Expression of OPA1 and Mic60 genes and their association with mitochondrial cristae morphology in Tibetan sheep

OPA1 deficiency induces mitophagy through PINK1/Parkin pathway during bovine oocytes maturation

In vitro embryo production (IVP) technology has been increasingly applied to beef cattle breeding. In vitro maturation (IVM) technology is the basis of IVP. However, the quality of in vitro-generated mature oocytes is still poor. Mitochondria are the energy factories of oocytes, so they are crucial for oocyte quality. OPA1 is a protein located on the mitochondrial inner membrane, and its main function is to mediate mitochondrial inner membrane fusion. This work demonstrated that OPA1 is expressed at different stages of meiosis in bovine oocytes. The inhibition of OPA1 activity resulted in a reduced rate of first polar body excretion from bovine oocytes and disruption of the spindle structure. OPA1 deficiency impacted mitochondria by leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, promoting mitochondrial fission, and inducing mitophagy through the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Taken together, our findings suggest that OPA1 is essential for bovine oocyte maturation and that OPA1 deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and promotes mitochondrial fission as well as mitophagy.

Effect of age on lung adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia in Tibetan sheep

After prolonged adaptation to high-altitude environments, Tibetan sheep have developed a robust capacity to withstand hypobaric hypoxia. Compared to low-altitude sheep, various organs and tissues in Tibetan sheep have undergone significant adaptive remodeling, particularly in the lungs. However, whether lambs and adult Tibetan sheep exhibit similar adaptations to high-altitude hypoxia remains unclear. In this study, we selected six lambs (4 months old) and six adult (3 years old) female Tibetan sheep to assess their blood gas indicators, observe lung microstructures, and measure the expression levels of key proteins in the lungs. The results indicated that adult sheep exhibited higher hemoglobin concentrations and finer, denser pulmonary vasculature, which enhanced their oxygen-carrying capacity and increased the surface area available for blood gas exchange, resulting in improved oxygen transfer capacity. Conversely, lambs demonstrated larger lungs relative to their body weight and greater pulmonary vascular volumes, which increased relative pulmonary ventilation and blood flow, thereby enhancing oxygen uptake. These findings suggested that Tibetan sheep employ different adaptation strategies to high-altitude hypoxia at various life stages.

Variations in HBA gene contribute to high-altitude hypoxia adaptation via affected O2 transfer in Tibetan sheep

Tibetan sheep are indigenous to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Owing to the harsh hypoxic environment in this plateau, the hemoglobin (Hb) protein in Tibetan sheep has undergone adaptive changes over time. Hb is primarily responsible for transporting O2 and CO2 between the lungs and other tissues of the body. The α subunit of Hb, encoded by the HBA gene, is a crucial component of the protein. However, whether variations in the HBA gene sequence affect the adaptation of Tibetan sheep to high-altitude hypoxia remains unclear. In this study, we sequenced the HBA gene and identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These SNPs were genotyped in Tibetan and Hu sheep using Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP). The results showed that the frequencies of the AT genotype and H1H2 haplotype were higher in Tibetan sheep than in Hu sheep. Individuals with the AT genotype exhibited higher P50 levels, whereas those with the H1H2 haplotype exhibited lower PO2 and SaO2 levels. The higher P50 levels indicated that O2 was more readily released from oxygenated Hb into the tissues, with the lower PO2 and SaO2 levels facilitating this process. These findings indicate that variations in the HBA gene sequence contribute to enhancing O2 transfer efficiency in Tibetan sheep.

Physiological and Genetic Basis of High-Altitude Indigenous Animals' Adaptation to Hypoxic Environments

Adaptation is one of the fundamental characteristics of life activities; humans and animals inhabiting high altitudes are well adapted to hypobaric hypoxic environments, and studies on the mechanisms of this adaptation emerged a hundred years ago. Based on these studies, this paper reviews the adaptive changes in hypoxia-sensitive tissues and organs, as well as at the molecular genetic level, such as pulmonary, cardiovascular, O2-consuming tissues, and the hemoglobin and HIF pathway, that occur in animals in response to the challenge of hypobaric hypoxia. High-altitude hypoxia adaptation may be due to the coordinated action of genetic variants in multiple genes and, as a result, adaptive changes in multiple tissues and organs at the physiological and biochemical levels. Unraveling their mechanisms of action can provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of multiple diseases caused by chronic hypoxia.

