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Arsalan A, Ravikumar Y, Tang X, Cao Z, Zhao M, Sun W, Qi X. Chimeric enzymes in the pulp and paper making industry: Current developments. Biotechnol Adv 2025; 79:108530. [PMID: 39933605 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2025.108530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 01/10/2025] [Accepted: 02/05/2025] [Indexed: 02/13/2025]
Abstract
The pulp and paper (P&P) industry plays a vital role in supporting the social and economic progress of a country by supplying essential commodities. Conventional P&P processing often consumes significant energy and use chemical agents to produce hazardous intermediates. The use of enzymes in the P&P industry has significantly reduced both the chemical and energy demands during processing. A variety of enzyme combination cocktails are used to perform multiple functions in a single step, but often fail to operate synergistically because of significant differences in operational conditions. This lack of synergy under various operating conditions highlights the need for engineered chimeric enzymes. Moreover, enzyme engineering approaches enable enzymes to perform catalysis in sub-optimal environment. Enzymes have been engineered to improve their catalytic properties and enhance operational stability. Designing multifunctional or chimeric enzymes can function simultaneously across diverse operational conditions. Chimeric enzymes enable effective synergistic action of multiple enzymes in the P&P industry. This review aims to provide clear insights into the selective development of chimeric enzymes using enzyme engineering approaches for their effective use in the P&P industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Arsalan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yuvaraj Ravikumar
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Xinrui Tang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zijing Cao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Mei Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China..
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Rajput M, Pamecha D, Kumari P, Chaturvedi P, Sharma C, Mishra R, Chauhan S. Bio-bleaching of ankara pulp with xylanase-producing bacterial consortium for sustainable handmade paper production. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:100262. [PMID: 39148722 PMCID: PMC11325006 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The paper industry faces two critical challenges: the scarcity of raw materials and the environmental impact of chemical waste pollution. Addressing the first challenge involves harnessing alternative, sustainable raw materials, while the second challenge can be mitigated through the adoption of bio-bleaching processes, which significantly reduce chemical consumption while enhancing paper brightness and quality. This study proposes a solution to both challenges by using non-woody Calotropis procera (Ankara) and a xylanase-producing microbial consortium for sustainable handmade paper production, a combination not extensively explored in prior research. To evaluate this approach, the process was divided into three stages. In stage I, Ankara fibre was pulped through open hot digestion. In stage II, the pulp was subjected to bio-bleaching in two experimental setups: Set I (without sucrose) and Set II (with sucrose) for 5 days. In stage III, chemical bleaching was used to improve the final brightness of the treated pulps. A novel comparison was made between the bio-bleaching efficiency of an individual isolate g5 (BI) and a bacterial consortium (BC). This research highlighted that bio-bleaching with the consortium effectively removed lignin (140±60 mg/l) and colour (1830±50 PCU), especially in the presence of sucrose, compared to using a single xylanase isolate. Pulp residue/filtrate collected at each stage was estimated based on parameters such as colour and lignin content. After stage III (chemical bleaching), the release of colour and lignin in pulp filtrate was higher in BI compared to BC, indicating the consortium's effectiveness during bio-bleaching, which leaves fewer degradable lignin structures for the chemical bleaching stage. Papers crafted from consortium-treated pulp also exhibited higher brightness than those treated with the isolate. This study reveals the synergistic effect of microbial consortia, leading to more efficient lignin degradation and enhanced bio-bleaching capabilities, supporting the development of greener industrial processes. Ultimately, this study demonstrates a unique and eco-friendly approach to papermaking, combining C. procera and enzymatic bio-bleaching to reduce dependency on hazardous chemicals and support sustainable industry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Rajput
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur 302020, India
| | - Disha Pamecha
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur 302020, India
| | - Preeti Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur 302020, India
| | - Payal Chaturvedi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur 302020, India
| | - Charu Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur 302020, India
| | - Rahul Mishra
- Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute (KNHPI), Jaipur 302011, India
| | - Sunita Chauhan
- Kumarappa National Handmade Paper Institute (KNHPI), Jaipur 302011, India
