedlings, already well before indications of a reduced vitality became visible in gas exchange dynamics. In summary, we could clearly show that the dynamics of BVOC emissions are sensitive to stress type, stress frequency, and stress severity. Moreover, we found indications that stress-induced seedling mortality was preceded by altered methanol, monoterpene, and acetaldehyde emission dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Birami
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. .,University of Bayreuth, Chair of Plant Ecology, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Ines Bamberger
- University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), Atmospheric Chemistry, Dr.-Hans-Frisch-Straße 1-3, 95448, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Grote
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Gaona-Colmán
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Daniel Nadal-Sala
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Nadine K Ruehr
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology KIT, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
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Lehnert AS, Perreca E, Gershenzon J, Pohnert G, Trumbore SE. Simultaneous Real-Time Measurement of Isoprene and 2-Methyl-3-Buten-2-ol Emissions From Trees Using SIFT-MS. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:578204. [PMID: 33329639 PMCID: PMC7728719 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.578204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The C5 hemiterpenes isoprene and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol (MBO) are important biogenic volatiles emitted from terrestrial vegetation. Isoprene is emitted from many plant groups, especially trees such as Populus, while emission of MBO is restricted to certain North American conifers, including species of Pinus. MBO is also a pheromone emitted by several conifer bark beetles. Both isoprene and MBO have typically been measured by proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS), but this method cannot accurately distinguish between them because of their signal overlap. Our study developed a method for using selective ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) that allows simultaneous on-line measurement of isoprene and MBO by employing different reagent ions. The use of m/z(NO+) = 68 u for isoprene and m/z(O2 +) = 71 u for MBO gave minimal interference between the compounds. We tested the suitability of the method by measuring the emission of young trees of Populus, Picea, and Pinus. Our results largely confirm previous findings that Populus nigra, Picea glauca, and Picea abies emit isoprene and Pinus ponderosa emits MBO, but we also found MBO to be emitted by Picea abies. Thus SIFT-MS provides a reliable, easy to use, on-line measuring tool to distinguish between isoprene and MBO. The method should be of use to atmospheric chemists, tree physiologists and forest entomologists, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sophie Lehnert
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Ann-Sophie Lehnert,
| | - Erica Perreca
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Georg Pohnert
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Bioorganic Analytics, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Susan E. Trumbore
- Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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Xue L, He Z, Bi X, Xu W, Wei T, Wu S, Hu S. Transcriptomic profiling reveals MEP pathway contributing to ginsenoside biosynthesis in Panax ginseng. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:383. [PMID: 31101014 PMCID: PMC6524269 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng C. A. Mey is one of famous medicinal herb plant species. Its major bioactive compounds are various ginsenosides in roots and rhizomes. It is commonly accepted that ginsenosides are synthesized from terpene precursors, IPP and DMAPP, through the cytoplasmic mevalonate (MVA) pathway. Another plastic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway was proved also contributing to ginsenoside generation in the roots of P. ginseng by using specific chemical inhibitors recently. But their gene expression characteristics are still under reveal in P. ginseng. With the development of the high-throughput next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, we have opportunities to discover more about the complex ginsenoside biosynthesis pathways in P. ginseng. Results We carried out deep RNA sequencing and comprehensive analyses on the ginseng root samples of 1–5 years old and five different tissues of 5 years old ginseng plants. The de novo assembly totally generated 48,165 unigenes, including 380 genes related to ginsenoside biosynthesis and all the genes encoding the enzymes of the MEP pathway and the MVA pathway. We further illustrated the gene expression profiles related to ginsenoside biosynthesis among 1–5 year-old roots and different tissues of 5 year-old ginseng plants. Particularly for the first time, we revealed that the gene transcript abundances of the MEP pathway were similar to those of the MVA pathway in ginseng roots but