Impact of routine recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring in prone esophagectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection

Effectiveness of recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring on nerve paralysis during open McKeown esophagectomy: a prospective, cohort study

BACKGROUND

Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RLNP) is a critical postoperative complication in esophagectomy. Intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) is a technique that can be used in high-risk surgeries to prevent, identify, and mitigate nerve damage. In this prospective study, we evaluated the feasibility and effectiveness of IONM in open McKeown esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

METHODS

From December 2020 to September 2023, 88 patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer were enrolled to receive IONM for open McKeown esophagectomy at Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University. The primary outcome was the incidence of RLNP after extubation. The secondary outcomes were postoperative complications, number of dissected lymph nodes, length of hospital stay, ICU duration and number of deaths.

RESULTS

A total of 83 patients were included in the final analysis. The incidence of RLNP after extubation was 30.1%. The occurrence of postoperative pulmonary complications was 20.5%. The median hospital stays were 13 days. The incidence of anastomotic leakage was 13.3%. No in-hospital deaths were reported. Postoperative RLNP prolonged the length of hospital stay (P = 0.042).

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that IONM could potentially be associated with a possible reduction in RLNP incidence following open McKeown esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. However, future research including well-designed randomized controlled trials may be beneficial to clarify these preliminary results.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

ChiCTR2000029687 https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=49103.

Impact of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring on minimally invasive esophagectomy outcomes for esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis of case-control studies

Esophagectomy and lymphadenectomy for esophageal cancer carry an inherent risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. Intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) may help prevent RLN damage, though evidence on its effectiveness is still limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of IONM during minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for esophageal cancer. This SRMA followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines, with a registered protocol on PROSPERO (CRD42022367916). Two independent authors conducted a comprehensive literature search across multiple databases, screening studies on MIE for esophageal cancer using IONM. Case-control studies were included, focusing on the RLN palsy (RLNP) rate as the primary outcome. A total of 11 studies involving 1907 patients (IONM group: 752 patients; non-IONM group: 1155 patients) were included in the SRMA. IONM significantly reduced the incidence of RLNP (OR = 0.47, P < 0.001). Length of hospital stay (LOHS) and lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) rates were significantly reduced with IONM use. No significant differences were observed in anastomotic leak, chylothorax, total number of lymph nodes dissected, operation time, aspiration rates, or intraoperative blood loss. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of IONM for detecting RLN injury were 83.3% and 81%, respectively. IONM during MIE significantly reduces the incidence of RLNP, postoperative LRTI, and shortens the LOHS, without adding operative risks. Further research is needed to evaluate its long-term survival benefits and cost-effectiveness.

Intraoperative Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring for Esophagectomy: A National Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Lymphadenectomy around the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is an essential part of curative surgery for esophageal cancer. Although several single-center studies have shown that intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) can avoid RLN palsy, this has not been confirmed in a large-scale multicenter study. This study used a national database to evaluate whether IONM can reduce postoperative RLN palsy during minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for esophageal cancer.

METHODS

We retrieved data of patients with esophageal cancer who underwent 3-field thoracoscopic or robotic MIE with cervical anastomosis with IONM(+) (502 patients) and without IONM(-) (4353 patients) from April 2020 to March 2022 from the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database in Japan. We used propensity score-matching analysis to compare the frequency of postoperative RLN palsy and respiratory complications between the IONM(+) group and IONM(-) group.

RESULTS

The postoperative RLN palsy rate was significantly lower in the IONM(+) than IONM(-) group (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.13-0.46). The respiratory complication rate was also significantly lower in the IONM(+) than in the IONM(-) group (odds ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.45-0.97). The anesthesia time was significantly longer in the IONM(+) group (regression coefficient, 60.1 minutes; 95% CI, 44.2-76.9 minutes). The length of postoperative hospitalization tended to be shorter in the IONM(+) than in the IONM(-) group (regression coefficient, -1.39 days; 95% CI, -3.91 to 1.14).

CONCLUSIONS

This national cohort study showed that IONM during 3-field MIE for esophageal cancer was associated with a reduction of postoperative RLN palsy and respiratory complications.