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Tanveer A, Gupta S, Dwivedi S, Yadav S, Yadav D. Recycling of printed Xerographic paper using Aspergillus assiutensis enzyme cocktail: an integrated approach to sustainable development. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:39217-39231. [PMID: 38814560 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
To overcome the human and animal survivability risk, sustainable development is the only option on earth that can be achieved through the maximum use of renewable environmental resources. Recycling of waste paper is an emerging waste management approach to conserve natural resources. Herein, we studied enzyme-mediated process to recycle the xerographic paper by using the crude fungal extract from indigenously isolated fungi identified as Aspergillus assiutensis. The fungal enzyme cocktail has been characterized for the production of multiple enzymes namely cellulase, amylase, xylanase, pectinase, and protease. All these enzymes have pH optima in the acidic range and except cellulase and all the enzymes are stable from 10 to 80 C. In the zymogram analysis, pectinase, xylanase, amylase, and cellulase were detected at 68 kDa, ~ 54 kDa, 38 kDa, and 30 kDa, respectively. Also, the presence of protease was confirmed by the clear zone at 68, 31, and 16 kDa. A 26% decrease in the kappa number and reduction in Hex A of the pulp was observed on the treatment of the pulp with enzyme as compared to the control pulp without any treatment. The physical and chemical properties of the pulp were also improved by enzyme-mediated pulping as compared to the control The physiochemical parameter of the effluent like TDS was reduced (397 ppm) significantly in comparison to chemical deinking process and it was within the permissible limit. BOD and alkalinity were reduced when the enzymes and chemical dosage were used in combination. These results indicate that chemi-enzymatic deinking is most promising to reduce or remove the pollution parameters including ink and this approach can be used in the paper and pulp industry for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman Tanveer
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Supriya Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shruti Dwivedi
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeeta Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dinesh Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, 273009, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Almeida N, Meyer V, Burnet A, Boucher J, Talens-Perales D, Pereira S, Ihalainen P, Levée T, Polaina J, Petit-Conil M, Camarero S, Pinto P. Use of a Novel Extremophilic Xylanase for an Environmentally Friendly Industrial Bleaching of Kraft Pulps. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13423. [PMID: 36362210 PMCID: PMC9654485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylanases can boost pulp bleachability in Elemental Chlorine Free (ECF) processes, but their industrial implementation for producing bleached kraft pulps is not straightforward. It requires enzymes to be active and stable at the extreme conditions of alkalinity and high temperature typical of this industrial process; most commercial enzymes are unable to withstand these conditions. In this work, a novel highly thermo and alkaline-tolerant xylanase from Pseudothermotoga thermarum was overproduced in E. coli and tested as a bleaching booster of hardwood kraft pulps to save chlorine dioxide (ClO2) during ECF bleaching. The extremozyme-stage (EXZ) was carried out at 90 °C and pH 10.5 and optimised at lab scale on an industrial oxygen-delignified eucalyptus pulp, enabling us to save 15% ClO2 to reach the mill brightness, and with no detrimental effect on paper properties. Then, the EXZ-assisted bleaching sequence was validated at pilot scale under industrial conditions, achieving 25% ClO2 savings and reducing the generation of organochlorinated compounds (AOX) by 18%, while maintaining pulp quality and papermaking properties. Technology reproducibility was confirmed with another industrial kraft pulp from a mix of hardwoods. The new enzymatic technology constitutes a realistic step towards environmentally friendly production of kraft pulps through industrial integration of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazaré Almeida
- RAIZ—Forest and Paper Research Institute, Rua José Estevão 221, Eixo, 3800-783 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Valérie Meyer
- Centre Technique du Papier—The French Pulp and Paper Technical Centre, Domaine Universitaire, CS90251, CEDEX 9, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Auphélia Burnet
- Centre Technique du Papier—The French Pulp and Paper Technical Centre, Domaine Universitaire, CS90251, CEDEX 9, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Jeremy Boucher
- Fibre Excellence Saint-Gaudens—Rue du President Saragat, 31800 Saint-Gaudens, France
| | - David Talens-Perales
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Susana Pereira
- RAIZ—Forest and Paper Research Institute, Rua José Estevão 221, Eixo, 3800-783 Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Thomas Levée
- MetGen Oy, Rakentajantie 26, 20780 Kaarina, Finland
| | - Julio Polaina
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Michel Petit-Conil
- Centre Technique du Papier—The French Pulp and Paper Technical Centre, Domaine Universitaire, CS90251, CEDEX 9, 38044 Grenoble, France
| | - Susana Camarero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Pinto
- RAIZ—Forest and Paper Research Institute, Rua José Estevão 221, Eixo, 3800-783 Aveiro, Portugal
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