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Morán-Mariños C, Salas López J, Llanos-Tejada F, Casanova-Mendoza R, Villanueva-Villegas R, Chavez-Huamani A, Vargas-Ponce KG, Condori-Zevallos M. Case series of complicated bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis. Differential diagnosis of tuberculosis? Eur Clin Respir J 2024; 11:2325170. [PMID: 38455273 PMCID: PMC10919296 DOI: 10.1080/20018525.2024.2325170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary lophomoniasis is a rare and life-threatening disease, most commonly reported across Asian and Latin American countries. Here, we have reported two cases of pulmonary lophomoniasis presenting with atypical manifestations. Case #1 represents a 19-year-old male patient with clinical characteristics suggestive of tuberculosis, presenting with hemoptysis and receiving antituberculosis treatment. Case #2 represents a 69-year-old man with post-tuberculosis pulmonary disease with cystic bronchiectasis presenting with polymicrobial co-infection. Based on our case experience, lophomoniasis should be considered in patients with pneumonia who do not respond to antibiotic treatment, and the corresponding epidemiological factors should be carefully considered in addition to bronchoscopy for precise diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Morán-Mariños
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Perú
- Unidad de investigación en Bibliometría, Vicerrectorado de investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú
| | - Juan Salas López
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Perú
| | - Felix Llanos-Tejada
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Perú
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomédicas - INICIB, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Renzo Villanueva-Villegas
- Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo, Lima, Perú
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Biomédicas - INICIB, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima, Perú
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das Neves Coelho F, Borralho J, Baptista-Fernandes T, Toscano C, Carmo ME. Characterization of Lophomonas spp. Infection in a Population of Critical Care Patients. Infect Dis Rep 2024; 16:83-92. [PMID: 38391584 PMCID: PMC10888071 DOI: 10.3390/idr16010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lophomonas are flagellated protozoa that have been increasingly associated with upper and lower airway infection in humans. The prevalence and characterization of this disease in the critically ill remains poorly understood. We present a series of eleven ICU patients with confirmed Lophomonas spp. identification in respiratory samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco das Neves Coelho
- Intensive Care Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital Egas Moniz, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Borralho
- Infectious Diseases Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital Egas Moniz, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Baptista-Fernandes
- Parasitology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital Egas Moniz, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Toscano
- Microbiology Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital Egas Moniz, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Eduarda Carmo
- Intensive Care Department, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, Hospital Egas Moniz, 1349-019 Lisboa, Portugal
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Ghatee MA, Nakhaei M, Sharifpour A, Fakhar M, Mohamadi N, Soleymani M, Abedi S, Aliyali M, Mehravaran H. Geospatial Analysis and Molecular Epidemiologic Study of Emerging Pulmonary Lophomoniasis in Iran: A National Registry-Based Study. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:1039186. [PMID: 37323296 PMCID: PMC10266910 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1039186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis (BPL) is a protozoan pulmonary disease that has been reported sporadically, but its incidence has been increasing. However, the epidemiology and risk factors of the disease have not been clearly identified. The current study aims to identify BPL cases molecularly and assess the demographic and some environmental factors for the first time on the prevalence of BPL as a national registry-based study in Iran. Methodology. The study tested 960 patients with lower respiratory tract symptoms whose bronchoalveolar lavage samples were submitted from seven provinces of Iran to the Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis. They were tested for BPL by a newly developed polymerase chain reaction test. The study assessed the association of Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), digital elevation model (DEM), and geographic latitude as environmental factors and sex and age as demographic factors on the prevalence of BPL. Geospatial information systems methods and chi-squared and Pearson's correlation tests were used for the assessment of geographical and environmental factor effects and statistical analysis, respectively. Results Of the 960 patients, 218 (22.7%) tested positive for BPL; the highest and lowest prevalence rates were reported from the south and northeast of Iran, respectively. The study found a correlation between geographic latitude and age with BPL prevalence, but no association was found for gender, NDVI, or DEM. Most patients were over 40 years old, and the rate of disease was higher in southern latitudes. Conclusion Age and geographical latitude were found to be risk factors for BPL. More exposure to dust and/or chronic pulmonary problems may explain the higher prevalence of the disease in older adults. Higher rates of BPL in lower latitudes may be due to warmer weather and longer days, which can confine individual activities indoors and result in more contact with domestic insects and infected dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amin Ghatee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Maryam Nakhaei
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Sharifpour
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fakhar
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Niloufar Mohamadi
