Flow-injection chemiluminescence method for the determination of moxifloxacin in pharmaceutical tablets and human urine using silver nanoparticles sensitized calcein–KMnO4 system

Development and validation of synchronous spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous determination of duvelisib and moxifloxacin: greenness metric assessment and application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats

Duvelisib (DUV) is a potent anticancer drug whereas Moxifloxacin (MOX) is an antimicrobial drug with anti-proliferative potency against cancerous cells, which is empirically administered in cancer treatment. DUV and MOX combination is commonly prescribed to combat infections in patients while they are under chemotherapy treatment. This study describes, for the first time, the development of a simple and green synchronous spectrofluorimetric (SSF) method for the simultaneous estimation of DUV and MOX in plasma. DUV and MOX were quantified at 273 and 362 nm, respectively without interference between each other at Δλof 120 nm. The experimental variables influencing fluorescence intensities were thoroughly investigated and the optimum conditions were established. At pH 3.5, the optimum synchronous fluorescence intensity (SFI) was achieved in water solvent by using sodium acetate buffer solution. Calibration curves for DUV and MOX, correlating the SFI with the corresponding drug concentration, were linear in the range of 50-1000 ng mL-1for both drugs, with good correlation coefficients. The method was extremely sensitive, with limits of detection of 24 and 22 ng mL-1, and limits of quantitation of 40 and 45 ngmL-1for DUV and MOX, respectively. The SSF method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines for validation of analytical procedures, and the validation parameters were acceptable. The proposed SSF method was applied to the pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies in rats' plasma after single concurrent oral administration of both drugs. The results of the study revealed that caution should be taken with DUV dose when concurrently administered with MOX. The greenness of SSF method was assessed by three different metric tools namely Analytical Eco-scale, Green Analytical Procedure Index, and Analytical Greenness Calculator. The results confirmed that SSF method is an eco-friendly and green analytical approach. In conclusion, the proposed SSF method is a valuable tool for pharmacokinetic/bioavailability studies and therapeutic drug monitoring of simultaneously administered DUV and MOX.

Optical biosensors - Illuminating the path to personalized drug dosing

Optical biosensors are low-cost, sensitive and portable devices that are poised to revolutionize the medical industry. Healthcare monitoring has already been transformed by such devices, with notable recent applications including heart rate monitoring in smartwatches and COVID-19 lateral flow diagnostic test kits. The commercial success and impact of existing optical sensors has galvanized research in expanding its application in numerous disciplines. Drug detection and monitoring seeks to benefit from the fast-approaching wave of optical biosensors, with diverse applications ranging from illicit drug testing, clinical trials, monitoring in advanced drug delivery systems and personalized drug dosing. The latter has the potential to significantly improve patients' lives by minimizing toxicity and maximizing efficacy. To achieve this, the patient's serum drug levels must be frequently measured. Yet, the current method of obtaining such information, namely therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), is not routinely practiced as it is invasive, expensive, time-consuming and skilled labor-intensive. Certainly, optical sensors possess the capabilities to challenge this convention. This review explores the current state of optical biosensors in personalized dosing with special emphasis on TDM, and provides an appraisal on recent strategies. The strengths and challenges of optical biosensors are critically evaluated, before concluding with perspectives on the future direction of these sensors.

Analytical Applications of Permanganate as an Oxidant in the Determination of Pharmaceuticals Using Chemiluminescence and Spectrophotometry: A Review

Background:

Potassium permanganate is a green and versatile industrial oxidizing agent. Due to its high oxidizing ability, it has received considerable attention and has been extensively used for many years for the synthesis, identification, and determination of inorganic and organic compounds.

Objective:

Potassium permanganate is one of the most applicable oxidants, which has been applied in a number of processes in several industries. Furthermore, it has been widely used in analytical pharmacy to develop analytical methods for pharmaceutically active compounds using chemiluminescence and spectrophotometric techniques.

Results:

This review covers the importance of potassium permanganate over other common oxidants used in pharmaceuticals and reported its extensive use and analytical applications using direct, indirect and kinetic spectrophotometric methods in different pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Chemiluminescent applications of potassium permanganate in the analyses of pharmaceuticals using flow and sequential injection techniques are also discussed.

Conclusion:

This review summarizes the extensive use of potassium permanganate as a chromogenic and chemiluminescent reagent in the analyses of pharmaceutically active compounds to develop spectrophotometric and chemiluminescence methods since 2000.

Optical sensors based on silver nanoparticles for determination of pharmaceuticals: An overview of advances in the last decade

This review focuses on optical nanosensors based on silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and demonstrates their applications in the determination of pharmaceutical compounds in the last decade. Such optical sensors have received high attention in the analytical field owing to their low cost and simplicity since they do not require any complex or expensive instrumentation. This article reviews Ag NP-based optical methods for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds from 2010 to 2020. The reported optical methods are classified into four types: spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, scattering and chemiluminescence. Ag NPs play different roles in the different sensing platforms used by these methods, the details of which are carefully explained in this review. Moreover, the relevant analytical parameters of the developed methods are categorized by role and tabulated. It is hoped that this review will stimulate further research in this field with similar nanostructures.

Flow analysis with chemiluminescence detection: Recent advances and applications

This article highlights the most important developments in flow analysis with chemiluminescence (CL) detection, describing different flow systems that are compatible with CL detection, detector designs, commonly applied CL reactions and approaches to sample treatment. Recent applications of flow analysis with CL detection (focusing on outputs published since 2010) are also presented. Applications are classified by sample matrix, covering foods and beverages, environmental matrices, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Comprehensive tables are provided for each area, listing the specific sample matrix, CL reaction used, linear range, limit of detection and sample treatment for each analyte. Finally, recent and emerging trends in the field are also discussed.