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Gureeva MV, Gureev AP. Molecular Mechanisms Determining the Role of Bacteria from the Genus Azospirillum in Plant Adaptation to Damaging Environmental Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119122. [PMID: 37298073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Agricultural plants are continuously exposed to environmental stressors, which can lead to a significant reduction in yield and even the death of plants. One of the ways to mitigate stress impacts is the inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), including bacteria from the genus Azospirillum, into the rhizosphere of plants. Different representatives of this genus have different sensitivities or resistances to osmotic stress, pesticides, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and perchlorate and also have the ability to mitigate the consequences of such stresses for plants. Bacteria from the genus Azospirillum contribute to the bioremediation of polluted soils and induce systemic resistance and have a positive effect on plants under stress by synthesizing siderophores and polysaccharides and modulating the levels of phytohormones, osmolytes, and volatile organic compounds in plants, as well as altering the efficiency of photosynthesis and the antioxidant defense system. In this review, we focus on molecular genetic features that provide bacterial resistance to various stress factors as well as on Azospirillum-related pathways for increasing plant resistance to unfavorable anthropogenic and natural factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Gureeva
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
| | - Artem P Gureev
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Physiology, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Department of Genetics, Cytology and Bioengineering, Voronezh State University, 394018 Voronezh, Russia
- Laboratory of Metagenomics and Food Biotechnology, Voronezh State University of Engineering Technology, 394036 Voronezh, Russia
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Chen YH, Lu CW, Shyu YT, Lin SS. Revealing the Saline Adaptation Strategies of the Halophilic Bacterium Halomonas beimenensis through High-throughput Omics and Transposon Mutagenesis Approaches. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13037. [PMID: 29026163 PMCID: PMC5638851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13450-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the halotolerance of bacteria are attractive to the fermentation industry. However, a lack of sufficient genomic information has precluded an investigation of the halotolerance of Halomonas beimenensis. Here, we describe the molecular mechanisms of saline adaptation in H. beimenensis based on high-throughput omics and Tn5 transposon mutagenesis. The H. beimenensis genome is 4.05 Mbp and contains 3,807 genes, which were sequenced using short and long reads obtained via deep sequencing. Sixteen Tn5 mutants with a loss of halotolerance were identified. Orthologs of the mutated genes, such as nqrA, trkA, atpC, nadA, and gdhB, have significant biological functions in sodium efflux, potassium uptake, hydrogen ion transport for energy conversion, and compatible solute synthesis, which are known to control halotolerance. Other genes, such as spoT, prkA, mtnN, rsbV, lon, smpB, rfbC, rfbP, tatB, acrR1, and lacA, function in cellular signaling, quorum sensing, transcription/translation, and cell motility also shown critical functions for promoting a halotolerance. In addition, KCl application increased halotolerance and potassium-dependent cell motility in a high-salinity environment. Our results demonstrated that a combination of omics and mutagenesis could be used to facilitate the mechanistic exploitation of saline adaptation in H. beimenensis, which can be applied for biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Huey Chen
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tay Shyu
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shih-Shun Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Center of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
- National Center for High-Performance Computing, National Applied Research Laboratories, Hsinchu, 300, Taiwan.
