Integrated control of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus australis (Acari: Ixodidae), in New Caledonia through the Pasture and Cattle Management method

Efficiency of fluralaner pour-on in different strategic control protocols against Rhipicephalus microplus on Brangus cattle in a tropical area

BACKGROUND

The occurrence of higher winter temperatures in Brazilian areas with tropical and highland climates may result in a fifth peak of tick populations during winter in addition to the four generations previously described. Therefore, a strategic control protocol was developed with treatments in two seasons with the objective of controlling the generations of ticks that occur in spring/summer and those that occur in autumn/winter.

METHODS

The study was conducted in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from the beginning of the rainy season, November 2020, to October 2021. In a randomized block design, 36 calves were distributed into three groups: (i) negative control; (ii) traditional strategic control in one season (SC1S), at the beginning of the rainy season; and (iii) strategic control in two seasons (SC2S), at the beginning and end of the rainy season. The SC1S strategic control group was treated on day 0, November 2020, and twice more with intervals of 42 days. The SC2S group received three more treatments beginning on day 182, May 2021, with intervals of 42 days. All treatments consisted of 5% fluralaner (Exzolt® 5%) delivered via a pour-on dose of 1 mL/20 kg body weight. Counts of semi-engorged female ticks were performed on day 3 and every 14 days thereafter, and the animals were weighed at the same time.

RESULTS

Fluralaner showed a mean efficacy of more than 95% up to day 294. The two treated groups showed a decrease (P < 0.05) in the average number of ticks on day 3. In the SC2S group, the means were close or equal to zero throughout the study, while in the SC1S group, the means did not differ (P > 0.05) from those of the control group from day 231 onward. The final mean weight gain of each group was 76.40 kg, 98.63 kg, and 115.38 kg for the control, SC1S, and SC2S groups, respectively, differing (P < 0.05) from each other.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, three applications of fluralaner, with one application every 42 days from the beginning of the rainy season in the middle spring, resulted in effective tick control for 224 days. When three additional treatments were given in autumn/winter with intervals of 42 days between applications, tick counts were reduced throughout the year. This strategic control approach may be indicated in years with climatic conditions that allow that population peaks are expected to occur in the autumn/winter period.

Modeling Effects of Vertebrate Host Exclosures and Host-Targeted Acaricides on Lone Star Tick (Amblyomma americanum, L.) Infestations

We used a spatially explicit model to simulate the potential effects of exclosures and acaricides targeted at medium-sized mammalian hosts on the local distribution and abundance of lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) within forestlands of the southeastern United States. Both exclosures and acaricides were successful in markedly reducing the densities of all off-host tick life stages inside the treatment areas. Densities dropped to almost zero immediately inside the edges of the exclosures, with noticeably depressed densities extending outward 30 to 60 m from the exclosures, and the simulated exclosures maintained their effectiveness as their sizes were decreased from 4.5 to 2.25 to 0.8 ha. Densities exhibited a smooth gradient across the edges of the acaricide-treated areas, with depressed densities extending ≈100 m outward from the edges, but with perceptible densities extending ≈60 m inward from the edges; thus, the simulated acaricide areas lost their effectiveness as size was decreased to slightly less than one-half the diameter of the activity range of the targeted host. Our simulation results indicated that off-host nymph densities responded to reductions of medium-sized host densities. These results suggest that targeting acaricides at medium-sized hosts may be an effective, and currently under-utilized, method for tick suppression.

Field efficacy assessment of a vaccine against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) australis in New-Caledonia

Pure European bovine breeding is compromised in South Pacific (i.e. Australia, New Caledonia) due to the impact of acaricide-resistant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) australis ticks. Farmers need new solutions to sustainably maintain their activity. An integrated tick control program has been applied for 2 years in herds of European breeds (i.e. Charolais and Limousine cattle breeds) in New Caledonia. A field trial including the use of a vaccine based on a local Bm86 antigen, agropastoral measures and a chemical control of the tick was conducted to assess the possibility to reduce the number of acaricidal treatments. Nine farms including 1400 animals were monitored from July 2017 to June 2020. The year mid2017-mid2018 was the year of initial monitoring in order to get control data related to tick infestation during the seasons and to the number of treatments per herd. Vaccinations began between September and December 2018. Results obtained from mid2019 to mid2020 were then compared to the initial period (mid2017-mid2018) to assess the benefits of the vaccine. The average annual number of acaricide treatments decreased significantly from 7.44 before vaccination to 4.45 during mid2019-mid2020 (p = 0.026). Infestation scores, assessed by tick counts when farmers grouped the cattle to apply acaricides, showed a constant and low infestation level. Nevertheless, farmers were willing to tolerate slightly higher tick loads on vaccinated cattle with less acaricidal treatments compared to unvaccinated and frequently treated cattle. Local cutaneous reactions were recorded at the injection site with 46.6% of all injections evolving into nodules and 1% of injections giving depilation or abscesses. At the end of the trial, all the breeders wish to continue the vaccination and consider that it is now possible to serenely maintain their breed.