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Lee JC. Flourishing with sugars - following the fate of parasitoids in the field. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 61:101158. [PMID: 38184071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
When flowers, plants bearing extrafloral nectaries, or sugar sprays are added to agroecosystems, parasitoids are expected to feed, thereby improving biological control. This paper reviews studies where sugar-feeding of field-collected parasitoids were monitored via biochemical assays. When examined, trends in parasitoid abundance, energetic reserves, longevity, and per capita fecundity are also followed. Starved parasitoids readily feed on sugar sources in the field, and more individuals collected near sugar sources are categorized as 'fed' when sugar is otherwise limited in the agroecosystem. When sugar is not limited (i.e. honeydew prevalent), trends are not as clear. Some studies show improved fecundity and parasitism, while other studies show inconsistent trends between parasitoid feeding, abundance, longevity, and parasitism, with some responses improved but not others. Future research could address the dispersal or resting behavior of wasps following feeding since it can influence eventual biological control, and consider whether field sampling methods might over-/underestimate feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana C Lee
- Horticultural Crops Disease and Pest Management Research Unit, USDA - ARS, 3420 NW Orchard Ave., Corvallis, OR 97330, USA.
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2
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Plata Á, Gómez-Martínez MA, Beitia FJ, Tena A. Exclusion of Mediterranean ant species enhances biological control of the invasive mealybug Delottococcus aberiae in citrus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:2056-2065. [PMID: 36693817 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delottococcus aberiae is an invasive mealybug that produces severe damage in Spanish citrus. This mealybug has established a mutualistic relationship with native Mediterranean ant species that may limit biological control of this pest. Herein, we evaluated the effect of tending ants on the biological control of D. aberiae. To do this, we compared: (i) the density of D. aberiae, (ii) the density of its natural enemies, and (iii) the damage produced by the mealybug in trees with (control) and without ants (ants excluded with sticky barriers) in two citrus orchards across two consecutive years. RESULTS Lasius grandis was the most abundant ant species in both orchards and represented more than 95% of the ants tending D. aberiae in control trees. Spiders and lacewings were the most abundant predators observed in mealybug colonies, and the exclusion of mutualistic ants increased their abundance. Moreover, in control trees, ant activity throughout the year was negatively correlated with the relative abundance of predators (number of predators per mealybug). No parasitoids were recovered during field experiments. Ant exclusion reduced the density of D. aberiae and the ratio of damaged fruit at harvest across years and orchards. CONCLUSIONS This work corroborates the previous finding that D. aberiae benefits from its mutualistic relationship with L. grandis, probably because the presence of ants reduced the abundance of generalist predators. This mutualism can be disrupted using physical barriers on on the trunk. Further research should assess other methods of ant control that are more economic and feasible for citrus producers. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Plata
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - María A Gómez-Martínez
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Beitia
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Tena
- Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Moncada, Spain
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3
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Wilson CJ, Frank SD. Scale Insects Support Natural Enemies in Both Landscape Trees and Shrubs Below Them. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:1094-1105. [PMID: 36259264 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Scale insects are frequently abundant on urban trees. Although scales can worsen tree condition, some tree species tolerate moderate scale densities. Scales are prey for many natural enemies. Therefore, scale-infested trees may conserve natural enemies in their canopies and in nearby plants. We examined if scale-infested oaks-Quercus phellos L.-hosted more natural enemies than scale-uninfested oaks-Q. acutissima Carruth. and Q. lyrata Walter in Raleigh, NC. USA. We also tested if natural enemies were more abundant in holly shrubs (Ilex spp.) planted below scale-infested compared to scale-uninfested oaks. We collected natural enemies from the canopies of both tree types and from holly shrubs planted below these trees. To determine if tree type affected the abundance of natural enemies that passively dispersed to shrubs, we created hanging cup traps to collect arthropods as they fell from trees. To determine if natural enemies became more abundant on shrubs below scale-infested compared to scale-uninfested trees over short time scales, we collected natural enemies from holly shrubs below each tree type at three to six-day intervals. Scale-infested trees hosted more natural enemies than scale-uninfested trees and shrubs below scale-infested trees hosted more natural enemies than shrubs under scale-uninfested trees. Natural enemy abundance in hanging cup traps did not differ by tree type; however, shrubs underneath scale-infested trees accumulated more natural enemies than shrubs under scale-uninfested trees in six to nine days. Tolerating moderate pest densities in urban trees may support natural enemy communities, and thus biological control services, in shrubs below them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Wilson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Steven D Frank
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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4
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Tena A, Bouvet JPR, Abram PK. Resting ecology of parasitoids in the field: safe in a bed and breakfast? Anim Behav 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2022.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Zelus renardii Roaming in Southern Italy. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020158. [PMID: 35206731 PMCID: PMC8878308 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The leafhopper assassin bug Zelus renardii (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) first entered Europe in 2012 and has since acclimatised. Z. renardii is now a common insect predator in agroecosystems and urban and peri-urban areas. We performed a metadata analysis of 165 years of Z. renardii literature. Moreover, we provide laboratory tests of Z. renardii predation. The latter indicates Z. renardii interplay with relevant insect targets, such as Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenuscampestris, Bactrocera oleae, Kermes vermilio, Nidularia pulvinata, Harmonia axyridis, Apis mellifera, Aleurocanthus spiniferus, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Macrohomotoma gladiata, Drosophila suzukii, Drosophila melanogaster, Megaselia scalaris, Pseudococcidae, Miridae, and Issidae. Furthermore, predation on Aphrophoridae and other olive pests brands Z. renardii as a good mass-rearing candidate for inundative biocontrol programs of Xylella fastidiosa pauca ST53 infections and could also reduce damage caused by other olive pests. Overall, this reduviid is harmless to humans and beneficial insects. Abstract This study collects data from the literature and updates our Zelus renardii Kolenati, 1856 (Leafhopper Assassin Bug, LAB) prey knowledge. The literature consists of ca. 170 entries encompassing the years 1856 to 2021. This reduviid originated in the Nearctic region, but has entered and acclimatised in many Mediterranean countries. Our quantitative predation experiments—in the laboratory on caged plants plus field or environmental observations—confirm that LAB prefers a selected array of prey. Laboratory predation tests on living targets (Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera) agree with the literature. Zelus renardii prefers comparatively large, highly mobile, and readily available prey. LAB preferences on available hemipterans targets suggest that Zelus renardii is a good inundative biocontrol agent for Xylella fastidiosapauca ST53 infections. LAB also prey on other important olive pests, such as Bactrocera oleae. Therefore, Zelus renardii is a major integrated pest management (IPM) component to limit Xylella fastidiosa pandemics and other pest invasions.