Prevention and Management of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy in Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy: Current Status and Future Perspectives

Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy remains a significant complication following minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Despite advancements in surgical techniques and lymphadenectomy precision, the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy has not been improved. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy predominantly affects the left side and may lead to unilateral or bilateral vocal cord paralysis, resulting in hoarseness, dysphagia, and an increased risk of aspiration pneumonia. While most cases of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy are temporary and resolve within 6 to 12 months, some patients may experience permanent nerve dysfunction, severely impacting their quality of life. Prevention strategies, such as nerve integrity monitoring, robotic-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy, and advanced dissection techniques, aim to minimize nerve injury, though their effectiveness varies. The management of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy includes voice and swallowing rehabilitation, reinnervation techniques, and, in severe cases, surgical interventions such as thyroplasty and intracordal injection. As recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy can lead to significant postoperative respiratory complications, a multidisciplinary approach involving surgical precision, early detection, and comprehensive rehabilitation is crucial to improving patient outcomes and minimizing long-term morbidity in minimally invasive esophagectomy. This review article aims to inform esophageal surgeons and other clinicians about strategies for the prevention and management of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in esophagectomy.

Multicentre randomized clinical trial on robot-assisted versus video-assisted thoracoscopic oesophagectomy (REVATE trial)

BACKGROUND

Surgery for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma involves dissecting lymph nodes along the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This is technically challenging and injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve may lead to vocal cord palsy, which increases the risk of pulmonary complications. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of robot-assisted oesophagectomy (RAO) versus video-assisted thoracoscopic oesophagectomy (VAO) for dissection of lymph nodes along the left RLN.

METHODS

Patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma who were scheduled for minimally invasive McKeown oesophagectomy were allocated randomly to RAO or VAO, stratified by centre. The primary endpoint was the success rate of left recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node dissection. Success was defined as the removal of at least one lymph node without causing nerve damage lasting longer than 6 months. Secondary endpoints were perioperative and oncological outcomes.

RESULTS

From June 2018 to March 2022, 212 patients from 3 centres in Asia were randomized, and 203 were included in the analysis (RAO group 103; VAO group 100). Successful left recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node dissection was achieved in 88.3% of the RAO group and 69% of the VAO group (P < 0.001). The rate of removal of at least one lymph node according to pathology was 94.2% for the RAO and 86% for the VAO group (P = 0.051). At 1 week after surgery, the RAO group had a lower incidence of left recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy than the VAO group (20.4 versus 34%; P = 0.029); permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rates at 6 months were 5.8 and 20% respectively (P = 0.003). More mediastinal lymph nodes were dissected in the RAO group (median 16 (i.q.r. 12-22) versus 14 (10-20); P = 0.035). Postoperative complication rates were comparable between the two groups and there were no in-hospital deaths.

CONCLUSION

In patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, RAO leads to more successful left recurrent laryngeal nerve lymph node dissection than VAO, including a lower rate of short- and long-term recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Registration number: NCT03713749 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).

Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Intraoperative Neuromonitoring Indications in Non-Thyroid and Non-Parathyroid Surgery

Introperative nerve monitoring (IONM) of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a well-established technique to aid in thyroid/parathyroid surgery. However, there is little evidence to support its use in non-thyroid or non-parathyroid surgery. The aim of this paper was to review the current evidence regarding the use of IONM in non-thyroid/non-parathyroid surgery in the head and neck and thorax. A literature search was performed from their inception up to January 2024, including the term "recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring". IONM in non-thyroid/non-parathyroid surgery has mainly been previously described in oesophageal surgery and in tracheal resections. However, there is little published evidence on the role of IONM with other resections in the vicinity of the RLN. Current evidence is low-level for the use of RLN IONM in non-thyroid/non-parathyroid surgery. However, clinicians should consider its use in surgery for pathologies where the RLN is exposed and could be injured.

Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring during Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy and 3-Field Lymphadenectomy: Safety, Efficacy, and Feasibility

Background

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the safety, efficacy, and feasibility of intraoperative monitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerves during thoracoscopic and robotic 3-field esophagectomy.

Methods

This retrospective analysis details our initial experience using intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) during minimally invasive 3-field esophagectomy. Data were obtained from a prospectively maintained database and electronic medical records. The study included all patients who underwent minimally invasive (video-assisted thoracic surgery/robotic) transthoracic esophagectomy with neck anastomosis. The patients were divided into those who underwent IONM during the study period and a historical cohort who underwent 3-field esophagectomy without IONM at the same institution. Appropriate statistical tests were used to compare the 2 groups.

Results

Twenty-four patients underwent nerve monitoring during minimally invasive 3-field esophagectomy. Of these, 15 patients underwent thoraco-laparoscopic operation, while 9 received a robot-assisted procedure. In the immediate postoperative period, 8 of 24 patients (33.3%) experienced vocal cord paralysis. Relative to a historical cohort from the same institution, who were treated with surgery without nerve monitoring in the preceding 5 years, a 26% reduction was observed in the nerve paralysis rate (p=0.08). On follow-up, 6 of the 8 patients with vocal cord paralysis reported a return to normal vocal function. Additionally, patients who underwent IONM exhibited a higher nodal yield and a decreased frequency of tracheostomy and bronchoscopy.