A conjoint analysis of renal structure and omics characteristics reveal new insight to yak high-altitude hypoxia adaptation

BACKGROUND

Yaks have unique adaptive mechanisms to the hypoxic environment, in which the kidney plays an important role. The aim of this study was to explore the histological changes of yak kidney at different altitudes and the metabolites and genes associated with adaptation to the hypoxic environment.

METHODS

We analyzed the tissue structure and transcriptomic metabolomic data of yak kidney tissue at two altitudes, 2600 and 4400 m. We compared and identified the morphological adaptations of the kidney and the metabolites and genes associated with hypoxia adaptation in yaks. Changes in renal morphological adaptations, differential metabolites and genes were compared and identified, combining the two in a joint analysis.

RESULTS

High-altitude yak kidneys showed significant adaptive changes: increased mitochondria, increased glomerular thylakoid area, and decreased localized ribosomes. Transcriptomics and metabolomics identified 69 DAMs (Differential metabolites) and 594 DEGs (differential genes). Functional enrichment analysis showed that the DAMs were associated with protein digestion and absorption, ABC transporter, and MTOR signaling pathway; the DEGs were significantly enriched in Cholesterol metabolism and P53 signaling pathway. The joint analysis indicated that metabolites such as lysine and arginine, as well as key genes such as ABCB5 and COL1A2, were particularly affected under hypoxic conditions, whereas changes in mitochondria in the tissue structure may be related to the expression of MFN1 and OPA1, and changes in glomerular thylakoid membranes are related to VEGFA and TGFB3.

CONCLUSION

The kidney regulates metabolites and gene expression related to hormone synthesis, protein metabolism, and angiogenesis by adjusting the mitochondrial and glomerular thylakoid membrane structure to support the survival of yaks in high-altitude environments.

Putative climate adaptation in American pikas (Ochotona princeps) is associated with copy number variation across environmental gradients

Improved understanding of the genetic basis of adaptation to climate change is necessary for maintaining global biodiversity moving forward. Studies to date have largely focused on sequence variation, yet there is growing evidence that suggests that changes in genome structure may be an even more significant source of adaptive potential. The American pika (Ochotona princeps) is an alpine specialist that shows some evidence of adaptation to climate along elevational gradients, but previous work has been limited to single nucleotide polymorphism based analyses within a fraction of the species range. Here, we investigated the role of copy number variation underlying patterns of local adaptation in the American pika using genome-wide data previously collected across the entire species range. We identified 37-193 putative copy number variants (CNVs) associated with environmental variation (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation) within each of the six major American pika lineages, with patterns of divergence largely following elevational and latitudinal gradients. Genes associated (n = 158) with independent annotations across lineages, variables, and/or CNVs had functions related to mitochondrial structure/function, immune response, hypoxia, olfaction, and DNA repair. Some of these genes have been previously linked to putative high elevation and/or climate adaptation in other species, suggesting they may serve as important targets in future studies.

LncRNA and Protein Expression Profiles Reveal Heart Adaptation to High-Altitude Hypoxia in Tibetan Sheep

The Tibetan sheep has an intricate mechanism of adaptation to low oxygen levels, which is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The heart plays a crucial role in the adaptation of Tibetan sheep to hypoxia. In the present study, we utilized transcriptomic and proteomic technologies to comprehensively analyze and identify the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), genes, proteins, pathways, and gene ontology (GO) terms associated with hypoxic adaptation in Tibetan sheep at three different altitudes (2500 m, 3500 m, and 4500 m). By integrating the differentially expressed (DE) lncRNA target genes, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we were able to identify and characterize the mechanisms underlying hypoxic adaptation in Tibetan sheep. Through this integration, we identified 41 shared genes/proteins, and functional enrichment analyses revealed their close association with lipid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and angiogenesis. Additionally, significant enrichment was observed in important pathways such as the PPAR signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, the oxoacid metabolic process, and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the co-expression network of lncRNAs and mRNAs demonstrated that lncRNAs (MSTRG.4748.1, ENSOART00020025894, and ENSOART00020036371) may play a pivotal role in the adaptation of Tibetan sheep to the hypoxic conditions of the plateau. In conclusion, this study expands the existing database of lncRNAs and proteins in Tibetan sheep, and these findings may serve as a reference for the prevention of altitude sickness in humans.