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Richards RL, Drake JM, Ezenwa VO. Do predators keep prey healthy or make them sicker? A meta-analysis. Ecol Lett 2021; 25:278-294. [PMID: 34738700 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ecological theory suggests that predators can either keep prey populations healthy by reducing parasite burdens or alternatively, increase parasitism in prey. To quantify the overall magnitude and direction of the effect of predation on parasitism in prey observed in practice, we conducted a meta-analysis of 47 empirical studies. We also examined how study attributes, including parasite type and life cycle, habitat type, study design, and whether predators were able to directly consume prey contributed to variation in the predator-prey-parasite interaction. We found that the overall effect of predation on parasitism differed between parasites and parasitoids and that whether consumptive effects were present, and whether a predator was a non-host spreader of parasites, were the most important traits predicting the parasite response. Our results suggest that the mechanistic basis of predator-prey interactions strongly influences the effects of predators on parasites and that these effects, although context dependent, are predictable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Richards
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - John M Drake
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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7
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Gardarin A, Pigot J, Valantin-Morison M. The hump-shaped effect of plant functional diversity on the biological control of a multi-species pest community. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21635. [PMID: 34737375 PMCID: PMC8568967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01160-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant taxonomic and functional diversity promotes interactions at higher trophic levels, but the contribution of functional diversity effects to multitrophic interactions and ecosystem functioning remains unclear. We investigated this relationship in a factorial field experiment comparing the effect of contrasting plant communities on parasitism rates in five herbivore species. We used a mechanistic trait-matching approach between plant and parasitoids to determine the amount of nectar available and accessible to parasitoids. This trait-matching approach best explained the rates of parasitism of each herbivorous species, confirming the predominant role of mass-ratio effects. We found evidence for an effect of functional diversity only in analyses considering the ability of plant communities to support the parasitism of all herbivores simultaneously. Multi-species parasitism was maximal at intermediate levels of functional diversity. Plant specific richness had a negligible influence relative to functional metrics. Plant communities providing large amounts of accessible nectar and with intermediate levels of functional diversity were found to be the most likely to enhance the conservation biological control of diverse crop herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gardarin
- UMR Agronomie, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78 850, Thiverval-Grignon, France.
| | - Justine Pigot
- UMR Agronomie, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78 850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Muriel Valantin-Morison
- UMR Agronomie, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78 850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Miranda de Sousa MDS, de Deus E, Lima AL, Ramos de Jesus C, Vilar da Costa Neto S, do Nascimento Lemos L, Mendes Malhado AC, Ladle RJ, Adaime R. Spondias mombin as a reservoir of fruit fly parasitoid populations in the Eastern Amazon: an undervalued ecosystem service. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11530. [PMID: 34141484 PMCID: PMC8183428 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit flies are economically important pests that infest a wide variety of host trees. The environmental damage caused by traditional pesticide-based control methods has prompted scientists to seek less damaging alternatives such as biological control by native species. Parasitoids, especially Braconidae species, have excellent potential as biological control agents for fruit flies, being both generalists and well distributed geographically. Native fruit trees that support medium or high levels of these parasitoids could therefore play an important role in biological control strategies. A good potential example is Spondias mombin L. in the Brazilian Amazon, which hosts several species of fruit flies and associated parasitoids. Here, we provide a unique synthesis of over nearly two decades of data from the east Amazon, clearly demonstrating the potential of S. mombin to act as a source and reservoir of fruit fly parasitoids. This important ecosystem service (biological control) provided by the parasitoids and supported by S. mombin could be further enhanced through conservation of this plant species in its natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard J Ladle
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.,Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Adaime
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil.,Embrapa Amapá, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
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Mouratidis A, Vacas S, Herrero J, Navarro-Llopis V, Dicke M, Tena A. Parasitic wasps avoid ant-protected hemipteran hosts via the detection of ant cuticular hydrocarbons. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20201684. [PMID: 33402070 PMCID: PMC7892424 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most studied and best-known mutualistic relationships between insects is that between ants and phloem-feeding insects. Ants feed on honeydew excreted by phloem-feeding insects and, in exchange, attack the phloem feeders' natural enemies, including parasitic wasps. However, parasitic wasps are under selection to exploit information on hazards and avoid them. Here, we tested whether parasitic wasps detect the previous presence of ants attending colonies of phloem feeders. Behavioural assays demonstrate that wasps left colonies previously attended by ants more frequently than control colonies. This behaviour has a potential cost for the parasitic wasp as females inserted their ovipositor in fewer hosts per colony. In a further bioassay, wasps spent less time on papers impregnated with extracts of the ant cues than on control papers. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analyses demonstrated that ants left a blend of cuticular hydrocarbons when they attended colonies of phloem feeders. These cuticular hydrocarbons are deposited passively when ants search for food. Overall, these results suggest, for the first time, that parasitic wasps of honeydew producers detect the previous presence of mutualistic ants through contact infochemicals. We anticipate such interactions to be widespread and to have implications in numerous ecosystems, as phloem feeders are usually tended by ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Mouratidis
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Plant Protection and Biotechnology Research Center, Moncada, Spain.,Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Vacas
- Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola, Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Julieta Herrero
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Plant Protection and Biotechnology Research Center, Moncada, Spain
| | - Vicente Navarro-Llopis
- Centro de Ecología Química Agrícola, Instituto Agroforestal del Mediterráneo, Universitat Politècnica de València, València, Spain
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Wageningen University, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Tena
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Plant Protection and Biotechnology Research Center, Moncada, Spain
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How Effective Is Conservation Biological Control in Regulating Insect Pest Populations in Organic Crop Production Systems? INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11110744. [PMID: 33138249 PMCID: PMC7692856 DOI: 10.3390/insects11110744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Organic crop production systems typically rely on conservation biological control to increase and sustain natural enemies including parasitoids and predators that will regulate insect pest populations below damaging levels. The use of flowering plants or floral resources to attract and retain natural enemies in organic crop production systems has not been consistent, based on the scientific literature, and most importantly, many studies do not correlate an increase in natural enemies with a reduction in plant damage. This may be associated with the effects of intraguild predation or the negative effects that can occur when multiple natural enemies are present in an ecosystem. Consequently, although incorporating flowering plants into organic crop production systems may increase the natural enemy assemblages, more robust scientific studies are warranted to determine the actual effects of natural enemies in reducing plant damage associated with insect pest populations. Abstract Organic crop production systems are designed to enhance or preserve the presence of natural enemies, including parasitoids and predators, by means of conservation biological control, which involves providing environments and habitats that sustain natural enemy assemblages. Conservation biological control can be accomplished by providing flowering plants (floral resources) that will attract and retain natural enemies. Natural enemies, in turn, will regulate existing insect pest populations to levels that minimize plant damage. However, evidence is not consistent, based on the scientific literature, that providing natural enemies with flowering plants will result in an abundance of natural enemies sufficient to regulate insect pest populations below economically damaging levels. The reason that conservation biological control has not been found to sufficiently regulate insect pest populations in organic crop production systems across the scientific literature is associated with complex interactions related to intraguild predation, the emission of plant volatiles, weed diversity, and climate and ecosystem resources across locations where studies have been conducted.