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Sigida EN, Fedonenko YP, Shashkov AS, Arbatsky NP, Zdorovenko EL, Konnova SA, Ignatov VV, Knirel YA. Elucidation of a masked repeating structure of the O-specific polysaccharide of the halotolerant soil bacteria Azospirillum halopraeferens Au4. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:636-42. [PMID: 27340454 PMCID: PMC4902059 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
An O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide isolated by the phenol-water extraction from the halotolerant soil bacteria Azospirillum halopraeferens type strain Au4. The polysaccharide was studied by sugar and methylation analyses, selective cleavages by Smith degradation and solvolysis with trifluoroacetic acid, one- and two-dimensional (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy. The following masked repeating structure of the O-specific polysaccharide was established: →3)-α-L-Rhap2Me-(1→3)-[β-D-Glcp-(1→4)]-α-D-Fucp-(1→2)-β-D-Xylp-(1→, where non-stoichiometric substituents, an O-methyl group (~45%) and a side-chain glucose residue (~65%), are shown in italics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Sigida
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Yuliya P Fedonenko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Alexander S Shashkov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikolay P Arbatsky
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Evelina L Zdorovenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Svetlana A Konnova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
- Chernyshevsky Saratov State University, Ulitsa Astrakhanskaya 83, Saratov 410012, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Ignatov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt Entuziastov 13, Saratov 410049, Russia
| | - Yuriy A Knirel
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 47, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Cortés-Jiménez D, Gómez-Guzmán A, Iturriaga G, Suárez R, Alpírez GM, Escalante FME. Microorganisms associated to tomato seedlings growing in saline culture act as osmoprotectant. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:613-20. [PMID: 25242948 PMCID: PMC4166289 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000200032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Less than 0.5% of total water in the world is available for human consumption and agriculture. The major part of the world’s water is saline and salinity in soils interferes in germination of seeds and the posterior development of the plant. In order to increase the osmotolerance of tomato, seedlings were associated with Azospirillum brasilense Cd, Azospirillum brasilense Cd transformed bacteria with a plasmid harboring a trehalose biosynthesis gene-fusion or Chlorella vulgaris. Two plant culture media: Hydroponic and Murashige and Skoog were tested. In the first set of studies seedlings were associated to single free cells meanwhile in a second set single and combined free cells were studied. A positive interaction between transformed Azospirillum and Chlorella vulagris and tomato plants was observed. Seedlings showed a salt concentration tolerance, as sodium chloride, up to 200 mM. According to our results, the association of plants with A. brasilense Cd-BIF and C. vulgaris is a viable approach to increase their salt tolerance and biomass, as consequence the possible use of sea water to irrigate horticultural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cortés-Jiménez
- Department of Engineering Autonomous University of Baja California MexicaliBaja California Mexico Department of Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Abril Gómez-Guzmán
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes Department of Chemistry Autonomous University of Guadalajara ZapopanJalisco Mexico Laboratory of Microbial Processes, Department of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. ; Department of Engineering Autonomous University of Baja California MexicaliBaja California Mexico Department of Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Iturriaga
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos CuernavacaMorelos Mexico Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ramón Suárez
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos CuernavacaMorelos Mexico Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gisela Montero Alpírez
- Department of Engineering Autonomous University of Baja California MexicaliBaja California Mexico Department of Engineering, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Froylán M E Escalante
- Laboratory of Microbial Processes Department of Chemistry Autonomous University of Guadalajara ZapopanJalisco Mexico Laboratory of Microbial Processes, Department of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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Mutation of a broadly conserved operon (RL3499-RL3502) from Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae causes defects in cell morphology and envelope integrity. J Bacteriol 2011; 193:2684-94. [PMID: 21357485 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01456-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial cell envelope is of critical importance to the function and survival of the cell; it acts as a barrier against harmful toxins while allowing the flow of nutrients into the cell. It also serves as a point of physical contact between a bacterial cell and its host. Hence, the cell envelope of Rhizobium leguminosarum is critical to cell survival under both free-living and symbiotic conditions. Transposon mutagenesis of R. leguminosarum strain 3841 followed by a screen to isolate mutants with defective cell envelopes led to the identification of a novel conserved operon (RL3499-RL3502) consisting of a putative moxR-like AAA(+) ATPase, a hypothetical protein with a domain of unknown function (designated domain of unknown function 58), and two hypothetical transmembrane proteins. Mutation of genes within this operon resulted in increased sensitivity to membrane-disruptive agents such as detergents, hydrophobic antibiotics, and alkaline pH. On minimal media, the mutants retain their rod shape but are roughly 3 times larger than the wild type. On media containing glycine or peptides such as yeast extract, the mutants form large, distorted spheres and are incapable of sustained growth under these culture conditions. Expression of the operon is maximal during the stationary phase of growth and is reduced in a chvG mutant, indicating a role for this sensor kinase in regulation of the operon. Our findings provide the first functional insight into these genes of unknown function, suggesting a possible role in cell envelope development in Rhizobium leguminosarum. Given the broad conservation of these genes among the Alphaproteobacteria, the results of this study may also provide insight into the physiological role of these genes in other Alphaproteobacteria, including the animal pathogen Brucella.
