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Choi JM, Kim SG. Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on Epigenetic Changes in Gastric Cancer-related Genes. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2021.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is known that gastric carcinogenesis results from the progressive changes from chronic gastritis to gastric atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and invasive carcinoma. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations are involved in this process, and Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is believed to induce the initiation and progression of these steps. From an epigenetic point of view, H. pylori induces hypermethylation of genes involved in the development of gastric cancer and regulates the expression of various microRNAs (miRNAs). These H. pylori-related epigenetic changes are accumulated not only at the site of neoplasm but also in the adjacent non-cancerous gastric mucosa. Thereby, a state vulnerable to gastric cancer known as an epigenetic field defect is formed. H. pylori eradication can have an effective chemopreventive effect in gastric carcinogenesis. However, the molecular biological changes that occur in the stomach environment during H. pylori eradication have not yet been established. Several studies have reported that H. pylori eradication can restore infection-related changes, especially epigenetic alterations in gastric cancer-related genes, but some studies have shown otherwise. Simply put, it appears that the recovery of methylated gastric cancer-related genes and miRNAs during H. pylori eradication may vary among genes and may also differ depending on the histological subtype of the gastric mucosa. In this review, we will discuss the potential mechanism of gastric cancer prevention by H. pylori eradication, mainly from an epigenetic perspective.
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Anauate AC, Leal MF, Calcagno DQ, Gigek CO, Karia BTR, Wisnieski F, dos Santos LC, Chen ES, Burbano RR, Smith MAC. The Complex Network between MYC Oncogene and microRNAs in Gastric Cancer: An Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051782. [PMID: 32150871 PMCID: PMC7084225 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advancements in cancer treatments, gastric cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In this context, it is of great interest to discover new and more effective ways of treating this disease. Accumulated evidences have demonstrated the amplification of 8q24.21 region in gastric tumors. Furthermore, this is the region where the widely known MYC oncogene and different microRNAs are located. MYC deregulation is key in tumorigenesis in various types of tissues, once it is associated with cell proliferation, survival, and drug resistance. microRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate the protein translation, and which deregulation is related with gastric cancer development. However, little is understood about the interactions between microRNAs and MYC. Here, we overview the MYC role and its relationship with the microRNAs network in gastric cancer aiming to identify potential targets useful to be used in clinic, not only as biomarkers, but also as molecules for development of promising therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Anauate
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Disciplina de Nefrologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Danielle Queiroz Calcagno
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA 66075-110, Brazil; (D.Q.C.); (R.R.B.)
| | - Carolina Oliveira Gigek
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Bruno Takao Real Karia
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Fernanda Wisnieski
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Disciplina de Gastroenterologia, Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Caires dos Santos
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Elizabeth Suchi Chen
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
| | - Rommel Rodríguez Burbano
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA 66075-110, Brazil; (D.Q.C.); (R.R.B.)
- Laboratório de Citogenética Humana, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém PA 66075-110, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Hospital Ophir Loyola, Belém PA 66063-240, Brazil
| | - Marília Arruda Cardoso Smith
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo SP 04023-062, Brazil; (A.C.A.); (M.F.L.); (C.O.G.); (B.T.R.K.); (F.W.); (L.C.d.S.); (E.S.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-11-5576-4848
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Sterea AM, Egom EE, El Hiani Y. TRP channels in gastric cancer: New hopes and clinical perspectives. Cell Calcium 2019; 82:102053. [PMID: 31279156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease associated with a combination of and environmental factors. Each year, one million new gastric cancer cases are diagnosed worldwide and two-thirds end up losing the battle with this devastating disease. Currently, surgery represents the only effective treatment option for patients with early stage tumors. However, the asymptomatic phenotype of this disease during the early stages poses as a significant limiting factor to diagnosis and often renders treatments ineffective. To address these issues, scientists are focusing on personalized medicine and discovering new ways to treat cancer patients. Emerging therapeutic options include the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Since their discovery, TRP channels have been shown to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of various cancers, including gastric cancer. This review will summarize the current knowledge about gastric cancer and provide a synopsis of recent advancements on the role and involvement of TRP channels in gastric cancer as well as a discussion of the benefits of targeting TPR channel in the clinical management of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra M Sterea
- Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Emmanuel E Egom
- Egom Clinical & Translational Research Services Ltd, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Yassine El Hiani
- Departments of Physiology & Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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Ansari S, Gantuya B, Tuan VP, Yamaoka Y. Diffuse Gastric Cancer: A Summary of Analogous Contributing Factors for Its Molecular Pathogenicity. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:2424. [PMID: 30115886 PMCID: PMC6121269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and ranks as the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Incidence and mortality differ depending on the geographical region and gastric cancer ranks first in East Asian countries. Although genetic factors, gastric environment, and Helicobacter pylori infection have been associated with the pathogenicity and development of intestinal-type gastric cancer that follows the Correa's cascade, the pathogenicity of diffuse-type gastric cancer remains mostly unknown and undefined. However, genetic abnormalities in the cell adherence factors, such as E-cadherin and cellular activities that cause impaired cell integrity and physiology, have been documented as contributing factors. In recent years, H. pylori infection has been also associated with the development of diffuse-type gastric cancer. Therefore, in this report, we discuss the host factors as well as the bacterial factors that have been reported as associated factors contributing to the development of diffuse-type gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshul Ansari
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
| | - Boldbaatar Gantuya
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology unit, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar-14210, Mongolia.
| | - Vo Phuoc Tuan
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
- Department of Endoscopy, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam.
| | - Yoshio Yamaoka
- Department of Environmental and Preventive Medicine, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu-City, Oita 879-5593, Japan.
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Abstract
Infection with Helicobacter pylori is established as the major risk factor for gastric cancer development. Damage of the mucosal barrier due to H. pylori-induced inflammation enhances the carcinogenic effect of other risk factors such as salt intake or tobacco smoking. The genetic disposition of both the bacterial strain and the host can increase the potential towards gastric cancer formation. Genetic variance of the bacterial proteins CagA and VacA is associated with a higher gastric cancer risk, as are polymorphisms and epigenetic changes in host gene coding for interleukins (IL1β, IL8), transcription factors (CDX2, RUNX3) and DNA repair enzymes. Application of high-throughput assays for genome-wide assessment of either genetic structural variance or gene expression patterns may lead to a better understanding of the pathobiological background of these processes, including the underlying signaling pathways. Understanding of the stepwise alterations that take place in the transition from chronic atrophic gastritis, via metaplastic changes, to invasive neoplasia is vital to define the 'point of no return' before which eradication of H. pylori has the potential to prevent gastric cancer. Currently, eradication as preventive strategy is only recommended for high-incidence regions in Asia; large population studies with an adequate follow-up are required to demonstrate the effectiveness of such an approach in Western populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bornschein
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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