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Density-dependent lifespan and estimation of life expectancy for a parasitoid with implications for population dynamics. Oecologia 2020; 194:311-320. [PMID: 32676819 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04709-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Parasitoid lifespan is influenced by nutrient availability, thus the lifespan of parasitoids that rely on their hosts for nutritional resources (either via host feeding or by consuming honeydew) should vary with host density. We assessed the survival and reproduction of one such species, Aphelinus certus-a parasitoid of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines-over a range of host densities using a laboratory assay. We found a positive, asymptotic relationship between host density and the lifespan and fecundity of A. certus that was supported by a traditional survivorship analysis as well as a logistic model. Parasitoids from this assay were also used to develop a wing wear index relating setae damage to parasitoid age. This index was used to estimate the life expectancy of field-collected parasitoids, which was shorter than the life expectancy of laboratory-reared female parasitoids. Finally, host-density-dependent parasitoid lifespan was incorporated into a coupled-equations matrix population model that revealed that decreasing the degree of host density dependence leads to higher equilibrium host densities and changes in the quality of equilibrium (e.g. stable limit cycles). These results detail the relatively unstudied phenomenon of host-density-dependent parasitoid lifespan and suggest that differences between laboratory- and field-determined parasitoid life expectancy have important implications for population dynamics and the biological control of insects.
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12
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Yang T, Liu J, Chen J. Compared with conventional PCR assay, qPCR assay greatly improves the detection efficiency of predation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7713-7722. [PMID: 32760558 PMCID: PMC7391540 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of predation can contribute greatly to understanding predator-prey relationships and can also provide integral knowledge concerning food webs and multi-trophic level interactions. Both conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) have been employed to detect predation in the field because of their sensitivity and reproducibility. However, to date, few studies have been used to comprehensively demonstrate which method is more sensitive and reproducible in studies of predation. We used a Drosophila melanogaster-specific DNA fragment (99 bp) to construct a tenfold gradient dilution of standards. Additionally, we obtained DNA samples from Pardosa pseudoannulata individuals that fed on D. melanogaster at various time since feeding. Finally, we compared the sensitivity and reproducibility between cPCR and qPCR assays for detecting DNA samples from feeding trials and standards. The results showed that the cPCR and qPCR assays could detect as few as 1.62 × 103 and 1.62 × 101 copies of the target DNA fragment, respectively. The cPCR assay could detect as few as 48 hr post-feeding of the target DNA fragment. But the qPCR assay showed that all spiders were positive after consuming prey at various time intervals (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hr). A smaller proportion of the technical replicates were positive using cPCR, and some bands on the agarose gel were absent or gray, while some were white and bright for the same DNA samples after amplification by cPCR. By contrast, a larger proportion of the technical replicates were positive using qPCR and the coefficients of variation of the Ct value for the three technical replicates of each DNA sample were less than 5%. These data showed that qPCR was more sensitive and highly reproducible in detecting such degraded DNA from predator's gut. The present study provides an example of the use of cPCR and qPCR to detect the target DNA fragment of prey remains in predator's gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting‐bang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education)Institute of EcologyChina West Normal UniversityNanchongChina
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jie Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
- School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & BiologyHubei University of Science and TechnologyXianningChina
| | - Jian Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering of ChinaSchool of Life SciencesHubei UniversityWuhanChina
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13
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Alvarez-Baca JK, Alfaro-Tapia A, Lavandero B, Le Lann C, Van Baaren J. Suitability and Profitability of a Cereal Aphid for the Parasitoid Aphidius platensis in the Context of Conservation Biological Control of Myzus persicae in Orchards. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11060381. [PMID: 32575581 PMCID: PMC7349642 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of cover crops can promote the abundance and early arrival of populations of natural enemies. Cereal cover crops between orchards rows could encourage the early arrival of the parasitoid Aphidius platensis, as they offer alternative winter hosts (e.g., Rhopalosiphum padi), enhancing the control of Myzus persicae in spring. However, the preference for and suitability of the alternative host must be addressed beforehand. To evaluate the potential of this strategy, we assessed host preference using behavioural choice tests, as well as no-choice tests measuring fitness traits, when developing on both host species. One source field for each aphid population from the above hosts was chosen. There was a clear choice for R. padi compared to M persicae, independently of the source, probably due to more defensive behaviours of M. persicae (i.e., kicks and escapes). Nevertheless, both aphid species were suitable for parasitoids’ development. The female progeny developed on R. padi were larger in size, irrespective of their origin. According to our results, in peach orchards with cereals sown between peach trees during the autumn, where we expect when R. padi populations will no longer be available during spring, A. platensis should be able to switch to M. persicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer K. Alvarez-Baca
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (J.K.A.-B.); (A.A.-T.)
- UMR 6553 Ecobio, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; (C.L.L.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Armando Alfaro-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (J.K.A.-B.); (A.A.-T.)
- UMR 6553 Ecobio, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; (C.L.L.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Control Biológico, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile; (J.K.A.-B.); (A.A.-T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-71-2200271
| | - Cécile Le Lann
- UMR 6553 Ecobio, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; (C.L.L.); (J.V.B.)
| | - Joan Van Baaren
- UMR 6553 Ecobio, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes, France; (C.L.L.); (J.V.B.)