Conclusion

The use of IONM during minimally invasive 3-field esophagectomy is safe and feasible. This technique has the potential to decrease the incidence of recurrent nerve palsy and increase nodal yield.

Application of Intraoperative Neuromonitoring (IONM) of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve during Esophagectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (RLNP) is a common and severe complication of esophagectomy in esophageal cancer (EC). Several studies explored the application of intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in esophagectomy to prevent RLNP. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the value of IONM in esophagectomy for EC.

METHODS

an electronic of the literature using Google Scholar, PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science (data up to October 2022) was conducted and screened to compare IONM-assisted and conventional non-IONM-assisted esophagectomy. RLNP, the number of mediastinal lymph nodes (LN) dissected, aspiration, pneumonia, chylothorax, anastomotic leakage, the number of total LN dissected, postoperative hospital stay and total operation time were evaluated using Review Manager 5.4.1.

RESULT

ten studies were ultimately included, with a total of 949 patients from one randomized controlled trial and nine retrospective case-control studies in the meta-analysis. The present study demonstrated that IONM reduced the incidence of RLNP(Odds Ratio (OR) 0.37, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.26-0.52) and pneumonia (OR 0.58, 95%CI 0.41-0.82) and was associated with more mediastinal LN dissected (Weighted Mean Difference (WMD) 4.75, 95%CI 3.02-6.48) and total mediastinal LN dissected (WMD 5.47, 95%CI 0.39-10.56). In addition, IONM does not increase the incidence of aspiration (OR 0.4, 95%CI 0.07-2.51), chylothorax (OR 0.55, 95%CI 0.17-1.76), and anastomotic leakage (OR 0.78, 95%CI 0.48-1.27) and does not increase the total operative time (WMD -12.33, 95%CI -33.94-9.28) or postoperative hospital stay (WMD -2.07 95%CI -6.61-2.46) after esophagectomy.

CONCLUSION

IONM showed advantages for preventing RLNP and pneumonia and was associated with more mediastinal and total LN dissected in esophagectomy. IONM should be recommended for esophagectomy.

Continuous Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring During Single-Port Mediastinoscopic Radical Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer

BACKGROUND

Although single-port mediastinoscopic radical esophagectomy is ultimate minimally invasive surgery for esophageal cancer without thoracotomy or the thoracoscopic approach, the high incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy remains a pivotal clinical issue.

METHODS

This study included 41 patients who underwent single-port mediastinoscopic radical esophagectomy with mediastinal lymphadenectomy between September 2014 and March 2022. Among these, continuous nerve monitoring (CNM) for RLN was done in 25 patients (CNM group), while the remaining 16 patients underwent without CNM (non-CNM group). Clinical benefits of CNM for RLN were evaluated.

RESULTS

The overall incidence of postoperative RLN palsy was 14.6% (6/41). The CNM group showed a significantly lower incidence of postoperative RLN palsy as compared to the non-CNM group (P = 0.026: CNM vs. non-CRNM: 4.0% (1/25) vs. 31.2% (5/16)). The CNM group had a lower incidence of postoperative pneumoniae (CNM vs. non-CNM: 4.0% (1/25) vs. 18.8% (3/16)) and shorter days of postoperative hospital stay (CNM vs. non-CNM: 13 days vs. 41 days). Multivariate analysis revealed that the CNM use (odds ratio 0.07; 95% CI 0.05-0.98) was an independent factor avoiding postoperative RLN palsy.

CONCLUSION

The CNM for RLN contributes to a remarkable reduction in the risk of postoperative RLN palsy and improvement in outcomes in single-port mediastinoscopic radical esophagectomy.

Clinical Outcome of Intraoperative Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring during Thoracoscopic Esophagectomy and Mediastinal Lymph Node Dissection for Esophageal Cancer

Mediastinal lymph dissection in esophagectomy for patients with esophageal cancer is important. The dissection of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) lymph nodes could cause RLN injury, vocal cord palsy, pneumonia, and respiratory failure. This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the effects of intraoperative RLN monitoring in esophagectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection in preventing RLN injury and vocal cord palsy. This study included 75 patients who underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection for esophageal cancer with (38 patients) and without (37 patients) IONM at Changhua Christian Hospital from 2015 to 2020. The surgical and clinical outcomes were reviewed. Patients in the IONM group had more advanced clinical T status, shorter operation time (570 vs. 633 min, p = 0.007), and less blood loss (100 mL vs. 150 mL, p = 0.019). The IONM group had significantly less postoperative vocal palsy (10.5% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.006) and pneumonia (13.2% vs. 37.8%, p = 0.014) than that in the non-IONM group. IONM was an independent factor for less postoperative vocal cord palsy that was related to postoperative 2-year survival. This study demonstrated that IONM could reduce the incidence of postoperative vocal cord palsy and pneumonia.