Complete mitochondrial genomes reveal the phylogenetic relationships of Duoma with eight representative sheep breeds and two ovis species

The Ovis aries Duoma breed is one of the most important alpine grassland-type sheep breeds in China. In this current study, we first reported the complete mitochondrial genome of Duoma sheep. Mitochondrial genome is 16,618 bp in length and exhibits the same typical structure as the other published sheep breeds. The genome contains 37 genes (22 tRNA, two rRNA, and 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs)) and a control region (D-loop region). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the Duoma sheep breed is closer to Ganjia sheep. Our findings will help the further evolution and conservation studies of Duoma sheep.

Physiology and Proteomic Basis of Lung Adaptation to High-Altitude Hypoxia in Tibetan Sheep

Simple Summary

As an indigenous animal living in the Tibetan plateau, the Tibetan sheep is well adapted to high-altitude hypoxia, and the lungs play an important role in overcoming the hypoxic environment. To reveal the physiological and proteomic basis of Tibetan sheep lungs during their adaptation to hypoxia, we studied the lungs of Tibetan sheep at different altitudes using light and electron microscopy and proteome sequencing. The results showed that in the lungs of Tibetan sheep occurred a series of physiological changes with increasing altitude, and some important proteins and pathways identified by proteome sequencing further support these physiology findings. These changes at the physiological and molecular levels may facilitate the adaptation of Tibetan sheep to high-altitude hypoxia. In conclusion, these findings may provide a reference for the prevention of altitude sickness in humans.

Abstract

The Tibetan sheep is an indigenous animal of the Tibetan plateau, and after a long period of adaptation have adapted to high-altitude hypoxia. Many physiological changes occur in Tibetan sheep as they adapt to high-altitude hypoxia, especially in the lungs. To reveal the physiological changes and their molecular mechanisms in the lungs of Tibetan sheep during adaptation to high altitudes, we selected Tibetan sheep from three altitudes (2500 m, 3500 m, and 4500 m) and measured blood-gas indicators, observed lung structures, and compared lung proteome changes. The results showed that the Tibetan sheep increased their O₂-carrying capacity by increasing the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and Hematocrit (Hct) at an altitude of 3500 m. While at altitude of 4500 m, Tibetan sheep decreased their Hb concentration and Hct to avoid pulmonary hypertension and increased the efficiency of air-blood exchange and O₂ transfer by increasing the surface area of gas exchange and half-saturation oxygen partial pressure. Besides these, some important proteins and pathways related to gas transport, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis identified by proteome sequencing further support these physiology findings, including HBB, PRDX2, GPX1, GSTA1, COL14A1, and LTBP4, etc. In conclusion, the lungs of Tibetan sheep are adapted to different altitudes by different strategies; these findings are valuable for understanding the basis of hypoxic adaptation in Tibetan sheep.

Identification of selection signatures in Iranian dromedary and Bactrian camels using whole genome sequencing data

The Old World camels play an important role as one of the main food sources in large parts of Asia and Africa. Natural selection combined with artificial selection by human has affected parts of the domestic animal genome for adapting them to their habitats and meeting human needs. Here, we used whole genome sequencing data of 34 camels (including 14 dromedaries and 20 Bactrian camels) to identify the genomic signature of selection in the Iranian dromedary (ID) and Bactrian camels (IB). To detect the mentioned regions, we used two methods including population differentiation index (Fst) and cross-population extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) with 50 kb sliding window and 25 kb step size. Based on gene ontology analysis on the candidate genes identified for IB camels, we found GO terms associated with lung development, nervous system development, immune system and behavior. Also, we identified several genes related to body thermoregulation (ZNF516), meat quality (ANK1 and HSPA13), and high-altitude adaptation (OPA1) for IB camels. In the list of detected candidate genes under selection in ID camels, the genes related to energy metabolism (BDH1), reproduction (DLG1, IMMP2L and FRASI), long-term memory (GRIA1), kidney (SLC12A1), lung development (EMILIN2 and FBN1) and immunity (SOCS2, JAK1, NRROS and SENP1) were found. Our findings, along with further studies in this field, will strengthen our knowledge about the effect of selection on the camelid genome under different geographical, climatic and even cultural conditions.