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Abarca M, Lill JT, Frank-Bolton P. Latitudinal variation in responses of a forest herbivore and its egg parasitoids to experimental warming. Oecologia 2017; 186:869-881. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-4052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Yang T, Liu J, Yuan L, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Li D, Chen J. Main predators of insect pests: screening and evaluation through comprehensive indices. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:2302-2309. [PMID: 28493463 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predatory natural enemies play key functional roles in integrated pest management. However, the screening and evaluation of the main predators of insect pests has seldom been reported in the field. Here, we employed comprehensive indices for evaluating the predation of a common pest (Ectropis obliqua) by nine common spider species in Chinese tea plantations. RESULTS We established the relative dominance of the spider species and their phenological overlap with the pest species, and analyzed DNA from the nine spider species using targeted real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction to identify the residual DNA of E. obliqua. The predation rates and predation numbers per predator were estimated by the positive rates of target fragments and the residual minimum number of E. obliqua in predators' guts, respectively. The results showed that only four spider species preyed on E. obliqua, and the order of potential of the spiders to control E. obliqua from greatest to smallest was Neoscona mellotteei, Xysticus ephippiatus, Evarcha albaria and Coleosoma octomaculatum by the Z-score method. CONCLUSION The orb-weaving spider N. mellotteei has the maximum potential as a biological control agent of E. obliqua in an integrated pest management strategy. An approach of screening and evaluating main predators of insect pests through comprehensive indices was preliminarily established. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingbang Yang
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Longyu Yuan
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Daiqin Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian Chen
- Centre for Behavioural Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) and Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Molecular identification of spiders preying on Empoasca vitis in a tea plantation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7784. [PMID: 28798475 PMCID: PMC5552770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07668-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological control using predators of key pest species is an attractive option in integrated pest management (IPM). Molecular gut analysis can provide an estimation of predator efficiency on a given prey. Here we use a combination of various experimental approaches, both in field and lab, to identify a potential biological control species of the common pest of commercially grown tea, Empoasca vitis (Göthe) (Hemiptera), in a Chinese plantation. We collected 2655 spiders from plantations and established relative abundances of spider species and their temporal overlap with the pest species in tea canopy. We analyzed DNA from 1363 individuals of the most common spider species using targeted RQ-PCR to quantify the potential efficiency of spiders as a predator on E. vitis. The results showed that, in the field, the jumping spider Evarcha albaria was the most abundant, had the closest temporal overlap with the pest, and frequently fed on it. Therefore, this spider may play a key role in pest suppression. The present study demonstrates the potential of our experimental approach to study predator-prey relationships in taxa that do not lend themselves to morphological identification of gut contents, such as spiders.
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17
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Rosenheim JA. THE RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF TIME AND EGGS TO THE COST OF REPRODUCTION. Evolution 2017; 53:376-385. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb03773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/1998] [Accepted: 10/30/1998] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jay A. Rosenheim
- Department of Entomology; University of California; One Shields Avenue Davis California 95616
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18
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Migani V, Ekesi S, Merkel K, Hoffmeister T. At Lunch with a Killer: The Effect of Weaver Ants on Host-Parasitoid Interactions on Mango. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170101. [PMID: 28146561 PMCID: PMC5287459 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey interactions can affect the behaviour of the species involved, with consequences for population distribution and competitive interactions. Under predation pressure, potential prey may adopt evasive strategies. These responses can be costly and could impact population growth. As some prey species may be more affected than others, predation pressure could also alter the dynamics among species within communities. In field cages and small observation cages, we studied the interactions between a generalist predator, the African weaver ant, Oecophylla longinoda, two species of fruit flies that are primary pests of mango fruits, Ceratitis cosyra and Bactrocera dorsalis, and their two exotic parasitoids, Fopius arisanus and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. In all experiments, either a single individual (observation cage experiments) or groups of individuals (field cage experiments) of a single species were exposed to foraging in the presence or absence of weaver ants. Weaver ant presence reduced the number of eggs laid by 75 and 50 percent in B. dorsalis and C. cosyra respectively. Similarly, parasitoid reproductive success was negatively affected by ant presence, with success of parasitism reduced by around 50 percent for both F. arisanus and D. longicaudata. The negative effect of weaver ants on both flies and parasitoids was mainly due to indirect predation effects. Encounters with weaver ant workers increased the leaving tendency in flies and parasitoids, thus reduced the time spent foraging on mango fruits. Parasitoids were impacted more strongly than fruit flies. We discuss how weaver ant predation pressure may affect the population dynamics of the fruit flies, and, in turn, how the alteration of host dynamics could impact parasitoid foraging behaviour and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Migani
- University of Bremen, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Institute for Ecology, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology(icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Katharina Merkel
- University of Bremen, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Institute for Ecology, Bremen, Germany
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thomas Hoffmeister
- University of Bremen, Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Institute for Ecology, Bremen, Germany
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Behavioural flexibility of the chemical defence in the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina heterotoma. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2015; 102:67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-015-1317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Williams L, Deschodt P, Pointurier O, Wyckhuys KAG. Sugar concentration and timing of feeding affect feeding characteristics and survival of a parasitic wasp. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 79:10-18. [PMID: 26021561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The availability of food sources is important for parasitoid survival, especially for those that inhabit ecosystems where nectar and honeydew are spatially or temporally scarce. Therefore, the value of even a single meal can be crucial for survival. Psyttalia lounsburyi is a parasitoid, and biological control agent, of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae. In order to improve our understanding of the basic nutritional ecology of P. lounsburyi and its role in survival we evaluated the effect of a single sucrose meal on the longevity of female and male wasps. We measured the duration of feeding, volume ingested, sucrose consumption, energy content, and longevity of wasps provided with different concentrations of sucrose (0.5, 1, and 2M) at different times after emergence (0, 1, 2 or 3 days after emergence). Our results showed that longevity was significantly influenced by sucrose concentration and timing of feeding. For females, feeding on sucrose increased the likelihood of survival to varying degrees, ranging from 32.3% to 95.4%, compared to water-only controls. The longest duration of feeding was observed for the highest sucrose concentrations and oldest wasps. The amount of sugar ingested and energy uptake increased, up to a point, as sugar concentration increased. Our results suggest that P. lounsburyi derived greatest benefit from the intermediate concentration (1M) of sucrose provided 2 or 3 days after emergence. Our study emphasizes the importance of finding balance between increasing longevity and limiting the duration of feeding, and concomitant uptake of nutrients, that is fundamental for survival of the wasp in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livy Williams
- USDA-ARS European Biological Control Laboratory, Montferrier sur Lez, France.