higher in ginseng leaves. The IspD was predicated to be the rate-limiting enzyme in the MEP pathway through both co-expression network and gene expression profile analyses. Conclusions At the transcriptional level, the MEP pathway has similar contribution to ginsenoside biosynthesis in ginseng roots, but much higher in ginseng leaves, compared with the MVA pathway. The IspD might be the key enzyme for ginsenoside generation through the MEP pathway. These results provide new information for further synthetic biology study on ginsenoside metabolic regulation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5718-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zilong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xiaochun Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Ting Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuangxiu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Songnian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Kite GC, Hetterscheid WLA. Phylogenetic trends in the evolution of inflorescence odours in Amorphophallus. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 142:126-142. [PMID: 28750276 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of inflorescence odours of 80 species of Amorphophallus (Araceae) were determined by headspace-thermal desorption GC-MS. When compared to published molecular phylogenies of the genus, the data reveal evidence both of phylogenetic constraint and plasticity of odours. Dimethyl oligosulphides were found as common constituents of Amorphophallus odours and were the most abundant components in almost half of the species studied. Odours composed mainly of dimethyl oligosulphides, and perceived as being 'gaseous', were only found among Asian species, and some of these species clustered in certain clades in molecular phylogenies; e.g. in two clades in Amorphophallus subgenus Metandrium. However, some species with gaseous odours were found to be closely related to species producing odours more reminiscent of rotting meat in which various minor components accompany the dominant dimethyl oligosulphides. These two broad types of odours have co-evolved with other inflorescence characteristics such as colour, with species with rotting meat odours having darker inflorescences. Species producing pleasant odours characterised by benzenoid compounds constitute two broad groups that are not related in published phylogenies. Species having fruity odours containing 1-phenylethanol derivatives mainly occur in a clade in subgenus Metandrium while those with anise odours composed almost solely of the 2-phenylethanol derivative 4-methoxyphenethyl alcohol are restricted to a clade in subgenus Scutandrium. Phylogenetic mapping of odours also indicates that the evolution of some odour types is likely to have been influenced by ecological factors. For example, species producing fishy odours dominated by trimethylamine and occurring in N and NE Borneo are not all closely related. Conversely, two sister species, A. mossambicensis and A. abyssinicus, which are morphologically very similar and have overlapping geographical distribution, produce odours which are very different chemically. The pressure of pollinator resource has therefore been a factor influencing the evolution of odours in Amorphophallus, driving both the divergence of odour types in some taxa and the convergence of odour types in others.
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Sharkey TD, Monson RK. Isoprene research - 60 years later, the biology is still enigmatic. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:1671-1678. [PMID: 28160522 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene emission is a major component of biosphere-atmosphere interactions. It is the single largest source of non-methane hydrocarbon in the atmosphere. The first report of isoprene emission from plants was published in 1957 by Professor Guivi Sanadze. While humans have smelled the monoterpene hydrocarbons made by coniferous trees since their earliest migrations, only in 1957 did the world became aware that other trees make a type of hydrocarbon in even greater amounts but one to which the human nose is much less sensitive. For this 60th anniversary of the first report of isoprene emission from leaves, we trace the discovery and development of the research field, highlighting some of the most seminal observations and theoretical interpretations. This is not an exhaustive review, and many important papers are not cited, but we hope it will be of general interest to read how research in this field developed, how new observations forced us to reevaluate our theories about the significance of isoprene biosynthesis to plant physiology and adaptation and how scientific serendipity can sometimes drive a topic forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Russell K Monson