- Student Research Committee, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Mostafa Soleymani
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Siavash Abedi
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Masoud Aliyali
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Mehravaran
- Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Lee M, Hwang SM, Park JS, Park JH, Park JS. Lophomonas blattarum-like organism in bronchoalveolar lavage from a pneumonia patient: current diagnostic scheme and polymerase chain reaction can lead to false-positive results. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2023; 61:202-209. [PMID: 37258268 DOI: 10.3347/phd.22107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Lophomonas blattarum is an anaerobic protozoan living in the intestine of cockroaches and house dust mites, with ultramicroscopic characteristics such as the presence of a parabasal body, axial filament, and absence of mitochondria. More than 200 cases of Lophomonas infection of the respiratory tract have been reported worldwide. However, the current diagnosis of such infection depends only on light microscopic morphological findings from respiratory secretions. In this study, we attempted to provide more robust evidence of protozoal infection in an immunocompromised patient with atypical pneumonia, positive for Lophomonas-like protozoal cell forms. A direct search of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid via polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and metagenomic next-generation sequencing did not prove the presence of protozoal infection. PCR results were not validated with sufficient rigor, while de novo assembly and taxonomic classification results did not confirm the presence of an unidentified pathogen. The TEM results implied that such protozoal forms in light microscopy are actually non-detached ciliated epithelial cells. After ruling out infectious causes, the patient's final diagnosis was drug-induced pneumonitis. These findings underscore the lack of validation in the previously utilized diagnostic methods, and more evidence in the presence of L. blattarum is required to further prove its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moses Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Sang Mee Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Jong Sun Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jeong Su Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
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Effective Treatment of Chronic Cough with Tinidazole as the Newest Antiprotozoa against Lophomonas blattarum. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:2413941. [PMID: 36387781 PMCID: PMC9649316 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2413941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic cough is a common problem in the setting of family physicians. Recently, Lophomonas blattarum was considered a cause of respiratory symptoms in children and adults. Objective This study is aimed at determining the effect of antiprotozoal treatment of Lophomonas in patients with a chronic cough in Mashhad during 2020-2021. Materials and Methods This study was a randomized clinical trial. In this study, 60 patients with chronic cough and unremarkable imaging findings, who were unresponsive to three steps of standard treatment, were randomly assigned to the treatment, with 2 weeks of tinidazole and placebo. The tinidazole and placebo were prepared in a completely identical shape, and a random assignment was performed by a third party. The primary outcome was a complete resolution of cough. A follow-up of treatment was performed. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 25. Results The basic demographic results showed no significant differences of sex and age between two groups. The results of this study showed a complete resolution of all respiratory symptoms in 40% (12), a complete improvement of cough in 40% (12), and a complete resolution of dyspnea in 50% (10) of the tinidazole group. The remaining showed significant improvement in the severity of cough and dyspnea. Postnasal drip, sputum, body temperature, and airway hyperresponsiveness were improved significantly. After tinidazole treatment, laboratory assessment of bronchial lavage and sputum revealed that 86 percent of smears were converted to negative. Conclusion Tinidazole effectively resolved the chronic cough and most of the respiratory symptoms. Lophomonas blattarum is a potential mechanism for chronic cough.
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Keche A, Khatoon S, Sahu D. Detection of a Lophomonas, a rare pathogen in Bronchoalveolar lavage. Trop Parasitol 2022; 12:124-126. [PMID: 36643984 PMCID: PMC9832492 DOI: 10.4103/tp.tp_97_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lophomonas infection is an emerging parasitic disease-causing respiratory infection. Although common in immunocompromised patient, it has been observed also in some immunocompetent cases. We report the case of a 45-year-old male who presented with productive cough, fever, and chest pain, with marked eosinophilia and cavitary lesion in the X-ray chest. KOH preparation and acid-fast bacilli microscopy of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were negative. Direct microscopic examination of BAL accidentally showed a large number of living Lophomonas species with the movement of flagella. Methylene blue and Giemsa staining showed the plume of flagella and the nucleus. The patient was managed conservatively with metronidazole and get cured. It was concluded that the patient presented with signs and symptoms of pneumonia must be evaluated for rare events also if the patient was not responding with typical management of pneumonia. We reported the first case of this rare entity in Chhattisgarh state in an immunocompetent young Indian male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Keche
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Shagufta Khatoon
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Dibakar Sahu
- Pulmonology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