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21
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Biondi A, Campolo O, Desneux N, Siscaro G, Palmeri V, Zappalà L. Life stage-dependent susceptibility of Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) to two pesticides commonly used in citrus orchards. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 128:142-147. [PMID: 25698292 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of pesticides compatibility with natural enemies is recommended before including agrochemicals in integrated and organic pest management schemes. The lethal and sublethal effects of a mineral oil and a juvenile hormone mimic (pyriproxyfen), on adults and larvae of Aphytis melinus, a key ectoparasitoid of armored scale insect pests of citrus, such as Aonidiella aurantii, were evaluated. Mineral oil caused very high mortality on the adults, while a lower acute toxicity was recorded on young instars. No significant effects on their reproduction capacity and on the sex-ratio of the progeny were observed. Pyriproxyfen had neither lethal nor sublethal effects (in terms of survived female fertility) on A. melinus adults. However, parasitoid larvae exposed to this insecticide suffered strong acute toxicity and fertility reduction (progeny number and proportion of female progeny). When adults were offered the choice to parasitize treated and untreated scales they significantly preferred the control ones, and when they were exposed to only treated scaled the parasitism rate was significantly lower only with mineral oil-treated hosts. The significant differences in the susceptibility of the two parasitoid instars highlight the importance of including this aspect in pesticide risk assessment procedures and in the choice of the pesticide and of the treatment timing in the field. Overall, the results indicate potential for integrating A. melinus, both naturally present and artificially released, and these insecticides only by appropriate timing of insecticide spraying and parasitoid releases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Biondi
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Orlando Campolo
- University "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 Route des Chappes, 06903 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Gaetano Siscaro
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palmeri
- University "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Dipartimento di AGRARIA, Feo di Vito, 89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Lucia Zappalà
- University of Catania, Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente, via Santa Sofia 100, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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22
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Sheng S, Ling M, Fu-An W, Baoping L. Patch time allocation and oviposition behavior in response to patch quality and the presence of a generalist predator in Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:iev037. [PMID: 25943317 PMCID: PMC4535490 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Foraging parasitoids often must estimate local risk of predation just as they must estimate local patch value. Here, we investigate the effects a generalist predator Chlaenius bioculatus (Coleoptera: Carabidae), has on the oviposition behavior and the patch residence decisions of a solitary parasitoid Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in response to the varying host quality of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae (L2 and L4). M. pulchricornis attacked more L4 than on L2 hosts, with the difference in attack rate varying depending on predation treatments, greater in the presence (either actively feeding or not) of the predator than in the absence of it. The parasitoid attacked fewer L2 and L4 hosts when the predator was actively feeding than when it was not feeding or not present in the patch. M. pulchricornis decreased the patch leaving tendency with increasing rejections of hosts, but increased the tendency in response to the presence of the predator as compared with the absence of it, and furthermore, increased the patch leaving tendency when the predator was actively feeding as compared with when it was not. Our study suggests that M. pulchricornis can exploit high quality patches while minimizing predation risk, by attacking more hosts in high quality patches while reducing total patch time in response to risk of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Sheng
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Meng Ling
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Wu Fu-An
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212018, PR China
| | - Li Baoping
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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23
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Calabuig A, Garcia-Marí F, Pekas A. Ants affect the infestation levels but not the parasitism of honeydew and non-honeydew producing pests in citrus. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:405-417. [PMID: 24229500 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ants act simultaneously as predators and as hemipteran mutualists, and thereby may affect the composition and population dynamics of a wide arthropod community. We conducted ant-exclusion experiments in order to determine the impact of ants on the infestation levels and parasitism of three of the most important citrus pests of western Mediterranean citrus: the honeydew producer Aleurothrixus floccosus Maskell (woolly whitefly) and the non-honeydew producers Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (California red scale; CRS) and Phyllocnistis citrella (Staiton) (citrus leafminer). The study was conducted in three commercial citrus orchards, each one dominated by one ant species (Pheidole pallidula, Lasius grandis or Linepithema humile) during two consecutive growing seasons (2011 and 2012). We registered a significant reduction of the CRS densities on fruits in the ant-excluded treatment in the three orchards and in the two seasons, ranging from as high as 41% to as low as 21%. Similarly, the percentage of shoots occupied by A. floccosus was significantly lower in the ant-excluded plots in the orchards dominated by P. pallidula and L. humile. No significant differences were registered in the percentage of leaf surface loss caused by P. citrella between ant-allowed and ant-excluded treatments in any case. We found no significant differences in the percent parasitism between ant-allowed and ant-excluded treatments for honeydew and non-honeydew producing herbivores. These results suggest that: (i) ant management should be considered in order to reduce herbivore populations in citrus and (ii) mechanisms other than parasitism (e.g., predation) might explain the differences in herbivore infestation levels between treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calabuig
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (IAM),Universitat Politècnica de València,Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, València,Spain
| | - F Garcia-Marí
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (IAM),Universitat Politècnica de València,Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, València,Spain
| | - A Pekas
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo (IAM),Universitat Politècnica de València,Camí de Vera s/n, 46022, València,Spain
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24