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment and Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Zhao S, Wang L, Liu L, Liang Y, Sun Y, Wu J. Both the mevalonate and the non-mevalonate pathways are involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2014; 33:393-400. [PMID: 24258243 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-013-1538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE When one of them was inhibited, the two pathways could compensate with each other to guarantee normal growth. Moreover, the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor miconazole could enhance ginsenoside level. ABSTRACT Ginsenosides, a kind of triterpenoid saponins derived from isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), represent the main pharmacologically active constituents of ginseng. In plants, two pathways contribute to IPP biosynthesis, namely, the mevalonate pathway in cytosol and the non-mevalonate pathway in plastids. This motivates biologists to clarify the roles of the two pathways in biosynthesis of IPP-derived compounds. Here, we demonstrated that both pathways are involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis, based on the analysis of the effects from suppressing either or both of the pathways on ginsenoside accumulation in Panax ginseng hairy roots with mevinolin and fosmidomycin as specific inhibitors for the mevalonate and the non-mevalonate pathways, respectively. Furthermore, the sterol biosynthesis inhibitor miconazole could enhance ginsenoside levels in the hairy roots. These results shed some light on the way toward better understanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujing Zhao
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, China
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Hempfling K, Fastowski O, Celik J, Engel KH. Analysis and sensory evaluation of jostaberry (Ribes x nidigrolaria Bauer) volatiles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:9067-75. [PMID: 23991667 DOI: 10.1021/jf403065e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Volatiles of jostaberries (Ribes x nidigrolaria Bauer)--a hybrid of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) and gooseberry (Ribes uva-crispa L.)--were isolated via vacuum headspace extraction and analyzed by capillary gas chromatographic methods for the first time. (E)-Hex-2-enal, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, (Z)-hex-3-enal, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-ol, methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, 2-methylbut-3-en-2-ol, and 1,8-cineol turned out to be the most dominant volatiles. The variability of the volatile profile was shown by the analysis of jostaberries harvested from different locations in Southern Germany and in different years. In addition to ripe jostaberries, underripe berries were also investigated and changes in the volatile profile were followed during the ripening process. By using sensory analysis, key aroma compounds were elucidated. An aroma model prepared by mixing most odor active compounds ((Z)-hex-3-enal, 1,8-cineol, ethyl butanoate, (E)-hex-2-enal, (E)-hex-3-enal, hexanal, pent-1-en-3-one, methyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, and oct-1-en-3-one) in their naturally occurring concentrations showed an overall aroma very similar to that of fresh jostaberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Hempfling
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie, Technische Universität München , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, D-85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Hemmerlin A, Harwood JL, Bach TJ. A raison d'être for two distinct pathways in the early steps of plant isoprenoid biosynthesis? Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:95-148. [PMID: 22197147 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
When compared to other organisms, plants are atypical with respect to isoprenoid biosynthesis: they utilize two distinct and separately compartmentalized pathways to build up isoprene units. The co-existence of these pathways in the cytosol and in plastids might permit the synthesis of many vital compounds, being essential for a sessile organism. While substrate exchange across membranes has been shown for a variety of plant species, lack of complementation of strong phenotypes, resulting from inactivation of either the cytosolic pathway (growth and development defects) or the plastidial pathway (pigment bleaching), seems to be surprising at first sight. Hundreds of isoprenoids have been analyzed to determine their biosynthetic origins. It can be concluded that in angiosperms, under standard growth conditions, C₂₀-phytyl moieties, C₃₀-triterpenes and C₄₀-carotenoids are made nearly exclusively within compartmentalized pathways, while mixed origins are widespread for other types of isoprenoid-derived molecules. It seems likely that this coexistence is essential for the interaction of plants with their environment. A major purpose of this review is to summarize such observations, especially within an ecological and functional context and with some emphasis on regulation. This latter aspect still requires more work and present conclusions are preliminary, although some general features seem to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Hemmerlin