Intraoperative nerve monitoring during esophagectomy reduces the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy

BACKGROUND

Despite the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy during esophagectomy, no established method of monitoring RLN injury is currently available.

METHODS

This study included 187 patients who underwent esophagectomy between 2011 and 2018. Among these, intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) was done in 142 patients (IONM group), while the remaining 45 patients underwent conventional surgery without IONM (control group). We investigated the incidence of postoperative complications with regard to the use of IONM.

RESULTS

The overall incidence of postoperative RLN palsy was 28% (52/187). The IONM group showed a significantly lower incidence of postoperative RLN palsy as compared to that in the control group (p = 0.004). The overall incidence of postoperative pneumonia was 22% (41/187) in those with Clavien-Dindo (CD) classification beyond grade 2. There were no significant differences between the incidence of any grade of postoperative pneumonia and the use of IONM (p = 0.195 and 0.333; CD > 2 and > 3, respectively). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumors in the upper third [odds ratio (OR) 3.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-9.29] and lack of IONM use (OR 2.51; 95% CI 1.17-5.38) were independent factors causing postoperative RLN palsy after esophagectomy.

CONCLUSION

IONM helps to reduce the risk of postoperative RLN palsy after esophageal cancer surgery.

Real-time detection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thoracoscopic esophagectomy using artificial intelligence

BACKGROUND

Artificial intelligence (AI) has been largely investigated in the field of surgery, particularly in quality assurance. However, AI-guided navigation during surgery has not yet been put into practice because a sufficient level of performance has not been reached. We aimed to develop deep learning-based AI image processing software to identify the location of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during thoracoscopic esophagectomy and determine whether the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis is reduced using this software.

METHODS

More than 3000 images extracted from 20 thoracoscopic esophagectomy videos and 40 images extracted from 8 thoracoscopic esophagectomy videos were annotated for identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The Dice coefficient was used to assess the detection performance of the model and that of surgeons (specialized esophageal surgeons and certified general gastrointestinal surgeons). The performance was compared using a test set.

RESULTS

The average Dice coefficient of the AI model was 0.58. This was not significantly different from the Dice coefficient of the group of specialized esophageal surgeons (P = 0.26); however, it was significantly higher than that of the group of certified general gastrointestinal surgeons (P = 0.019).

CONCLUSIONS

Our software's performance in identification of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was superior to that of general surgeons and almost reached that of specialized surgeons. Our software provides real-time identification and will be useful for thoracoscopic esophagectomy after further developments.

Efficacy of Intraoperative Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring During Thoracoscopic Esophagectomy for Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RLNP), a severe complication of mini-invasive esophagectomy, usually occurs during lymphadenectomy adjacent to recurrent laryngeal nerve. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) in reducing RLNP incidence during mini-invasive esophagectomy. Methods: Systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, EBSCO, Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library until June 4, 2021 was performed using the terms "(nerve monitoring) OR neuromonitoring OR neural monitoring OR recurrent laryngeal nerve AND (esophagectomy OR esophageal)." Primary outcome was postoperative RLNP incidence. Secondary outcomes were sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for IONM; complications after esophagectomy; number of dissected lymph nodes; operation time; and length of hospital stay. Results: Among 2,330 studies, five studies comprising 509 patients were eligible for final analysis. The RLNP incidence was significantly lower (odds ratio [OR] 0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.88, p < 0.05), the number of dissected mediastinal lymph nodes was significantly higher (mean difference 4.30, 95%CI 2.75-5.85, p < 0.001), and the rate of hoarseness was significantly lower (OR 0.14, 95%CI 0.03-0.63, p = 0.01) in the IONM group than in the non-IONM group. The rates of aspiration (OR 0.31, 95%CI 0.06-1.64, p = 0.17), pneumonia (OR 1.08, 95%CI 0.70-1.67, p = 0.71), and operation time (mean difference 7.68, 95%CI -23.60-38.95, p = 0.63) were not significantly different between the two groups. The mean sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for IONM were 53.2% (0-66.7%), 93.7% (54.8-100%), 71.4% (0-100%), and 87.1% (68.0-96.6%), respectively. Conclusion: IONM was a feasible and effective approach to minimize RLNP, improve lymphadenectomy, and reduce hoarseness after thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer, although IONM did not provide significant benefit in reducing aspiration, pneumonia, operation time, and length of hospital stay.