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Dieckhoff C, Theobald JC, Wäckers FL, Heimpel GE. Egg load dynamics and the risk of egg and time limitation experienced by an aphid parasitoid in the field. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1739-50. [PMID: 24963373 PMCID: PMC4063472 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect parasitoids and herbivores must balance the risk of egg limitation and time limitation in order to maximize reproductive success. Egg and time limitation are mediated by oviposition and egg maturation rates as well as by starvation risk and other determinants of adult lifespan. Here, we assessed egg load and nutritional state in the soybean aphid parasitoid Binodoxys communis under field conditions to estimate its risk of becoming either egg- or time-limited. The majority of female B. communis showed no signs of egg limitation. Experimental field manipulations of B. communis females suggested that an average of 4-8 eggs were matured per hour over the course of a day. Regardless, egg loads remained constant over the course of the day at approximately 80 eggs, suggesting that egg maturation compensates for oviposition. This is the first case of such "egg load buffering" documented for a parasitoid in the field. Despite this buffering, egg loads dropped slightly with increasing host (aphid) density. This suggests that egg limitation could occur at very high host densities as experienced in outbreak years in some locations in the Midwestern USA. Biochemical analyses of sugar profiles showed that parasitoids fed upon sugar in the field at a remarkably high rate. Time limitation through starvation thus seems to be very low and aphid honeydew is most likely a source of dietary sugar for these parasitoids. This latter supposition is supported by the fact that body sugar levels increase with host (aphid) density. Together, these results suggest that fecundity of B. communis benefits from both dynamic egg maturation strategies and sugar-feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dieckhoff
- Department of Entomology & Wildlife Ecology, University of Delaware Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Julian C Theobald
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Felix L Wäckers
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Lancaster University Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - George E Heimpel
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota St Paul, Minnesota, 55108
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25
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Nectar provisioning close to host patches increases parasitoid recruitment, retention and host parasitism. Basic Appl Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Velasco-Hernández MC, Ramirez-Romero R, Cicero L, Michel-Rios C, Desneux N. Intraguild predation on the whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus by the generalist predator Geocoris punctipes: a behavioral approach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80679. [PMID: 24260452 PMCID: PMC3834095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraguild predation (IGP) takes place when natural enemies that use similar resources attack each other. The impact of IGP on biological control can be significant if the survival of natural enemy species is disrupted. In the present study, we assessed whether Geocoris punctipes (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) engages in IGP on Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) while developing on whitefly nymphs of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). In choice and non-choice tests, we exposed G. punctipes to parasitized and non-parasitized whitefly nymphs. We found that G. punctipes does practice IGP on E. eremicus. However, choice tests assessing G. punctipes consumption revealed a significant preference for non-parasitized T. vaporariorum nymphs. Subsequently, we investigated whether E. eremicus females modify their foraging behavior when exposed to conditions involving IGP risk. To assess this, we analyzed wasp foraging behavior under the following treatments: i) whitefly nymphs only (control = C), ii) whitefly nymphs previously exposed to a predator ( = PEP) and, iii) whitefly nymphs and presence of a predator ( = PP). In non-choice tests we found that E. eremicus did not significantly modify its number of attacks, attack duration, oviposition duration, or behavior sequences. However, E. eremicus oviposited significantly more eggs in the PEP treatment. In the PP treatment, G. punctipes also preyed upon adult E. eremicus wasps, significantly reducing their number of ovipositions and residence time. When the wasps were studied under choice tests, in which they were exposed simultaneously to all three treatments, the number of attacks and frequency of selection were similar under all treatments. These results indicate that under IGP risk, E. eremicus maintains several behavioral traits, but can also increase its number of ovipositions in the presence of IG-predator cues. We discuss these findings in the context of population dynamics and biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Concepción Velasco-Hernández
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias (CUCBA), Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
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27
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Hopper KR, Prager SM, Heimpel GE. Is parasitoid acceptance of different host species dynamic? Funct Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith R. Hopper
- Beneficial Insect Introductions Research Unit; USDA-ARS; Newark; Delaware; USA
| | - Sean M. Prager
- Beneficial Insect Introductions Research Unit; USDA-ARS; Newark; Delaware; USA
| | - George E. Heimpel
- Department of Entomology; University of Minnesota; St. Paul; Minnesota; USA
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Basheer A, Asslan L, Abd Al-razzaq F, Saleh A, Alshadidi B, Mohammad E. Parasitoids belonging to the genus AphytisHoward (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) in Citrus orchards in Lattakia, Syria. EPPO BULLETIN 2012; 42:580-584. [DOI: 10.1111/epp.2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Basheer
- Biological Control Study& Research Center (BCSRC); Faculty of Agriculture; Damascus University; Damascus; Syria
| | - L. Asslan
- Biological Control Study& Research Center (BCSRC); Faculty of Agriculture; Damascus University; Damascus; Syria
| | - F. Abd Al-razzaq
- Biological Control Study& Research Center (BCSRC); Faculty of Agriculture; Damascus University; Damascus; Syria
| | - A. Saleh
- Biological Control Study& Research Center (BCSRC); Faculty of Agriculture; Damascus University; Damascus; Syria
| | - B. Alshadidi
- Biological Control Study& Research Center (BCSRC); Faculty of Agriculture; Damascus University; Damascus; Syria
| | - E. Mohammad
- Mass Rearing Natural Enemies Center; Ministry of Agriculture; Latakia; Syria
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Wajnberg E, Curty C, Jervis M. Intra-population genetic variation in the temporal pattern of egg maturation in a parasitoid wasp. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45915. [PMID: 23029312 PMCID: PMC3459967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitoid wasps are taxonomically and biologically extremely diverse. A conceptual framework has recently been developed for understanding life-history evolution and diversification in these animals, and it has confirmed that each of two linked life-history traits – the mode of larval development and the temporal pattern of egg maturation – acts as an organiser of life-history. The framework has been predicated on the assumption that there exists sufficient genetic variation in the latter trait to allow it to be shaped by natural selection. Focusing on the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae, our aim was to test the validity of that assumption, using established quantitative genetic methods. We demonstrate the existence of a statistically significant degree of intra-population polygenic variation in the temporal pattern of egg production within the wasp population we studied. Furthermore, our results, together with published data on clinal variation in the egg maturation pattern of another species, suggest that intra-specific evolutionary shifts in the temporal pattern of egg maturation of parasitoid wasps can result from a change in allocation to egg production either before, or very shortly after adult emergence, without there being an accompanying change in lifetime fecundity. As well as opening new avenues of research into the reproductive strategies, behaviour, community organisation and biological control potential of parasitoid wasps, this discovery also has implications for studies of life-history evolution and diversification in insects generally.