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Pumirat P, Cuccui J, Stabler RA, Stevens JM, Muangsombut V, Singsuksawat E, Stevens MP, Wren BW, Korbsrisate S. Global transcriptional profiling of Burkholderia pseudomallei under salt stress reveals differential effects on the Bsa type III secretion system. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:171. [PMID: 20540813 PMCID: PMC2896371 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis where the highest reported incidence world wide is in the Northeast of Thailand, where saline soil and water are prevalent. Moreover, recent reports indicate a potential pathogenic role for B. pseudomallei in cystic fibrosis lung disease, where an increased sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration in airway surface liquid has been proposed. These observations raise the possibility that high salinity may represent a favorable niche for B. pseudomallei. We therefore investigated the global transcriptional response of B. pseudomallei to increased salinity using microarray analysis. Results Transcriptome analysis of B. pseudomallei under salt stress revealed several genes significantly up-regulated in the presence of 320 mM NaCl including genes associated with the bsa-derived Type III secretion system (T3SS). Microarray data were verified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR). Western blot analysis confirmed the increased expression and secretion of the invasion-associated type III secreted proteins BipD and BopE in B. pseudomallei cultures at 170 and 320 mM NaCl relative to salt-free medium. Furthermore, salt-treated B. pseudomallei exhibited greater invasion efficiency into the lung epithelial cell line A549 in a manner partly dependent on a functional Bsa system. Conclusions B. pseudomallei responds to salt stress by modulating the transcription of a relatively small set of genes, among which is the bsa locus associated with invasion and virulence. Expression and secretion of Bsa-secreted proteins was elevated in the presence of exogenous salt and the invasion efficiency was enhanced. Our data indicate that salinity has the potential to influence the virulence of B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpan Pumirat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Schmid J, Müller-Hagen D, Bekel T, Funk L, Stahl U, Sieber V, Meyer V. Transcriptome sequencing and comparative transcriptome analysis of the scleroglucan producer Sclerotium rolfsii. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:329. [PMID: 20504312 PMCID: PMC2887420 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plant pathogenic basidiomycete Sclerotium rolfsii produces the industrially exploited exopolysaccharide scleroglucan, a polymer that consists of (1 --> 3)-beta-linked glucose with a (1 --> 6)-beta-glycosyl branch on every third unit. Although the physicochemical properties of scleroglucan are well understood, almost nothing is known about the genetics of scleroglucan biosynthesis. Similarly, the biosynthetic pathway of oxalate, the main by-product during scleroglucan production, has not been elucidated yet. In order to provide a basis for genetic and metabolic engineering approaches, we studied scleroglucan and oxalate biosynthesis in S. rolfsii using different transcriptomic approaches. RESULTS Two S. rolfsii transcriptomes obtained from scleroglucan-producing and scleroglucan-nonproducing conditions were pooled and sequenced using the 454 pyrosequencing technique yielding approximately 350,000 reads. These could be assembled into 21,937 contigs and 171,833 singletons, for which 6,951 had significant matches in public protein data bases. Sequence data were used to obtain first insights into the genomics of scleroglucan and oxalate production and to predict putative proteins involved in the synthesis of both metabolites. Using comparative transcriptomics, namely Agilent microarray hybridization and suppression subtractive hybridization, we identified approximately 800 unigenes which are differently expressed under scleroglucan-producing and non-producing conditions. From these, candidate genes were identified which could represent potential leads for targeted modification of the S. rolfsii metabolism for increased scleroglucan yields. CONCLUSIONS The results presented in this paper provide for the first time genomic and transcriptomic data about S. rolfsii and demonstrate the power and usefulness of combined transcriptome sequencing and comparative microarray analysis. The data obtained allowed us to predict the biosynthetic pathways of scleroglucan and oxalate synthesis and to identify important genes putatively involved in determining scleroglucan yields. Moreover, our data establish the first sequence database for S. rolfsii, which allows research into other biological processes of S. rolfsii, such as host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Schmid
- Chair of Chemistry of Biogenic Resources, Straubing Centre of Science, Technische Universität München, Schulgasse 16, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