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Global Status of Emerging Lophomonas Infection: A Systematic Review of Reported Cases (1993—2020). Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022:3155845. [PMID: 35450275 PMCID: PMC9017527 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3155845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. Lophomonas spp., is an emerging protozoan parasite that belongs to the Parabasalids (Parabasalia, lophomonadida) which infects the respiratory tracts of humans. Despite the presence of a few reports of human lophomoniasis, the true burden of Lophomonas infection is unknown. This systematic review aimed to elucidate the latest global status of publications reporting human cases of lophomoniasis as a new emerging protozoal disease. Methods. A comprehensive and systematic search was performed in 10 (five English and five Persian) databases for studies reporting cases of lophomoniasis between 1993 and March 2020 (27 years). Then, the selected articles were carefully reviewed and screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results. Overall, 32 eligible publications reporting 307 lophomoniasis cases from around the world are included in this review. The patients were aged between 1 month and 84 (mean age = 23.7 years). The highest number of cases (n = 171; 55.7%,
) significantly belonged to the juvenile age group (aged ≤18 years). The male to female ratio of the cases was almost equal, and no statistically significant difference between them was observed. The maximum number of cases (n = 237) was reported from Iran. Most cases (n = 196; 63.85%) had no history of underlying diseases/organ transplantation
. Moreover, the BAL specimen was the most commonly used clinical sample to diagnose lophomoniasis
. Conclusion. Our findings reveal that the prevalence of lophomoniasis is likely to be markedly underestimated when evaluated based on published case reports. Additionally, our data, at least for the time being, supports the idea that Lophomonas spp. should not be considered as an opportunistic infection. Thus, current work sheds light on some controversial issues regarding the epidemiological aspects of lophomoniasis.
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Fakhar M, Safanavaei S, Nakhaei M, Esmaeili S, Banimostafavi ES, Spahbodi F, Sharifpour A. Molecular evidence of upper and lower respiratory infection due to
Lophomonas
in a post‐kidney transplantation patient. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e05492. [PMID: 35369390 PMCID: PMC8859402 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of lophomoniasis in a kidney post‐transplantation patient. The patient, 46‐year‐old man, had pneumonia, acute sinusitis, and tonsillitis on admission. We recommend that lophomoniasis should be essentially ruled out in all patients suffering from post‐transplantation infection, particularly in those who do not respond to routine antibiotic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Fakhar
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL) Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Sepideh Safanavaei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL) Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Maryam Nakhaei
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL) Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Samira Esmaeili
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL) Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Elham Sadat Banimostafavi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL) Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
- Department of Radiology Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Fatemeh Spahbodi
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL) Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
- Department of Nephrology Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
| | - Ali Sharifpour
- Toxoplasmosis Research Center Communicable Diseases Institute Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL) Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division Imam Khomeini HospitalMazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran
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Morphological and Molecular Identification of Emerged Lophomonas blattarum Infection in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran: First Registry-Based Study. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1510-1516. [PMID: 34115281 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00422-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the last decade, several cases of bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis (BPL) have been recorded. Little information is available about epidemiological aspects on Lophomonas infection among BPL patients. The present study was aimed to investigate the prevalence of Lophomonas spp. infection in patients who were referred to the Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL), using morphological and molecular tests. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We examined patients enrolled in the INRCL from 2017 to 2019 at the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, northern Iran. All bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and two nasal discharges of the patients were examined by both microscopic and small-subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) PCR methods. To confirm the species of Lophomonas, two positive samples were sequenced. RESULTS In this study, 321 specimens (including 319 BALF and 2 nasal discharges) were microscopically examined. Lophomonas spp. was found in 45(14%) (n = 44 BAL; n = 1 nasal discharge). The mean age of infected patients was 54.9 ± 17.1 years. The following morphological characteristics were observed in both fresh and Papanicolaou-stained smears to identify Lophomonas spp. All microscopically positive specimens were confirmed with genus-specific PCR technique. The obtained sequences were deposited in Gen Bank under the accession numbers (MN243135-36). The BLAST analysis of our two sequences with the only available sequence in the Gen Bank of the Thailand strain of L. blattarum, showed identity of 99-100% and 98.51%, respectively. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first registry-based study regarding lophomoniasis worldwide. According to our study, the conventional PCR test is an available and reliable tool for confirming the Lophomonas parasite in clinical samples. Moreover, the results confirmed that L. blattarum is circulating at least in our region.