Physiology and Transcriptomics Analysis Reveal the Contribution of Lungs on High-Altitude Hypoxia Adaptation in Tibetan Sheep

The Tibetan sheep is an indigenous species on the Tibetan plateau with excellent adaptability to high-altitude hypoxia and is distributed at altitudes of 2500–5000 m. The high-altitude hypoxia adaptation of Tibetan sheep requires adaptive reshaping of multiple tissues and organs, especially the lungs. To reveal the mechanisms of adaptation at the tissue and molecular levels in the lungs of Tibetan sheep under hypoxic conditions at different altitudes, we performed light and electron microscopic observations, transcriptomic sequencing, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay studies on the lungs of Tibetan sheep from three altitudes (2500, 3500, and 4500 m). The results showed that in addition to continuous increase in pulmonary artery volume, thickness, and elastic fiber content with altitude, Tibetan sheep increase the hemoglobin concentration at an altitude of 3500 m, while they decrease the Hb concentration and increase the surface area of gas exchange and capacity of the blood at an altitude of 4500 m. Other than that, some important differentially expressed genes related to angiogenesis (FNDC1, HPSE, and E2F8), vasomotion and fibrogenesis (GJA4, FAP, COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, and COL14A1), and gas transport (HBB, HBA1, APOLD1, and CHL1) were also identified; these discoveries at the molecular level explain to some extent the physiological findings. In conclusion, the lungs of Tibetan sheep adopt different strategies when adapting to different altitudes, and these findings are valuable for understanding the basis of survival of indigenous species on the Tibetan plateau.

Changes in the Mitochondrial Dynamics and Functions Together with the mRNA/miRNA Network in the Heart Tissue Contribute to Hypoxia Adaptation in Tibetan Sheep

This study aimed to provide insights into molecular regulation and mitochondrial functionality under hypoxia by exploring the mechanism of adaptation to hypoxia, blood indexes, tissue morphology, mRNA/miRNA regulation, mitochondrial dynamics, and functional changes in Tibetan sheep raised at different altitudes. With regard to blood indexes and myocardial morphology, the HGB, HCT, CK, CK-MB, LDH, LDH1, SOD, GPX, LDL level, and myocardial capillary density were significantly increased in the sheep at higher altitudes (p < 0.05). The RNA-seq results suggested the DEmRNAs and DEmiRNAs are mainly associated with the PI3K-Akt, Wnt, and PPAR signaling pathways and with an upregulation of oncogenes (CCKBR, GSTT1, ARID5B) and tumor suppressor factors (TPT1, EXTL1, ITPRIP) to enhance the cellular metabolism and increased ATP production. Analyzing mRNA−miRNA coregulation indicated the mitochondrial dynamics and functions to be significantly enriched. By analyzing mitochondrial dynamics, mitochondrial fusion was shown to be significantly increased and fission significantly decreased in the heart with increasing altitude (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the density of the mitochondria, and a significant decrease in the average area, aspect ratio, number, and width of single mitochondrial cristae with increasing altitudes (p < 0.05). There was a significant increase in the NADH, NAD+ and ATP content, NADH/NAD+ ratio, and CO activity, while there was a significant decrease in SDH and CA activity in various tissues with increasing altitudes (p < 0.05). Accordingly, changes in the blood indexes and myocardial morphology of the Tibetan sheep were found to improve the efficiency of hemoglobin-carrying oxygen and reduce oxidative stress. The high expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor factors might facilitate cell division and energy exchange, as was evident from enhanced mitochondrial fission and OXPHOS expression; however, it reduced the fusion and TCA cycle for the further rapid production of ATP in adaptation to hypoxia stress. This systematic study has for the first time delineated the mechanism of hypoxia adaptation in the heart of Tibetan sheep, which is significant for improving the ability of the mammals to adapt to hypoxia and for studying the dynamic regulation of mitochondria during hypoxia conditions.