Preoperative computed tomography predicts the risk of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position

BACKGROUND

Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (RLNP) after thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer (EC) is known to be a major complication leading to poor quality of life. RLNP is mainly associated with surgical procedures performed near the RLN. Therefore, with focus on the region of the RLN, we used preoperative computed tomography to investigate the risk factors of RLNP in patients with EC undergoing thoracoscopic esophagectomy.

METHODS

We retrospectively examined 77 EC patients who underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position at our department between January 2010 and December 2018. Bilateral cross-sectional areas (mm²) of the fatty tissue around the RLN at the level of the lower pole of the thyroid gland were measured on preoperative axial computed tomography (CT) images. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between the incidence of RLNP and patient clinical factors, including the cross-sectional areas.

RESULTS

RLNP occurred in 24 of 77 patients (31.2%). The incidence of RLNP was significantly more frequent on the left side than on the right. (26% vs. 5.2%, respectively). Univariate analysis identified the following left RLNP risk factors: intrathoracic operative time (> 235 min), and area around the RLN (> 174.3 mm²). Multivariate analysis found that the area around the RLN was an independent risk factor of left RLNP.

CONCLUSION

An increased area around the RLN measured on an axial CT view at the level of the lower pole of the thyroid gland was a risk factor of RLNP in EC patients undergoing thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position.

A standardized procedure for upper mediastinal lymph node dissection improves the safety and efficacy of robotic McKeown oesophagectomy

BACKGROUND

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy is a common complication of upper mediastinal lymph node dissection (UMLND) in the context of oesophageal cancer surgery. In an effort to reduce its occurrence, we developed a standardised surgical procedure that allows flexible suspension of the left RLN during robotic McKeown oesophagectomy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients who received robotic McKeown oesophagectomy for cancer were divided into two groups (pre and poststandardisation). Perioperative outcomes were retrospectively compared.

RESULTS

The pre and poststandardisation groups consisted of 44 and 42 patients, respectively. There were no significant intergroup differences in terms of number of dissected lymph nodes. Compared with the prestandardisation group, patients treated after standardisation had a markedly lowered incidence of left RLN palsy (20.5% vs. 4.8%, respectively, p = 0.029) and a reduced mean thoracic operating time (161.05 vs. 131 min, respectively, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our standardised surgical approach is efficient and may increase the safety of UMLND.

Efficacy of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal neuromonitoring during surgery for esophageal cancer

AIM

To evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative neuromonitoring in identifying recurrent laryngeal nerves and decreasing the incidence of nerve injury in minimally invasive esophagectomies for esophageal cancers.

METHODS

A total of 167 minimally invasive esophagectomy patients were retrospectively reviewed. They were divided into intraoperative neuromonitoring (n = 84) and no intraoperative neuromonitoring (n = 83) groups, based on whether or not intraoperative neuromonitoring was used during surgery. We compared short-term surgical outcomes and incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy between the two groups before and after propensity score matching. The association between the loss of signal and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was also evaluated.

RESULTS

The incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy (grade 2 and higher) was lower in the intraoperative neuromonitoring group than in the no intraoperative neuromonitoring group (6.0% vs 21.2%, P = 0.02). The rate of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy recovery within 6 months was also significantly higher in the intraoperative neuromonitoring group (87.5% vs 20.0%, P < 0.01). The positive and negative predictive values of intraoperative neuromonitoring for recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy were 60% (9/15) and 86.9% (60/69), respectively. The duration from paralysis to recovery was shorter in recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy cases with negative loss of signal results than in cases with positive loss of signal results (median: 43 days vs 95 days).

CONCLUSION

Intraoperative neuromonitoring is useful in identifying recurrent laryngeal nerves and may aid in reducing the incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury during esophageal surgery.

Esophageal cancer surgery: review of complications and their management

Esophagectomy, even with the progress in surgical technique and perioperative management, is a highly specialized surgery, associated with a high rate of complications. Early recognition and adequate treatment should be a standard of care for the most common postoperative complications: anastomotic leakage, pneumonia, atrial fibrillation, chylothorax, and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. Recent progress in endoscopy with vacuum and stent placement, or in radiology with embolization, has changed the management of these complications. The success of nonoperative treatments should be frequently reassessed and reoperation must be proposed in case of failure. We have summarized the clinical signs, diagnostic process, and management of the frequent complications after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer.