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First report of Lophomonas spp. in German cockroaches ( Blattella germanica) trapped in hospitals, northern Iran. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:937-943. [PMID: 34789975 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01381-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cockroaches are considered to be important reservoirs for protozoan and helminth parasites,particularly an emerging Lophomonas spp., protozoan parasite. German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (B. germanica), are domestic pest distributed worldwide. However, little information is available regarding the burden of Lophomonas spp. infestation among domestic cockroach population worldwide. The present study investigated parasitic agents, emphasizing Lophomonas spp. infestation among B. germanica in northern Iran. During spring and summer 2018, a total of 496 adults B. germanica (265 males and 231 females) were trapped by hand and glass traps from the teaching hospitals in Mazandaran, Sari, northern Iran. All cockroaches were identified using taxonomic keys. Each cockroaches was anesthetized with chloroform and the alimentary tract removed. Each section was smeared onto a glass slide. All the smears were examined under light microscopy to determine the presence of the parasites. Ten genera of parasites were identified from the trapped B. germanica; overall, 233 (47%) were found to be positive for helminths (n = 135) and protozoa (n = 98). The helminths included Aspiculuris tetraptera egg (67/233, 28.7%), Oxiuros sp. (39/233; 16.7%), Dentostomella translucida (17/233; 7.3%), and nematodes Ova (12/233; 5.2%). The protozoan parasites identified Gregarina sp. (61/233; 26.2%), Entamoeba sp. (19/233; 8.2%), Blastocystis sp. (5/233; 2.1%), Lophomonas (4/233; 1.7%), Nyctotherus sp. (4/233; 1.7%), unclassified flagella (5/233; 2.1%). Lophomonas spp. was detected within the gut of B. germanica, for the first time, in Iran. It has previously been identified in the gut of cockroaches a long time ago, however, this is the first attempt to detect Lophomonas in cockroaches housing in hospitals. Thereby, it possibly presenting pose a serious respiratory infection risk for patients and health care personnel.
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ClpV1 in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli is a crucial virulence factor contributing to meningitis in a mouse model in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2021; 263:109273. [PMID: 34763144 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Meningitis associated with avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is an infectious disease of poultry that has gained significant attention because of its potential to infect humans. APEC can utilize two type Ⅵ secretion systems (T6SSs) to efficiently transport toxin effectors into hosts. ClpV1 is one of the core components of the T6SS1. To our knowledge, it has not been clarified how the clpV1 gene contributes to the pathogenicity of meningitis-associated APEC. To investigate the function of the clpV1 gene in the process of Escherichia coli meningitis, a mutant TW-XMΔclpV1 strain was constructed and characterized. In this study, the clpV1 deleted strain displayed a significant decrease in both motility and biofilm formation as well as a reduction in the expression of virulence genes fliC, luxS and ibeA. In vivo studies using mouse and duck models found that the clpV1 deleted groups showed decreased proliferation, fewer lesions and lower expression of inflammatory cytokines in the brain suggesting that clpV1 is involved in the pathogenicity of TWXM. Besides, the decreased quantity of Evans Blue (EB) and the down-regulation of tight junctions (TJs) proteins in the mouse clpV1 deleted group demonstrating a more intact blood-brain barrier (BBB). In conclusion, these results suggest that the clpV1 gene is associated with motility and biofilm formation of TWXM strain and contributes to meningitis by damaging the BBB and brain tissues.
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Martínez-Girón R, Martínez-Torre C. Lophomonas or Ciliated Epithelial Cells? Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57:726-727. [PMID: 35699023 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbr.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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13
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Mercier V, Sasso M, Kouyoumdjian P, Sizaret D, Benzimra S, Gonzalez S, Desoubeaux G. Some undesirable traps which can mislead the pathologist. J Clin Pathol 2021; 74:568-570. [PMID: 33931564 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In clinical laboratories, the diagnosis of parasite diseases can sometimes be challenging for non-expert microbiologists. Indeed, in spite of the advent of the molecular biology, macroscopic and microscopic examinations still remain essential. Nonetheless, it is usually not automated and requires great skills to complete the correct diagnosis. It is not infrequent that inert elements mislead to erroneous diagnoses. Through three different concrete examples, this article aims at underscoring the actual risk of parasite misidentification and at highlighting the systematic approach to be conducted in order to enable reliable diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Milène Sasso
- CNRS, Université Montpellier - IRD, Nîmes, France
| | - Pascal Kouyoumdjian
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nîmes and Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Samia Gonzalez
- Département de Biopathologie, Hôpital Caremeau, Nîmes, France
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14
