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Panhwer SN, Gadahi JA, Luo Q, Huang C, Liu W, Lanlan J, Chen Z. The anthelmintic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis to counter the Anthelmintic resistance against Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2023; 250:108533. [PMID: 37072106 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) has developed resistance to nearly all available anthelmintic medications. Hence, alternative strategies are required to counter anthelmintic resistance. The present study investigated the anthelmintic potential of Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis) against H. contortus. Bacterialspp were identified by conventional methods and confirmed by PCR; In addition, PCR amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene detected B. thuringiensis at 750 base pairs (bps). The amplified products were sequenced, and the sequence data were confirmed using the Basic Local Alignment Tool (BLAST), which showed a significant alignment (97.98%) with B. thuringiensis and B. cereus. B. thuringiensis were selected to isolate purified crystal proteins (toxins), The protein profile confirmed by SDS-PAGE showed three prominent bands at 70, 36, and 15 kDa. In addition, the larval development of H. contortus was examined in vitro using two different treatments. Purified crystal protein diluted in 10 mM NaCl at a concentration of 2mg/ml significantly reduced (P < 0.001) larval development by 75.10% compared to 1 × 108 CFU/ml spore-crystal suspension reduced (43.97%). The findings of in vitro experiments indicated that purified crystal protein was more toxic to the H. contortus larva than the spore-crystal suspension and control group. Moreover, To test the antinematodal effects of B. thuringiensis toxins in vivo, we chose 12 male goats (6 months old) and reared these animals in parasite-free conditions. We performed Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) on samples collected before and after treatment at various times denotes 48 hours post-treatment with Purified crystal proteins was significantly decreased (842 ± 19.07) EPG compared to 24 (2560 ± 233.66) and 12 hours (4020 ± 165.22). Similarly, after 48 hours of treatment, the FECRT of the Spores-crystal mix was reduced (2920 ± 177.20) EPG followed by 24- and 12-hour denotes (4500 ± 137.84) and (4760 ± 112.24), respectively. Results of the above experiment suggested that purified crystal proteins have more anthelmintic potential in vivo. Current findings determine that B. thuringiensis toxin against H. contortus could be used in small ruminants to counter anthelmintic resistance. This study also suggested that future research structured on these proteins' pharmacokinetics and mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Noor Panhwer
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Javaid Ali Gadahi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam, Pakistan.
| | - Qihui Luo
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentao Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jia Lanlan
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengli Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Disease Model, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Castro-Arnáez IC, Montenegro VM, Vargas-Leitón B, Álvarez-Calderón V, Soto-Barrientos N. Anthelmintic resistance in commercial sheep farms in Costa Rica. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 23:100506. [PMID: 33678363 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Forty-eight commercial sheep farms were sampled between the years 2017 and 2019 to evaluate the percentage of reduction of the three families of broad-spectrum anthelmintic drugs available in Costa Rica - benzimidazoles (albendazole), macrocyclic lactones (ivermectin) and imidazothiazoles (levamisole) - in grazing animals by using the fecal egg count reduction test. Animals were selected based on their egg per gram counts after their fecal samples were processed by a modified McMaster technique. The remaining fecal samples were taken to the laboratory for fecal culture and larval identification. The prevalence of farms with albendazole resistance was 100%, ivermectin 96% and levamisole 17%. Seven (n = 47) farms resulted with triple resistance, 39 with double and 1 farm was resistant to 1 AH tested. Haemonchus spp. was the most commonly isolated parasite in pre- and post-treatment larval culture. This is the first report of Oesophagostomum spp. and Teladorsagia sp. resistant to albendazole, Oesophagostomum spp., Teladorsagia sp., Chabertia sp. and Cooperia sp. resistant to ivermectin, and the presence of strains of Haemonchus spp. and Trichostrongylus sp. resistant to the 3 anthelmintics tested. The results of this study demonstrate that anthelmintic resistance is widespread, particularly in Haemonchus spp., and that the major drugs available in the country have lost much of their effectiveness against sheep nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I C Castro-Arnáez
- Clínica de Especies Mayores - Pequeños Rumiantes, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - V M Montenegro
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - B Vargas-Leitón
- Programa de Medicina Poblacional, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - V Álvarez-Calderón
- Servicio Nacional de Salud Animal, Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería, San José, Costa Rica
| | - N Soto-Barrientos
- Clínica de Especies Mayores - Pequeños Rumiantes, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica.
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Efficacy of closantel against ivermectin- and fenbendazole-resistant Haemonchus sp. in sheep in Ontario, Canada. Vet Parasitol 2016; 228:30-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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