Recent advances in minimally invasive esophagectomy for squamous esophageal cancer

Over the past decade there has been tremendous development in the clinical application of minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for the treatment of squamous esophageal carcinoma. The major challenges in the performance of MIE include limitations in visualization and manipulation within the confined, rigid thoracic cavity; the need for adequate patient positioning and anesthetic techniques to accommodate the surgical exposure; and changes in the surgical steps for achieving radical nodal dissection, especially for the superior mediastinum. The surgical procedure for MIE is more and more standardized, and there is an increasing practice of MIE worldwide. Randomized trials and meta-analyses have confirmed the advantages of MIE over open esophagectomy, including a significantly lower rate of complications and shorter hospital stays. The recent application of robotics technologies for MIE has further enhanced the quality and safety of the surgical dissection, while intraoperative nerve monitoring has contributed to a lower rate of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. With the application of new technologies, we expect further improvement in surgical outcomes for MIE in the treatment of squamous esophageal cancer.

Effect of Chin-down-plus-larynx-tightening maneuver on swallowing function after minimally invasive esophagectomy: A randomized controlled trail

Background

The incidence of swallowing abnormality was high after minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for esophageal cancer (EC). Few reports, however, focused on interventions for dysphagia after esophagectomy.

Aim

The purpose of this research was to estimate the effect of Chin‐down‐plus‐larynx‐tightening maneuver on swallowing function for patients receiving esophagectomy.

Method

This was a 2‐arm, parallel‐group, single‐blind randomized clinical trial, performed in patients suffered from EC from November 2018 to January 2020. Patients were randomly assigned to the intervention group (IG) or the control group (CG). The participants in CG received routine care, and the IG received Chin‐down‐plus‐larynx‐tightening maneuver during feeding. The incidence of choking cough, swallowing function, and dietary outcomes were evaluated before and after intervention for 7 days.

Results

A total of 237 EC cases were enrolled and randomized to the IG (n = 118) or CG (n = 119). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. Postoperative choking cough occurred in 5 of 118 cases (4.24%) in IG and 18 of 119 cases (19.4%) in CG, the differences showed statistically significant (P < .001). The analysis showed that the participants in the IG compared with the CG have more total caloric intake of 24 hours and higher K/R (the ratio of calories oral achieved to total calories required of body) significantly from D1 to D7 of intervention (P < .05).

Conclusion

The findings suggest that the Chin‐down‐plus‐larynx‐tightening maneuver can improve swallowing function recovery and oral total food intake and calories in EC patients undergoing MIE.

Thoracoscopic esophagectomy with left recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring for thoracic esophageal cancer in a patient with a right aortic arch: a case report

Background

Surgery for cases of thoracic esophageal cancer with a right aortic arch is rare, and the anatomic abnormalities in such patients necessitate a different surgical approach. Since the position of the recurrent laryngeal nerve often differs from the usual in these cases, the lymph node dissection around the recurrent laryngeal nerve, which is an important step in surgery for thoracic esophageal cancer, requires careful attention. There are some reports on the usefulness of intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring during esophageal cancer surgery. Herein, we report a case of successful thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer in a patient with a right aortic arch using intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring.

Case presentation

A 70-year-old man was diagnosed as having esophageal cancer (Ut, type 0-IIc, T1b/MtLt, type 0-IIc, T1b, N2, M0, cStage II) and was treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by radical surgery. Preoperative CT examination revealed a right aortic arch, and based on the findings of 3D-CT, we classified the right aortic arch as type IIIB1 (Edwards classification), which is the most frequent type of right aortic arch. We performed thoracoscopic esophagectomy via a left thoracic approach with the patient placed in the prone position, cervical esophagogastric conduit reconstruction via the retrosternal route, and three-field lymph node dissection. Although Kommerell’s diverticulum could be easily confirmed, the descending aorta took a meandering course, making it difficult for the esophagus to be mobilized and detached and therefore also to identify the ductus arteriosus and left recurrent laryngeal nerve. Intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring using NIM-RESPONSE® 3.0 (Medtronic Japan, Tokyo, Japan) allowed the position of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve to be accurately determined, and upper mediastinal lymph node dissection and mobilization of the upper thoracic esophagus were performed safely. Postoperatively, the patient showed no evidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, but needed conservative treatment for anastomotic leakage. The patient was discharged 46 days after the surgery.

