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Qin L, Feng P, Al-Haimi AANM, Wang Z, Zhu S. Investigating the effects of surfactants on Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the hydrolysis acidification liquor by integrated physiochemical and transcriptome analyses. ALGAL RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2023.103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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2
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Biowaste upcycling into second-generation microbial protein through mixed-culture fermentation. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:197-213. [PMID: 35989113 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Securing a sustainable protein supply at the global level is among the greatest challenges currently faced by humanity. Alternative protein sources, such as second-generation microbial protein (MP), could give rise to innovative circular bioeconomy practices, synthesizing high-value bioproducts through the recovery and upcycling of resources from overabundant biowastes and residues. Within such a multi-feedstock biorefinery scenario, the wide range of microbial pathways and networks that characterize mixed microbial cultures, offers interesting and not yet fully explored advantages over conventional monoculture-based processes. In this review, we combine a comprehensive analysis of waste recovery platforms for second-generation MP production with a critical evaluation of the research gaps and potentials offered by mixed culture-based MP fermentation processes.
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Marsafari M, Azi F, Dou S, Xu P. Modular co-culture engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for amorphadiene biosynthesis. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:279. [PMID: 36587216 PMCID: PMC9805133 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-02010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphadiene is the precursor to synthesize the antimalarial drug artemisinin. The production of amorphadiene and artemisinin from metabolically engineered microbes may provide an alternate to plant secondary metabolite extraction. Microbial consortia can offer division of labor, and microbial co-culture system can be leveraged to achieve cost-efficient production of natural products. Using a co-culture system of Y. lipolytica Po1f and Po1g strains, subcellular localization of ADS gene (encoding amorphadiene synthase) into the endoplasmic reticulum, co-utilization of mixed carbon source, and enlargement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) surface area, we were able to significantly improve amorphadiene production in this work. Using Po1g/PPtM and Po1f/AaADSERx3/iGFMPDU strains and co-utilization of 5 µM sodium acetate with 20 g/L glucose in YPD media, amorphadiene titer were increased to 65.094 mg/L. The enlargement of the ER surface area caused by the deletion of the PAH1 gene provided more subcellular ER space for the action of the ADS-tagged gene. It further increased the amorphadiene production to 71.74 mg/L. The results demonstrated that the importance of the spatial localization of critical enzymes, and manipulating metabolic flux in the co-culture of Y. lipolytica can be efficient over a single culture for the bioproduction of isoprenoid-related secondary metabolites in a modular manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Marsafari
- grid.266673.00000 0001 2177 1144Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA
| | - Fidelis Azi
- grid.499254.70000 0004 7668 8980Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion (MATEC), Guangdong Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong China
| | - Shaohua Dou
- grid.440706.10000 0001 0175 8217College of Life and Health, Dalian University, Dalian, 116622 Liaoning China ,Liaoning Marine Microorganism Engineering and Technology Research Center, Dalian, 116622 Liaoning China
| | - Peng Xu
- grid.266673.00000 0001 2177 1144Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA ,grid.499254.70000 0004 7668 8980Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion (MATEC), Guangdong Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, 515063 Guangdong China
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Wang X, Ding S, Wang M, Ma X, Li H, Zhang Y, Song W, Ding J, Lu J. Effects of light source and inter-species mixed culture on the growth of microalgae and bacteria for nutrient recycling and microalgae harvesting using black odorous water as the medium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78542-78554. [PMID: 35696059 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21293-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To achieve the sustainable and effective removal efficiency of nutrients in black odorous water, light source, inter-species microalgae mixed culture, and the harvesting effect were all explored. The results showed that under a LED light source, the addition of interspecific soluble algal products (SAP) promoted the growth of Haematococcus pluvialis (H. pluvialis) M1, and its maximum specific growth rate was 1.76 times that of H. pluvialis cultivated alone. That was due to the hormesis effect between the two kinds of microalgae, the SAP produced by Scenedesmus could stimulate the growth of H. pluvialis. The algae and bacteria symbiotic system with black odorous water as the medium showed excellent performance to treat nutrients, where the concentration of ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) (0.84, 0.23 mg/L) met the requirements of landscape water. The microbial diversity analysis revealed that the introduction of microalgae changed the dominant species of the bacterial community from Bacteroidota to Proteobacteria. Furthermore, timely microalgae harvesting could prevent water quality from deteriorating and was conducive to microalgae growth and resource recycling. The higher harvest efficiency (98.1%) of H. pluvialis was obtained when an inoculation size of 20% and 0.16 g/L FeCl3 were provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Shaoxuan Ding
- Faculty of Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Mengying Wang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, China
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiaowei Ma
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Huawei Li
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Wanchao Song
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Jincheng Ding
- College of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 Xincun West Road, Zibo, 255049, China.