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Martínez-Girón R, Martínez-Torre C. Lophomonas or Ciliated Epithelial Cells? Arch Bronconeumol 2021; 57:S0300-2896(21)00104-6. [PMID: 33840555 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Moya-Salazar J, Salazar-Hernandez R, Lopez-Hinostroza M, Contreras-Pulache H. Lophomonas isolation in sputum sample at Peru. Lung India 2021; 38:359-361. [PMID: 34259175 PMCID: PMC8272432 DOI: 10.4103/lungindia.lungindia_696_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lophomonas infection is an emerging parasitic disease causing respiratory infections. After China, Peru is the second country with the highest number of cases. In the bright-field microscopy evaluation of fresh samples, most of them are incorrectly estimated. Therefore, correct identification using cytological stains is to be supplemented. We report a case of a 29-year-old male with typical clinical symptoms of pneumonia, marked eosinophilia, and noninfiltrative pattern in chest X-ray, who had bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeel Moya-Salazar
- School of Medicine, Faculties of Health Science, Norbert Wiener University; Department of Pathology, Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé, Lima, Peru
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Wahid W, Ahmad Fahmi NA, Mohd Salleh AF, Mohd Yasin 'A. Bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis: A rare cause of pneumonia in an immunosuppressed host. Respir Med Case Rep 2019; 28:100939. [PMID: 31667075 PMCID: PMC6812266 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2019.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis is rare but immunocompromised individual is susceptible to this infection. We reported a case of bronchopulmonary lophomoniasis in a Malaysian female with systemic lupus erythromatosus. She presented with productive cough, shortness of breath and high-grade fever for 2 weeks. Physical examination revealed bronchial sound and crackles over the left lung with, reduced expansion and dull percussion in lower left lobe. Chest radiography showed consolidation of the left lung. Routine laboratory tests revealed general low cell count. Blood and sputum culture were negative. Bronchoalveolar lavage stain and culture for bacterial and fungal were negative. Bronchoalveolar lavage for Lophomonas blattarum was positive. Patient was treated with antiprotozoal drug, metronidazole. All her clinical problems resolved and she was discharged 14 days after admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wathiqah Wahid
- Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Athirah Ahmad Fahmi
- Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Firdaus Mohd Salleh
- Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - 'Azlin Mohd Yasin
- Parasitology & Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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First Molecular Diagnosis of Lophomoniasis: the End of a Controversial Story. Acta Parasitol 2019; 64:390-393. [PMID: 31165985 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report a case of lophomoniasis in an immunocompetent patient with acute paranasal sinusitis from the north of Iran whose disease was diagnosed by both microscopic and molecular methods. CASE PRESENTATION The patient, a 40-year-old woman, suffered from upper respiratory infection, was referred to the Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis (INRCL) at the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, for diagnosis. A direct wet mount of nasal discharge revealed the flagellate protozoa morphologically identified Lophomonas blattarum. Moreover, through a specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of nasal discharge, a 214-bp band was observed, confirming the genus Lophomonas spp. The patient was treated successfully with metronidazole 500 mg t.i.d for 1 week. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first molecular detection of lophomoniasis in the literature. According to our preliminary study, a reliable PCR test is available now for detecting the Lophomonas parasite.
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The prevalence of protozoa in the gut of German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) with special reference to Lophomonas blattarum. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3205-3210. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Saldaña NG, Mendoza FJO, Larrauri FR, Trujillo DMG, Montoya EV, De La Garza EA, Olguín HJ. Bronchopulmonary infection by Lophomonas blattarum in a pediatric patient after hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation: first report in Mexico. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:E899-E902. [PMID: 29268431 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.09.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Lophomonas blattarum is a multiflagellated protozoon which parasitizes the gut of termites and cockroaches. Although L. blattarum infection is rare, it can affect lung, maxillary sinuses and genitourinary tract. The presentation of bronchopulmonary lophomonas includes nonspecific symptoms such as fever, cough and dyspnea. Diagnosis is based on identification of living protozoan forms in fresh samples from respiratory secretions (bronchoalveolar lavage). We report the case of a 2-year-old male with a history of severe combined immunodeficiency (T-, B-, NK-), post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant and full immune reconstitution 12 months following a successful transplant who thereafter presented lophomonas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Edna Venegas Montoya
- Service of Pediatric Immunology, National Institute of Pediatrics (NIP), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Hugo Juárez Olguín
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, NIP and Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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van Woerden HC, Martinez-Giron R. Lophomonas blattarum: Is it Only its Morphology that Prevents its Recognition? Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:117. [PMID: 28051037 PMCID: PMC5221104 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.196579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Martinez-Giron
- Protozoal Respiratory Pathology Research Unit, INCLINICA Foundation, Oviedo-33207, Asturias, Spain
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