Conclusion

It was suggested that intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring is useful in esophageal cancer with a right aortic arch undergoing surgery, in whom anatomic abnormalities of the recurrent laryngeal nerve can be expected.

Transition from video-assisted thoracoscopic to robotic esophagectomy: a single surgeon's experience

Lymph node dissection (LND) along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) is a technically challenging part of esophageal cancer surgery, especially after chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Robotic surgery holds promise to increase its safety and feasibility. The aim of this study was to describe a single thoracoscopic surgeon's experience related to the transition from video-assisted esophagectomy (VATE) to robotic esophagectomy (RE)-with a special focus on the safety of left RLN LND. Patients who underwent minimally invasive esophagectomy and RLN dissection following CRT were dichotomized according to the use of robotic surgery (robotic esophagectomy [RE] versus video-assisted thoracoscopic esophagectomy [VATE]). The following parameters were determined: (1) number of dissected nodes, (2) rates of RLN palsy, (3) rates of perioperative complications, and (4) learning curve. Learning curve analysis was performed using the 10-patient moving average (MA) for operation times and with the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method for left RLN LND (target failure rate: 15%). The RE and VATE groups consisted of 39 and 67 patients, respectively. The intraoperative identification of the left RLN was more common in the RE group (97.4%) than in the VATE group (68.7%; P < 0.001). Postoperative left RLN palsy was significantly more frequent in the VATE group (26.9%) than in the RE group (10.3%; P = 0.042), with a higher rate of pneumonia in the former (16.4% versus 2.6%; P = 0.03). The MA chart revealed a downward trend followed by a flattening of the RE operation time at operation number 17 and 29, respectively. CUSUM analysis showed that the left RLN palsy rate decreased to the target rate after 12 operations. We conclude that at least 12 cases are required for a surgeon with prior experience in VATE to safely accomplish left RLN LND through a robotic approach.

Postoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is associated with pneumonia in minimally invasive esophagectomy for esophageal cancer

BACKGROUND

During the past decade, minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) for esophageal cancer has been adopted worldwide with expectations of lower invasiveness. However, the rate of postoperative pneumonia, which is an independent risk factor for oncological prognosis in esophageal cancer, remains high. The aim of this retrospective follow-up study is to clarify whether there is a strong correlation between recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy and postoperative pneumonia in MIE.

METHODS

This retrospective follow-up study included 209 patients with esophageal cancer who underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position (TEP) at Kobe University between 2011 and 2018. Inclusion criteria included age 18-85 years; cT1-3, cN0-3 disease; upper mediastinal lymphadenectomy; and ability to undergo simultaneous esophagectomy and reconstruction of the gastric conduit or pedicled jejunum. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were conducted to identify independent risk factors for pneumonia.

RESULTS

Among 209 TEPs, pneumonia of Clavien-Dindo classification grade > II occurred in 44 patients (21%). In the pneumonia positive and negative groups, there were significant differences in age (67.9 ± 7.5 vs. 64.9 ± 8.6 years), 3-field lymph node dissection [27 (61%) vs. 67 (41%)], transfusion [20 (45%) vs. 41 (25%)], left RLN palsy [19 (43%) vs. 18 (11%)], and any RLN palsy [20 (45%) vs. 18 (11%)]. In multivariate analysis, any RLN palsy was associated with a higher incidence of pneumonia [odds ratio (OR), 6.210; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.728-14.480; P < 0.0001]. In addition, age was associated with a higher incidence of pneumonia (OR, 1.049; 95% CI, 1.001-1.103; P = 0.046). Changes in the rate of any RLN palsy over time were quite similar to changes in the incidence of pneumonia.

CONCLUSION

There is a strong correlation between RLN palsy and pneumonia in MIE for esophageal cancer. Prevention of RLN palsy may reduce the incidence of pneumonia, leading to better oncological prognosis.

Combined recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring and one-lung ventilation using the EZ-Blocker and an electromyographic endotracheal tube

Background

Intraoperative neuromuscular monitoring (IONM) is a widespread procedure to identify and protect the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) during thyroid surgery. However, for left thoracic surgery with high risk of RLN injury, both reliable recurrent laryngeal nerve monitoring and one-lung ventilation could interfere.

Methods

In this prospective study, a new method for IONM during one-lung ventilation combining RLN monitoring with an electromyographic (EMG) endotracheal tube (ETT) and lung separation using the EZ-Blocker (EZB) is described and its clinical feasibility and effectiveness were assessed.