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, IBMP-CNRS-UPR2357, Université de Strasbourg, 28 Rue Goethe, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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Nagegowda DA, Rhodes D, Dudareva N. Chapter 10 The Role of the Methyl-Erythritol-Phosphate (MEP)Pathway in Rhythmic Emission of Volatiles. THE CHLOROPLAST 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Lichtenthaler HK. Chapter 7 The Non-mevalonate DOXP/MEP (Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate/Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate) Pathway of Chloroplast Isoprenoid and Pigment Biosynthesis. THE CHLOROPLAST 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8531-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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12
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Rivasseau C, Seemann M, Boisson AM, Streb P, Gout E, Douce R, Rohmer M, Bligny R. Accumulation of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate in illuminated plant leaves at supraoptimal temperatures reveals a bottleneck of the prokaryotic methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2009; 32:82-92. [PMID: 19021881 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2008.01903.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic profiling using phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P-NMR) revealed that the leaves of different herbs and trees accumulate 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate (MEcDP), an intermediate of the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, during bright and hot days. In spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves, its accumulation closely depended on irradiance and temperature. MEcDP was the only (31)P-NMR-detected MEP pathway intermediate. It remained in chloroplasts and was a sink for phosphate. The accumulation of MEcDP suggested that its conversion rate into 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate, catalysed by (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase (GcpE), was limiting under oxidative stress. Indeed, O(2) and ROS produced by photosynthesis damage this O(2)-hypersensitive [4Fe-4S]-protein. Nevertheless, as isoprenoid synthesis was not inhibited, damages were supposed to be continuously repaired. On the contrary, in the presence of cadmium that reinforced MEcDP accumulation, the MEP pathway was blocked. In vitro studies showed that Cd(2+) does not react directly with fully assembled GcpE, but interferes with its reconstitution from recombinant GcpE apoprotein and prosthetic group. Our results suggest that MEcDP accumulation in leaves may originate from both GcpE sensitivity to oxidative environment and limitations of its repair. We propose a model wherein GcpE turnover represents a bottleneck of the MEP pathway in plant leaves simultaneously exposed to high irradiance and hot temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Rivasseau
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Unité Mixte de Recherche, institut de Recherche en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, CEA, Grenoble, France
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From molecular fossils of bacterial hopanoids to the formation of isoprene units: discovery and elucidation of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway. Lipids 2008; 43:1095-107. [PMID: 19011917 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on the biosynthesis of bacterial triterpenoids of the hopane series led to the unexpected discovery of an alternative mevalonate independent pathway for the formation of isoprene units. Methylerythritol phosphate, already presenting the C5 branched isoprene skeleton, is the key intermediate. This pathway was independently characterized in ginkgo embryos for the formation of diterpenoids. It is present in most bacteria and in the plastids of all organisms belonging to phototrophic phyla. The key steps of the discovery and elucidation of this metabolic route are presented in this review.
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Liang Y, Zhao S. Progress in understanding of ginsenoside biosynthesis. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2008; 10:415-21. [PMID: 18557901 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00064.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is an economically important medicinal plant. The major bioactive ingredients of ginseng are ginsenosides, which are triterpene saponins. Because of difficulties in ginseng cultivation and the low productivity of ginseng cell and tissue culture, it has become important to improve ginsenoside levels by using metabolic engineering based on the biosynthetic pathway of ginsenosides. During the last decade, substantial advances have been made in biosynthesis of ginsenosides. This review is concerned with recent developments in our understanding of the biosynthesis of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liang