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31
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Stökl J, Hofferberth J, Pritschet M, Brummer M, Ruther J. Stereoselective chemical defense in the Drosophila parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma is mediated by (-)-iridomyrmecin and (+)-isoiridomyrmecin. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:331-9. [PMID: 22477024 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical defense mechanisms are widespread among insects but have rarely been demonstrated in parasitoid wasps. Here, we show that the Drosophila parasitoid Leptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera, Figitidae) produces (-)-iridomyrmecin and (+)-isoiridomyrmecin in a cephalic gland, and that these chemicals have a highly repellent effect on ants. Stereoselective synthesis of 4 stereoisomers of iridomyrmecin allowed us to demonstrate that the repellent effect of iridomyrmecins depends on the stereochemistry. Potential food items impregnated with natural doses of (-)-iridomyrmecin were avoided by ants much longer than those impregnated with (+)-iridomyrmecin, (+)-isoiridomyrmecin, or (-)-isoiridomyrmecin, respectively. Quantitative headspace analyses revealed furthermore that females and males of L. heterotoma released iridomyrmecins in higher amounts when confronted with ants. This is the first time, that (-)-iridomyrmecin and (+)-isoiridomyrmecin are reported as natural products. Females synthesize more iridomyrmecins than males, and the most active (-)-iridomyrmecin is produced by females only. We, therefore, hypothesize that this defense mechanism is used mainly by female wasps when foraging for Drosophila larvae on rotten fruits, but also may protect male wasps during dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Stökl
- University of Regensburg, Institute for Zoology, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Gagnon AÈ, Doyon J, Heimpel GE, Brodeur J. Prey DNA detection success following digestion by intraguild predators: influence of prey and predator species. Mol Ecol Resour 2011; 11:1022-32. [PMID: 21749673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-0998.2011.03047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intraguild predation (IGP) has been increasingly recognized as an important interaction in ecological systems over the past two decades, and remarkable insights have been gained into its nature and prevalence. We have developed a technique using molecular gut-content analysis to compare the rate of IGP between closely related species of coccinellid beetles (lady beetles or ladybirds), which had been previously known to prey upon one another. We first developed PCR primers for each of four lady beetle species: Harmonia axyridis, Coccinella septempunctata, Coleomegilla maculata and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata. We next determined the prey DNA detection success over time (DS(50) ) for each combination of interacting species following a meal. We found that DS(50) values varied greatly between predator-prey combinations, ranging from 5.2 to 19.3 h. As a result, general patterns of detection times based upon predator or prey species alone are not discernable. We used the DS(50) values to correct field data to demonstrate the importance of compensation for detection times that are specific to particular predator-prey combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-È Gagnon
- Département de phytologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Salomão AT, Vasconcellos-Neto J. Population dynamics and structure of the neotropical bark bug Phloea subquadrata (Hemiptera: Phloeidae) on Plinia cauliflora (Myrtaceae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 39:1724-1730. [PMID: 22182535 DOI: 10.1603/en09282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Phloea subquadrata Spinola, 1837 (Pentatomoidea: Phloeidae) belongs to a small family of sap feeding bugs that live on tree trunks, on which they are cryptic because of their coloration and flat body. There are a few studies concerning phloeid anatomy and biology, but almost nothing is known about their ecology. In this study, population dynamics and structure of P. subquadrata on the host tree Plinia cauliflora (Myrtaceae) were investigated during 3 yr in a semideciduous forest in southeast Brazil. Nymphs and adults were active all year round, but the egg-laying season was mainly restricted to the warm, rainy season (September-March). Population density slightly increased at the end of this season because of reproduction. Population age structure changed markedly over time, with nymphs reaching the adult stage in the subsequent early-to-mid rainy season. Abiotic factors, such as rainfall and temperature, were correlated with female oviposition and population dynamics and phenology. Sex ratio was male-biased, not differing from 1:1 only during the adult recruitment period (October-January). Under dry weather conditions, phloeids were distributed closer to the base of the tree trunks when compared with rainy conditions. Our results suggest that seasonality and variations in weather conditions are important driving forces of population dynamics and phenology of P. subquadrata, as well as the microhabitat selection on host trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana T Salomão
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), CP 6109, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Wilson EE, Young CV, Holway DA. Predation or scavenging? Thoracic muscle pH and rates of water loss reveal cause of death in arthropods. J Exp Biol 2010; 213:2640-6. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.043117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The difficulty of directly observing predatory events hinders a complete understanding of how predation structures food webs. Indirect approaches such as PCR-based and isotopic analyses clarify patterns of resource consumption but fail to distinguish predation from scavenging. Given that facultative scavenging is a ubiquitous and phylogenetically widespread foraging strategy, an improved ability to discriminate prey from carrion is needed to enhance an understanding of the demographic effects of consumption and the true nature of trophic interactions. Using physiological properties of muscle tissue – specifically pH and rate of water loss – we develop a novel method to discriminate prey from carrion collected by scavenging hymenopteran predators. Our focal system is the western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica), a common scavenging predator in Hawaii and western North America. Prior to consumption, the physical properties of hymenopteran muscle tissue change in a quantifiable and deterministic manner post mortem and can be used to estimate the time and putative cause of death of diet items. Applying this method in laboratory and field situations resulted in the correct identification of prey and carrion in 49 out of 56 cases (88%). Although further investigation is needed to determine how post-mortem physiology of diet items changes in the guts of consumers, the approaches developed in this study can be used to distinguish predation from scavenging by central-place foragers (particularly arthropods). Such information will provide a more definitive characterization of species interactions and food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Wilson
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr MC0116, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - Christine V. Young
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr MC0116, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
| | - David A. Holway
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr MC0116, La Jolla, CA 92093-0116, USA
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Segoli M, Harari AR, Rosenheim JA, Bouskila A, Keasar T. The evolution of polyembryony in parasitoid wasps. J Evol Biol 2010; 23:1807-19. [PMID: 20629853 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02049.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyembryony has evolved independently in four families of parasitoid wasps. We review three main hypotheses for the selective forces favouring this developmental mode in parasitoids: polyembryony (i) reduces the costs of egg limitation; (ii) reduces the genetic conflict among offspring; and (iii) allows offspring to adjust their numbers to the quality of the host. Using comparative data and verbal and mathematical arguments, we evaluate the relative importance of the different selective forces through different evolutionary stages and in the different groups of polyembryonic wasps. We conclude that reducing the cost of egg limitation is especially important when large broods are favoured. Reducing genetic conflict may be most important when broods are small, thus might have been important during, or immediately following, the initial transition from monoembryony to polyembryony. Empirical data provide little support for the brood-size adjustment hypothesis, although it is likely to interact with other selective forces favouring polyembryony.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Segoli