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Príncipe A, Jofré E, Alvarez F, Mori G. Role of a serine-type D-alanyl-D-alanine carboxypeptidase on the survival of Ochrobactrum sp. 11a under ionic and hyperosmotic stress. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 295:261-73. [PMID: 19646181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium, Ochrobactrum sp. 11a displays a high intrinsic salinity tolerance and has been used in this work to study the molecular basis of bacterial responses to high concentrations of NaCl. A collection of Ochrobactrum sp. 11a mutants was generated by Tn5-B21 mutagenesis and screened for sensitivity to salinity. One clone, designated PBP and unable to grow on glutamate mannitol salt agar medium supplemented with 300 mM NaCl was selected and further characterized. The PBP mutant carries a single transposon insertion in a gene showing a high degree of identity to the serine-type d-alanyl-d-alanine carboxypeptidase gene of Ochrobactrum anthropi. Interestingly, the expression of this gene was shown to be upregulated by salt in the PBP mutant. Moreover, evidence is presented for the requirement of the gene product for adaptation to high-salt conditions as well as to overcome the toxicity of LiCl, KCl, sucrose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), AlCl(3), CuSO(4), and ZnSO(4). In addition to the altered tolerance to both ionic and osmotic stresses, the PBP mutant exhibited changes in colony and cell morphology, exopolysaccharide production, and an increased sensitivity to detergents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Príncipe
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Spaepen S, Das F, Luyten E, Michiels J, Vanderleyden J. Indole-3-acetic acid-regulated genes in Rhizobium etli CNPAF512. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 291:195-200. [PMID: 19087205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the rhizosphere and their interaction with plants rhizobia encounter many different plant compounds, including phytohormones like auxins. Moreover, some rhizobial strains are capable of producing the auxin, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). However, the role of IAA for the bacterial partner in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis is not known. To identify the effect of IAA on rhizobial gene expression, a transposon (mTn5gusA-oriV) mutant library of Rhizobium etli, enriched for mutants that show differential gene expression under microaerobiosis and/or addition of nodule extracts as compared with control conditions, was screened for altered gene expression upon IAA addition. Four genes were found to be regulated by IAA. These genes appear to be involved in plant signal processing, motility or attachment to plant roots, clearly demonstrating a distinct role for IAA in legume-Rhizobium interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Spaepen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics and INPAC, K.U. Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
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Jofré E, Fischer S, Príncipe A, Castro M, Ferrari W, Lagares A, Mori G. Mutation in a D-alanine-D-alanine ligase of Azospirillum brasilense Cd results in an overproduction of exopolysaccharides and a decreased tolerance to saline stress. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 290:236-46. [PMID: 19025567 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Azospirillum are free-living nitrogen-fixing, rhizobacteria that are found in close association with plant roots, where they exert beneficial effects on plant growth and yield in many crops of agronomic importance. Unlike other bacteria, little is known about the genetics and biochemistry of exopolysaccharides in Azospirillum brasilense. In an attempt to characterize genes associated with exopolysaccharides production, we generated an A. brasilense Cd Tn5 mutant that showed exopolysaccharides overproduction, decreased tolerance to saline conditions, altered cell morphology, and increased sensitivity to detergents. Genetic characterization showed that the Tn5 was inserted within a ddlB gene encoding for a d-alanine-d-alanine ligase, and located upstream of the ftsQAZ gene cluster responsible for cell division in different bacteria. Heterologous complementation of the ddlB Tn5 mutant restored the exopolysaccharides production to wild-type levels and the ability to grow in the presence of detergents, but not the morphology and growth characteristics of the wild-type bacteria, suggesting a polar effect of Tn5 on the fts genes. This result and the construction of a nonpolar ddlB mutant provide solid evidence of the presence of transcriptional coupling between a gene associated with peptidoglycan biosynthesis and the fts genes required to control cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Jofré
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
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Mishra MN, Thirunavukkarasu N, Sharma IM, Jagnnadham MV, Tripathi AK. Mutation in a gene encoding anti-Ï factor inA. brasilenseconfers tolerance to elevated temperature, antibacterial peptide and PEG-200 via carotenoid synthesis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 287:221-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Thirunavukkarasu N, Mishra MN, Spaepen S, Vanderleyden J, Gross CA, Tripathi AK. An extra-cytoplasmic function sigma factor and anti-sigma factor control carotenoid biosynthesis in Azospirillum brasilense. Microbiology (Reading) 2008; 154:2096-2105. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2008/016428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mukti Nath Mishra
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Stijn Spaepen
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanderleyden
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Carol A. Gross
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, and Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158-2517, USA
| | - Anil K. Tripathi
- School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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