Variations in HIF-1α Contributed to High Altitude Hypoxia Adaptation via Affected Oxygen Metabolism in Tibetan Sheep

Simple Summary

Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) play an important role in the adaptation of animals to high-altitude hypoxia. In high-altitude indigenous species, variation in the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) gene has been reported in Tibetans, yaks and Tibetan horses, but has not been investigated in Tibetan sheep, and is not known if it might affect high-altitude hypoxia adaptation in these sheep. In this study, Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) was used for genotyping of ovine HIF-1α and investigated the effect of variation in HIF-1α on the high-altitude hypoxia adaptation of Tibetan sheep. The results suggest that ovine HIF-1α variants may promote the ability of oxygen utilization in Tibetan sheep and it may serve as a genetic marker for improving high-altitude hypoxia adaptability.

Abstract

The Tibetan sheep is an indigenous species of the Tibetan plateau and has been well adapted to high-altitude hypoxia. In comparison to lowland sheep breeds, the blood gas indicators have changed and the HIFs signaling pathway is activated in Tibetan sheep. These phenotypic and genetic alterations in Tibetan sheep are thought to be an important basis for adaptation to high-altitude hypoxia and variation in genes encoding the subunits that make up HIFs, such as HIF-1α can affect blood gas indicators. In this study, exons 9, 10, 12 of the HIF-1α gene were sequenced to find variations and 3 SNPs were detected, and these 3 SNPs were genotyped by KASP in 341 Hu sheep and 391 Tibetan sheep. In addition, 197 Hu sheep, 160 Tibetan sheep and 12 Gansu alpine merino sheep were used for blood gas indicators analysis. The results showed significant differences between the blood gas indicators of high-altitude breeds (Tibetan sheep and Gansu alpine merino sheep) and low-altitude breeds (Hu sheep), implying that the differences in blood gas indicators are mainly caused by differences in altitude. The haplotype combinations H2H3 and H1H3 were more frequent in the Tibetan sheep population, H2H3 increases O₂ carrying capacity by increasing hematocrit and hemoglobin concentrations; H1H3 makes O₂ dissociate more readily from oxyhemoglobin by decreasing partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation. These results suggest that variants at the HIF-1α promote the ability of oxygen utilization in Tibetan sheep, which may underpin the survival and reproduction of Tibetan sheep on the Tibetan plateau.

Whole genome sequencing reveals a complex introgression history and the basis of adaptation to subarctic climate in wild sheep

To predict species responses to anthropogenic disturbances and climate change, it is reasonable to use species with high sensitivity to such factors. Snow sheep (Ovis nivicola) could represent a good candidate for this; as the only large herbivore species adapted to the cold and alpine habitats of northeastern Siberia, it plays a crucial role in its ecosystem. Despite having an extensive geographical distribution among all ovine species, it is one of the least studied. In this study, we sequenced and analysed six genomes of snow sheep in combination with all other wild sheep species to infer key aspects of their evolutionary history and unveil the genetic basis of their adaptation to subarctic environments. Despite their large census population size, snow sheep genomes showed remarkably low heterozygosity, which could reflect the effect of isolation and historical bottlenecks that we inferred using the pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent and runs of homozygosity. F₄ -statistics indicated instances of introgression involving snow sheep with argali (Ovis ammon) and Dall (Ovis dalli) sheep, suggesting that these species might have been more widespread during the Pleistocene. Furthermore, the introgressed segments, which were identified using mainly minimum relative node depth, covered genes associated with immunity, adipogenesis and morphology-related traits, representing potential targets of adaptive introgression. Genes related to mitochondrial functions and thermogenesis associated with adipose tissue were identified to be under selection. Overall, our data suggest introgression as a mechanism facilitating adaptation in wild sheep species and provide insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying cold adaptation in snow sheep.