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Pekas A, Tena A, Aguilar A, Garcia-Marí F. Effect of Mediterranean ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on California red scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) populations in citrus orchards. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 39:827-834. [PMID: 20550795 DOI: 10.1603/en09207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We conducted an ant-exclusion experiment in a citrus orchard to evaluate the overall impact of three ant species native in the Mediterranean, Pheidole pallidula (Nylander), Plagiolepis schmitzii Forel, and Lasius grandis (Forel), on populations of Aonidiella aurantii Maskell (California red scale). The ant-exclusion was carried out in four experimental plots from March 2007 to November 2008. Another subset of four plots, adjacent to the ant-excluded plots, was used as control. We measured scale densities and percent parasitism on fruits at harvest in 2007 and 2008. Additionally, we sampled the seasonal trend of the scale on twigs and fruits in both treatments during 2008. California red scale densities in the ant-excluded treatment began to be significantly lower than in the ant-allowed control in May (1 mo after ant activity began), and this difference increased until November. Thus, the effect of the ants on California red scale density seems to be accumulative. At harvest, scale densities on fruits were significantly lower in the ant-excluded treatment. However, percent parasitism on fruits was similar between treatments. Finally, scale densities on the fruits of the ant-allowed plots were positively correlated with the number of ants that climbed to the citrus canopy. These results suggest that increases of scale densities induced by Mediterranean ants depend on the intensity of the ant-activity on citrus canopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pekas
- Instituto Agroforestal Mediterráneo, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Roitberg BD, Zimmermann K, Hoffmeister TS. Dynamic response to danger in a parasitoid wasp. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-009-0880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Estany-Tigerström D, Bas JM, Pons P. Does Argentine ant invasion affect prey availability for foliage-gleaning birds? Biol Invasions 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-009-9504-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Faria CA, Wäckers FL, Turlings TC. The nutritional value of aphid honeydew for non-aphid parasitoids. Basic Appl Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2007.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lee JC, Heimpel GE. Floral resources impact longevity and oviposition rate of a parasitoid in the field. J Anim Ecol 2008; 77:565-72. [PMID: 18248386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The use of floral resource subsidies to improve herbivore suppression by parasitoids requires certain trophic interactions and physiological changes to occur. While the longevity and fecundity of parasitoids are positively affected by nectar subsidies in laboratory studies, the impacts of floral subsidies on the fecundity and longevity of freely foraging parasitoids have not been studied. 2. We studied the longevity and per capita fecundity of naturally occurring Diadegma insulare foraging in cabbage plots with and without borders of flowering buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, as well as relationships between longevity, fecundity, sugar feeding and parasitism rates on larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. 3. Relative longevity was estimated by counting broken setae on the fringe of the forewing. Floral borders increased the longevity of males and females in adjacent cabbage plots. 4. The egg maturation rate of D. insulare was estimated by comparing egg loads of females collected early in the day with egg loads of females held without hosts in field cages throughout the day. Females in buckwheat cages matured 2.7 eggs per hour while females in control cages resorbed 0.27 eggs over the same time period. 5. The fecundity of females collected in the afternoon was estimated by comparing their actual egg load to the estimated egg load in the absence of oviposition for females in a given plot. Females foraging in buckwheat plots had marginally fewer eggs remaining in their ovaries, and laid marginally more eggs than females in control plots. Females from both treatments carried 30-60 eggs by the afternoon and therefore were time-limited rather than egg-limited. 6. Plots where a greater proportion of females had fed on sugar had longer-lived females. This suggests that feeding enhanced longevity of D. insulare. However, plots with longer-lived and more fecund females did not exhibit higher parasitism rates, although the power of these tests were low.
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Gilbert F, Jervis M. Functional, evolutionary and ecological aspects of feeding-related mouthpart specializations in parasitoid flies. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1998.tb00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Costamagna AC, Landis DA, Difonzo CD. Suppression of soybean aphid by generalist predators results in a trophic cascade in soybeans. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 17:441-51. [PMID: 17489251 DOI: 10.1890/06-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Top-down regulation of herbivores in terrestrial ecosystems is pervasive and can lead to trophic cascades that release plants from herbivory. Due to their relatively simplified food webs, agroecosystems may be particularly prone to trophic cascades, a rationale that underlies biological control. However, theoretical and empirical studies show that, within multiple enemy assemblages, intraguild predation (IGP) may lead to a disruption of top-down control by predators. We conducted a factorial field study to test the separate and combined effects of predators and parasitoids in a system with asymmetric IGP. Specifically we combined ambient levels of generalist predators (mainly Coccinellidae) of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, with controlled releases of the native parasitoid Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) and measured their impact on aphid population growth and soybean biomass and yield. We found that generalist predators provided strong, season-long aphid suppression, which resulted in a trophic cascade that doubled soybean biomass and yield. However, contrary to our expectations, L. testaceipes provided minor aphid suppression and only when predators were excluded, which resulted in nonadditive effects when both groups were combined. We found direct and indirect evidence of IGP, but because percentage parasitism did not differ between predator exclusion and ambient predator treatments, we concluded that IGP did not disrupt parasitism during this study. Our results support theoretical predictions that intraguild predators which also provide strong herbivore suppression do not disrupt top-down control of herbivores.
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Tenhumberg B, Siekmann G, Keller MA. Optimal time allocation in parasitic wasps searching for hosts and food. OIKOS 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.14274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Burger JMS, Hemerik L, Lenteren JCV, Vet LEM. Reproduction now or later: optimal host-handling strategies in the whitefly parasitoidEncarsia formosa. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Siekmann G, Tenhumberg B, Keller MA. Feeding and survival in parasitic wasps: sugar concentration and timing matter. OIKOS 2003. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2001.950307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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46
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47
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Jervis MA, Ferns PN, Heimpel GE. Body size and the timing of egg production in parasitoid wasps: a comparative analysis. Funct Ecol 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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49
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Jervis MA, Heimpel GE, Ferns PN, Harvey JA, Kidd NAC. Life-history strategies in parasitoid wasps: a comparative analysis of ‘ovigeny’. J Anim Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00507.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tenhumberg B, Keller MA, Tyre AJ, Possingham HP. The Effect of Resource Aggregation at Different Scales: Optimal Foraging Behavior ofCotesia rubecula. Am Nat 2001; 158:505-18. [DOI: 10.1086/323131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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