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Zhu Z, Sun J, Fa Y, Liu X, Lindblad P. Enhancing microalgal lipid accumulation for biofuel production. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1024441. [PMID: 36299727 PMCID: PMC9588965 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1024441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have high lipid accumulation capacity, high growth rate and high photosynthetic efficiency which are considered as one of the most promising alternative sustainable feedstocks for producing lipid-based biofuels. However, commercialization feasibility of microalgal biofuel production is still conditioned to the high production cost. Enhancement of lipid accumulation in microalgae play a significant role in boosting the economics of biofuel production based on microalgal lipid. The major challenge of enhancing microalgal lipid accumulation lies in overcoming the trade-off between microalgal cell growth and lipid accumulation. Substantial approaches including genetic modifications of microalgal strains by metabolic engineering and process regulations of microalgae cultivation by integrating multiple optimization strategies widely applied in industrial microbiology have been investigated. In the present review, we critically discuss recent trends in the application of multiple molecular strategies to construct high performance microalgal strains by metabolic engineering and synergistic strategies of process optimization and stress operation to enhance microalgal lipid accumulation for biofuel production. Additionally, this review aims to emphasize the opportunities and challenges regarding scaled application of the strategic integration and its viability to make microalgal biofuel production a commercial reality in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jing Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yun Fa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xufeng Liu
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Xufeng Liu,
| | - Peter Lindblad
- Microbial Chemistry, Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Peter Lindblad,
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Wang B, Qin L, Huang D, Chen H, Feng P, Zhu S, Wang Z. Effects of three surfactants on co-conversion of endogenous carbon and nitrogen of dairy wastewater in mesophilic hydrolytic acidification coupled microalgae culture system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:32227-32237. [PMID: 35013953 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18023-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To determine the feasibility of enhancing co-conversion of endogenous C and N in dairy wastewater by surfactants, the effects of varying dosages of sodium lignosulfonate (LS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Tween-80 on mesophilic hydrolytic acidification coupled microalgae culture system were investigated. Tween-80 had a positive effect on hydrolytic acidification, while LS had no clear effect and SDS had a negative effect. Tween-80 significantly increased the C/N ratio in hydrolytic acidification liquor (HAL) (maximum HAc/NH4+-N rate reached 7.90 in 2.9% Tween-80 test). Pyrosequencing analysis demonstrated that community richness and diversity decreased and the proportion of acidobacteria increased with increasing Tween-80 dosage. Furthermore, the effect of Tween-80-enhanced HAL on microalgae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) growth and nitrogen removal and the assimilation of C and N on the microalgae culture system were investigated. The biomass concentration and a C and N assimilation yield of 4.8% Tween-80 test (1.75 g/L, 825.01 mg/L, 126.68 mg/L) were significantly higher than those of both the low-concentration Tween-80 tests and control. The yield of protein and carbohydrates and higher heating value in the microalgae culture system were also promoted by Tween-80.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Qin
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Dalong Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Huanjun Chen
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingzhong Feng
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Sunni Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Enhancement of co-conversion of endogenous carbon and nitrogen of dairy wastewater in mesophilic hydrolysis-acidification coupled microalgae culture system by rhamnolipid. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Ray A, Nayak M, Ghosh A. A review on co-culturing of microalgae: A greener strategy towards sustainable biofuels production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149765. [PMID: 34454141 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing global recognition that microalgae-based biofuel are environment-friendly and economically feasible options because they incur several advantages over traditional fossil fuels. Also, the microalgae can be manipulated for extraction of value-added compounds such as lipids (triacylglycerols), carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, pigments, antioxidants, various antimicrobial compounds, etc. Recently, there is an increasing focus on the co-cultivation practices of microalgae with other microorganisms to enhance biomass and lipid productivity. In a co-cultivation strategy, microalgae grow symbiotically with other heterotrophic microbes such as bacteria, yeast, fungi, and other algae/microalgae. They exchange nutrients and metabolites; this helps to increase the productivity, therefore facilitating the commercialization of microalgal-based fuel. Co-cultivation also facilitates biomass harvesting and waste valorization, thereby help to build an algal biorefinery platform for bioenergy production along with multivariate high value bioproducts and simultaneous waste bioremediation. This article comprehensively reviews various microalgae cultivation practices utilizing co-culture approaches with other algae, fungi, bacteria, and yeast. The review mainly focuses on the impact of several binary culture strategies on biomass and lipid yield. The advantages and challenges associated with the procedure along with their respective cultivation modes have also been presented and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayusmita Ray
- P.K. Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Manoranjan Nayak
- Biorefinery and Bioenergy Research Laboratory, Centre for Plant and Environmental Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India.
| | - Amit Ghosh
- P.K. Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India; School of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India.
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Qin L, Wang B, Feng P, Cao Y, Wang Z, Zhu S. Treatment and resource utilization of dairy liquid digestate by nitrification of biological aerated filter coupled with assimilation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3406-3416. [PMID: 34389951 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15903-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia inhibition is considered a key issue when using liquid digestate for microalgae cultivation. To study the effect of pretreatment with a biological aerated filter (BAF) on microalgae culture with dairy liquid digestate, nitrification characteristics of BAFs under different hydraulic retention time (HRT) and the growth characteristics of Chlorella pyrenoidosa in effluents of BAFs were investigated. Results showed that the BAFs can rapidly nitrify ammonia nitrogen and significantly improve the light transmittance of liquid digestate (the maximum promotion rate was ~260%), and the effect improved as the HRT increased. Pretreatment of liquid digestate with BAFs can eliminate ammonia inhibition for C. pyrenoidosa. Furthermore, lipid, crude protein, and higher heating value (HHV) output were also not affected by HRT. The similar removal of nitrate nitrogen in microalgae culture systems using effluents with 6-h and 12-h HRT (21.59% and 21.07%, respectively) were recorded. The results suggested that BAF coupled with microalgae culture is a novel option on the resource utilization of dairy liquid digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Bo Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Pinzhong Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yinghan Cao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbial Resources and Fermentation Technology, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, China
| | - Zhongming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Shunni Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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Qin L, Feng S, Feng P, Wang Z, Zhu S. Treatment of Synthetic Ammonium Sulfate Wastewater by Mixed Culture of Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Enriched Nitrobacteria. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:3891-3900. [PMID: 34510224 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ammonium sulfate wastewater can cause eutrophication and black odor of water body. Although ammonia nitrogen can be used as nutrient of microalgae, high ammonia nitrogen levels could inhibit the growth of microalgae. Nitrobacteria can transform ammonia nitrogen into nitrate nitrogen. In this study, mono Chlorella pyrenoidosa culture (mono-C.py), synchronous mixed culture (mixed-a), and asynchronous mixed culture (mixed-b) systems were examined for their ability to treat ammonium sulfate wastewater. Nitrogen removal rate of mixed-b at the end of culture (52.96%) was higher than that of the mono-C.py (46.37%) and the mixed-a (39.11%). Higher total suspended solid concentration (2.40 g/L), crude protein yield (0.76 g/L), and heating value yield (35.73 kJ/L) were obtained in mixed-b, meanwhile with excellent settlement performance (91.43 ± 0.51%). Mechanism analysis of settlement showed that the relative abundance of floc-forming-related bacteria Sphingopyxis and Acidovorax were increased generally, while nitrification/denitrifying members were decreased in mixed-b along with the culture proceeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Siran Feng
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Pinzhong Feng
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shunni Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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