- College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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TUBA Z, LICHTENTHALER HK. Long-Term Acclimation of Plants to Elevated CO2 and Its Interaction with Stresses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1113:135-46. [DOI: 10.1196/annals.1391.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Lichtenthaler HK. Biosynthesis, accumulation and emission of carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, plastoquinone, and isoprene in leaves under high photosynthetic irradiance. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2007; 92:163-79. [PMID: 17634750 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-007-9204-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The localization of isoprenoid lipids in chloroplasts, the accumulation of particular isoprenoids under high irradiance conditions, and channelling of photosynthetically fixed carbon into plastidic thylakoid isoprenoids, volatile isoprenoids, and cytosolic sterols are reviewed. During leaf and chloroplast development in spring plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis provides primarily thylakoid carotenoids, the phytyl side-chain of chlorophylls and the electron carriers phylloquinone K1, alpha-tocoquinone and alpha-tocopherol, as well as the nona-prenyl side-chain of plastoquinone-9. Under high irradiance, plants develop sun leaves and high light (HL) leaves with sun-type chloroplasts that possess, besides higher photosynthetic CO2 assimilation rates, different quantitative levels of pigments and prenylquinones as compared to shade leaves and low light (LL) leaves. After completion of chloroplast thylakoid synthesis plastidic isoprenoid biosynthesis continues at high irradiance conditions, constantly accumulating alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) and the reduced form of plastoquinone-9 (PQ-9H2) deposited in the steadily enlarging osmiophilic plastoglobuli, the lipid reservoir of the chloroplast stroma. In sun leaves of beech (Fagus) and in 3-year-old sunlit Ficus leaves the level of alpha-T and PQ-9 can exceed that of chlorophyll b. Most plants respond to HL conditions (sun leaves, leaves suddenly lit by the sun) with a 1.4-2-fold increase of xanthophyll cycle carotenoids (violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin), an enhanced operation of the xanthophyll cycle and an increase of beta-carotene levels. This is documented by significantly lower values for the weight ratio chlorophylls to carotenoids (range: 3.6-4.6) as compared to shade and LL leaves (range: 4.8-7.0). Many plant leaves emit under HL and high temperature conditions at high rates the volatile compounds isoprene (broadleaf trees) or methylbutenol (American ponderosa pines), both of which are formed via the plastidic 1-deoxy-D: -xylulose-phosphate/2-C-methylerythritol 5-phosphate (DOXP/MEP) pathway. Other plants by contrast, accumulate particular mono- and diterpenes. Under adequate photosynthetic conditions the chloroplastidic DOXP/MEP isoprenoid pathway essentially contributes, with its C5 isoprenoid precusors, to cytosolic sterol biosynthesis. The possible cross-talk between the two cellular isoprenoid pathways, the acetate/MVA and the DOXP/MEP pathways, that preferentially proceeds in a plastid-to-cytosol direction, is shortly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut K Lichtenthaler
- Botanisches Institut (Molecular Biology and Biochemistry of Plants), University of Karlsruhe, Kaiserstr. 12, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Seemann M, Tse Sum Bui B, Wolff M, Miginiac-Maslow M, Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in plant chloroplasts via the MEP pathway: direct thylakoid/ferredoxin-dependent photoreduction of GcpE/IspG. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:1547-52. [PMID: 16480720 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.01.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis, the GcpE/IspG enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate into (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate. This reaction requires a double one-electron transfer involving a [4Fe-4S] cluster. A thylakoid preparation from spinach chloroplasts was capable in the presence of light to act as sole electron donor for the plant GcpE Arabidopsis thaliana in the absence of any pyridine nucleotide. This is in sharp contrast with the bacterial Escherichia coli GcpE, which requires flavodoxin/flavodoxin reductase and NADPH as reducing system and represents the first proof that the electron flow from photosynthesis can directly act in phototrophic organisms as reducer in the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway, most probably via ferredoxin, in the absence of any reducing cofactor. In the dark, the plant GcpE catalysis requires in addition of ferredoxin NADP(+)/ferredoxin oxido-reductase and NADPH as electron shuttle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Seemann
- Université Louis Pasteur/CNRS, Institut de Chimie LC3/UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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18