Role of AURKA in the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis in Tibetan sheep from Tianzhu

The mitosis-associated protein aurora kinase A (AURKA) regulates the maturation of germ cells. We have previously reported using transcriptome analysis that AURKA is expressed in yak testes. Although Tibetan sheep possess an immense economic value, their reproductive rate is low. Herein, the expression and functions of AURKA in the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis in Tibetan sheep from Tianzhu were investigated. The cDNA sequence of sheep AURKA was cloned and bioinformatics techniques were used to predict its structure. Tissue expression of AURKA was determined by qPCR, immunoblotting, immunostaining, and immunohistochemistry. The AURKA coding sequence was found to be 1218 bp in length, encoding a 405-amino acid polypeptide chain. Furthermore, the highest sequence similarity of AURKA with the corresponding sequence in other species was seen in goat and cattle; the least degree of similarity was seen in the domestic cat. In addition, AURKA expression was elevated in the testes compared to that in the hypothalamus and pituitary (p < 0.01). Moreover, AURKA was mainly localized in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (magnocellular), chromophobe cells of the pituitary, and spermatogenic cells of the testis. These results indicated that AURKA might participate in sheep reproductive regulation, thus providing a reference for the study of AURKA function in the reproductive process of Tibetan sheep from Tianzhu.

Distinct expression and localization patterns of HSP70 in developmental reproductive organs of rams

Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) has been widely reported to play a vital role in maintaining intracellular homeostasis, mainly through cellular protection and immune regulation. The expression and function of HSP70 can vary depending upon species and age. To explore the expression signatures and regulatory functions of HSP70 in the reproductive organs of male sheep, we evaluated the expression and distribution patterns of HSP70 in the testes and epididymides (caput, corpus, and cauda) of Tibetan sheep at three developmental stages (i.e., 3 months, 1 year and 3 years after birth) by qRT-PCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence. HSP70 was found to be expressed in testes, caput, corpus, and cauda epididymides throughout the developmental stages but is mainly expressed postpuberty (1 year and 3 years old). Immunofluorescence results revealed that in the testes, a positive reaction for HSP70 protein was mainly seen in round spermatids and luminal sperms from the groups aged 1 year and 3 years. In caput epididymides, the positive signals for HSP70 protein was notably observed in sperm and principal cells of the epididymal epithelium from the groups aged 1 year and 3 years, and positive signals in the epididymal interstitium were found in all three age groups. In corpus and cauda epididymides, HSP70 protein was present in the epididymal epithelium and interstitium, and the positive signals gradually increased with age. In conclusion, these findings suggest that Tibetan sheep HSP70 may play a crucial role in further development and maturation of postmeiotic germ cells and participate in regulation of intraepididymal homeostasis maintenance in Tibetan sheep.

Characterization of GLOD4 in Leydig Cells of Tibetan Sheep During Different Stages of Maturity

We have previously reported that glyoxalase domain-containing protein 4 (GLOD4) is expressed in sheep testes by proteome analysis, but its roles during testicular development remain unclear. The aim of this study was to understand the expression characteristics and biological functions of the GLOD4 gene in developmental Tibetan sheep testes. The cDNA sequence of the Tibetan sheep GLOD4 gene was cloned by the RT-PCR method, and the structural characteristics of the GLOD4 protein were analyzed using relevant bioinformatics software, including ProtParam, TMHMM, Signal P 4.1, SOPMA, and phyre2. The expression patterns and immunolocalization of GLOD4 were examined in developmental testes derived from three-month-old (3M), one-year-old (1Y), and three-year-old (3Y) Tibetan sheep using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence staining. The sequence analysis showed that the coding sequence (CDS) region of the GLOD4 gene was 729 bp in length and encoded 242 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis found that the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of Tibetan sheep GLOD4 exhibited the highest sequence similarity with goat and chiru, and the least with zig-zag eel, of the species compared. GLOD4 expressions at both the mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in the testes of the 1Y and 3Y groups than those in the 3M group (p < 0.01). Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence results indicated that the GLOD4 protein was mainly localized in the cytoplasm of Leydig cells from Tibetan sheep testes throughout the development stages. These results taken together suggest that the GLOD4 gene may be implicated in the development of the Leydig cells of Tibetan sheep during different stages of maturity.