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Hsieh MH, Goodman HM. The Arabidopsis IspH homolog is involved in the plastid nonmevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2005; 138:641-53. [PMID: 15863698 PMCID: PMC1150385 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.058735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Plant isoprenoids are synthesized via two independent pathways, the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastid nonmevalonate pathway. The Escherichia coli IspH (LytB) protein is involved in the last step of the nonmevalonate pathway. We have isolated an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ispH null mutant that has an albino phenotype and have generated Arabidopsis transgenic lines showing various albino patterns caused by IspH transgene-induced gene silencing. The initiation of albino phenotypes rendered by IspH gene silencing can arise independently from multiple sites of the same plant. After a spontaneous initiation, the albino phenotype is systemically spread toward younger tissues along the source-to-sink flow relative to the initiation site. The development of chloroplasts is severely impaired in the IspH-deficient albino tissues. Instead of thylakoids, mutant chloroplasts are filled with vesicles. Immunoblot analysis reveals that Arabidopsis IspH is a chloroplast stromal protein. Expression of Arabidopsis IspH complements the lethal phenotype of an E. coli ispH mutant. In 2-week-old Arabidopsis seedlings, the expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), IspD, IspE, IspF, and IspG genes is induced by light, whereas the expression of the IspH gene is constitutive. The addition of 3% sucrose in the media slightly increased levels of DXS, DXR, IspD, IspE, and IspF mRNA in the dark. In a 16-h-light/8-h-dark photoperiod, the accumulation of the IspH transcript oscillates with the highest levels detected in the early light period (2-6 h) and the late dark period (4-6 h). The expression patterns of DXS and IspG are similar to that of IspH, indicating that these genes are coordinately regulated in Arabidopsis when grown in a 16-h-light/8-h-dark photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsiun Hsieh
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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19
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Massé G, Belt ST, Rowland SJ, Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis in the diatoms Rhizosolenia setigera (Brightwell) and Haslea ostrearia (Simonsen). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4413-8. [PMID: 15070732 PMCID: PMC384761 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400902101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprenoid biosynthesis in the widespread diatomaceous algae, Rhizosolenia setigera (Brightwell) and Haslea ostrearia (Simonsen), results not only in the production of diterpenoids, triterpenoids, and sterols but, unusually for diatoms, also in the production of sesterterpenoids. By using 13C and 2H isotopic labeling techniques followed by NMR and mass spectrometry, specific inhibition of mevalonate (MVA) and methylerythritol (MEP) pathways, and comparison with the natural 13C/12C isotope ratios of the lipids, the different biosynthetic pathways of the sesterterpenes and other isoprenoids have now been determined. Surprisingly, whereas the sesterterpenes (Delta(7(20))-haslenes) in R. setigera were made by the MVA pathway, as were the related triterpenoid rhizenes and desmosterol, in H. ostrearia the structurally similar Delta(6(17))-haslenes and the major sterol, 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3beta-ol, were instead biosynthesized by the MEP route. Phytol was biosynthesized in both diatoms by the MEP route. Subfractionation of R. setigera cells revealed that although phytol was located in the chloroplasts, the haslenes, rhizenes, and sterols were present in the cytoplasm. The observations described here for R. setigera and H. ostrearia show that terpenoid biosynthesis in diatoms is species-dependent and cannot simply be grouped according to structural type. Triterpenes appear to be made by the MVA route as in higher plants, whereas sesterterpenes and sterols can be made by either the MVA or MEP routes. In neither organism were the isoprenoids biosynthesized by leucine metabolism. Sesterterpene and triterpene biosynthesis in diatoms has not been investigated previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Massé
- Petroleum and Environmental Geochemistry Group, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
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Lerdau M, Gray D. Ecology and evolution of light-dependent and light-independent phytogenic volatile organic carbon. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 157:199-211. [PMID: 33873635 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The low molecular weight hydrocarbons produced by plants form a uniquely exciting group of compounds. Produced by a common biosynthetic route, they play multiple and complex roles in organismal, ecological, and atmospheric processes. While some of these compounds have clearly identified functions within plants, others are made for reasons not yet fully understood. Here, both light-dependent and light-independent emissions are reviewed, together with regulation of production and possible functions of light-dependent volatile organic carbon (VOC). In addition to issues regarding the phylogenetic origins of VOC emissions, the origins of the pivotal enzymes that give rise to the observed emission phenotypes are discussed. Studies on the evolution and regulation of their production and emission provide an amazing opportunity for scientists working from the molecular to the tropospheric scales to interact. Contents Summary 199 I. Introduction 199 II. Light-independent emissions 200 III. Light-dependent emissions 201 IV. Regulation of production 202 V. Possible functions of light-dependent VOCs 204 VI. Evolutionary aspects of phytogenic VOC 206 Acknowledgements 206 References 209.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lerdau
- Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245
| | - Dennis Gray
- Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5245
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Kreck M, Püschel S, Wüst M, Mosandl A. Biogenetic studies in Syringa vulgaris L.: synthesis and bioconversion of deuterium-labeled precursors into lilac aldehydes and lilac alcohols. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2003; 51:463-469. [PMID: 12517111 DOI: 10.1021/jf020845p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Syringa vulgaris L. inflorescences were fed with aqueous solutions of regioselectively deuterated compounds assumed to be precursors of lilac aldehyde and lilac alcohol, respectively. Volatiles were extracted by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and analyzed using enantioselective multidimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (enantio-MDGC/MS); deuterium-labeled lilac aldehydes and lilac alcohols were separated from unlabeled stereoisomers on a fused silica capillary column, coated with heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (DIME-beta-CD) (30%) in SE 52 (70%), as the chiral stationary phase. Feeding experiments with [5,5-(2)H(2)]mevalonic acid lactone 22 and [5,5-(2)H(2)]deoxy-d-xylose 23 indicate that the novel mevalonate independent 1-deoxy-d-xylose 5-phosphate/2C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway is the dominant metabolic route for biosynthesis in lilac flowers. Additionally, bioconversion of deuterium-labeled d(5)-(R/S)-linalool 3, d(6)-(R)-linalool 21, d(5)-(R/S)-8-hydroxylinalool 6, d(5)-(R/S)-8-oxolinalool 7, d(5)-lilac aldehydes 8-11 and d(5)-lilac alcohols 12-15 into lilac during in vivo feeding experiments was investigated and the metabolic pathway is discussed. Incubation of petals with an aqueous solution of deuterated d(5)-(R/S)-linalool 3 indicates an autonomic terpene biosynthesis of lilac flavor compounds in the flower petals of lilac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Kreck
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Marie-Curie Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt Main, Germany
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Niinemets Ü. Controls on the emission of plant volatiles through stomata: Differential sensitivity of emission rates to stomatal closure explained. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Monson RK. Volatile organic compound emissions from terrestrial ecosystems: A primary biological control over atmospheric chemistry. Isr J Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1560/0jjc-xqaa-jx0g-fxjg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Rosenstiel TN, Fisher AJ, Fall R, Monson RK. Differential accumulation of dimethylallyl diphosphate in leaves and needles of isoprene- and methylbutenol-emitting and nonemitting species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2002; 129:1276-84. [PMID: 12114581 PMCID: PMC166521 DOI: 10.1104/pp.002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2002] [Accepted: 03/06/2002] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis and emission of volatile plant terpenoids, such as isoprene and methylbutenol (MBO), depend on the chloroplastic production of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). To date, it has been difficult to study the relationship of cellular DMAPP levels to emission of these volatiles because of the lack of a sensitive assay for DMAPP in plant tissues. Using a recent DMAPP assay developed in our laboratories, we report that species with the highest potential for isoprene and MBO production also exhibit elevated light-dependent DMAPP production, ranging from 110% to 1,063%. Even species that do not produce significant amounts of volatile terpenoids, however, exhibit some potential for light-dependent production of DMAPP. We used a nonaqueous fractionation technique to determine the intracellular distribution of DMAPP in isoprene-emitting cottonwood (Populus deltoides) leaves; approximately 65% to 70% of the DMAPP recovered at midday occurred in the chloroplasts, indicating that most of the light-dependent production of DMAPP was chloroplastic in origin. The midday concentration of chloroplastic DMAPP in cottonwood leaves is estimated to be 0.13 to 3.0 mM, which is consistent with the relatively high K(m)s that have been reported for isoprene synthases (0.5-8 mM). The results provide support for the hypothesis that the light dependence of isoprene and MBO emissions is in part due to controls over DMAPP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd N Rosenstiel
- Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0334, USA
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