Results

A total of 14 patients undergoing left upper lobe surgery and left upper mediastinal lymph node dissection were enrolled. The EZB was introduced and positioned without any problems and sufficient lung collapse was achieved in all patients. No tracheobronchial injuries or immediate complications occurred. A stable EMG signal was present in all patients and no RLN palsy and no negative side effects of the NIM EMG ETT or the EZB were observed postoperatively.

Conclusions

The described method is technically feasible, easy to apply and save. It provides both reliable IONM and independent lung separation for optimal surgical exposure. The combined use of the EZB and the NIM EMG ETT might reduce the risk for RLN palsy and impaired lung separation during left thoracic surgery with high risk for RLN injury.

Lymph node dissection along the recurrent laryngeal nerves in patients with oesophageal cancer who had undergone chemoradiotherapy: is it safe?

OBJECTIVES

Upper mediastinal lymph node dissection (LND)-especially along the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RN)-is the most challenging part of oesophageal cancer surgery. We investigated whether thoracoscopic RN LND may be safely performed in patients with oesophageal cancer who had undergone chemoradiotherapy (CRT).

METHODS

Patients with oesophageal cancer who had undergone thoracoscopic RN LND (n = 103) were divided into 2 groups according to whether they had prior treatment with CRT or not [the CRT group (n = 65) vs the upfront surgery group (n = 38), respectively]. All patients were operated on by a single surgeon. Intergroup comparisons were made in terms of (i) the number of dissected nodes, (ii) rates of RN palsy and (iii) rates of perioperative complications. The learning curve for the RN LND procedure was investigated using the cumulative sum method.

RESULTS

RN LND after CRT was more technically challenging when performed in the left side. Complete skeletonization of the left RN was achieved only in 66.2% of patients in the CRT group (vs 86.8% in the upfront surgery group; P = 0.022). The rate of postoperative left side RN palsy was significantly higher in the CRT group (26.6%) than in the upfront surgery group (7.9%, P = 0.022), albeit resulting in neither higher pneumonia rates nor longer hospital stays. The cumulative sum analysis revealed a steep learning curve for left RN LND in the CRT group. Unfortunately, an acceptable proficiency (left RN palsy rate: 15%) was not achievable even after treatment in 65 cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Thoracoscopic RN LND is safe but poses significant challenges in CRT-treated patients.

Usefulness of intraoperative nerve monitoring in esophageal cancer surgery in predicting recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and its severity

BACKGROUND

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy is a critical postoperative complication in esophageal cancer surgery. However, intraoperative prediction of its occurrence and severity is difficult. In this prospective study, we evaluated the usefulness of intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) in predicting RLN palsy and its severity.

METHODS

Twenty patients who underwent subtotal esophagectomy with 3-field lymph node dissection were enrolled. Intraoperative electromyography (EMG) amplitudes of the vocal cords were measured by IONM at RLN and vagus nerve (VN) stimulation. Comparison was made between the vocal cords with RLN palsy and those without palsy and additionally between the vocal cords with transient RLN palsy and those with persistent palsy.

RESULTS

Among 40 vocal cords in 20 patients, 26 were intact and 14 were paralyzed. Seven had transient, six had permanent palsy. The mean EMG amplitude of intact vocal cords was significantly larger than that of paralyzed ones at VN (506 ± 498 µV vs. 258 ± 226 µV, p = 0.022) and RLN stimulation (642 ± 530 µV vs. 400 ± 308 µV, p = 0.038). The cut-off value for postoperative palsy were 419 µV [positive predictive value (PPV): 48.0%, negative predictive value (NPV): 84.6%] at VN and 673 µV (PPV: 44.8%, NPV: 90.9%) at RLN stimulation. The mean EMG amplitude of persistently paralyzed vocal cords tended to be small, compared with that of recovered ones at both VN (168 ± 173 µV vs. 336 ± 266 µV, p = 0.11) and RLN (244 ± 223 µV vs. 536 ± 344 µV, p = 0.051) stimulation.

CONCLUSION

The absolute EMG amplitude of IONM might be helpful to predict the occurrence and severity of RLN palsy after esophageal surgery although the predictive value is low.

Lateral thermal spread induced by energy devices: a porcine model to evaluate the influence on the recurrent laryngeal nerve

BACKGROUND

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) paralysis is a frequently observed complication after esophagectomy, and thermal injury is considered to be one of the causes. The difference in the lateral thermal spread associated with the grasping range of various energy devices remains unknown.

METHODS

Ultrasonic devices (Harmonic® HD1000i and Sonicision™) and a vessel-sealing device (Ligasure™) were studied. We evaluated the temperature of these devices, the activation time required, and the thermal spread on porcine muscle when the devices were used with different grasping ranges (thermal spread study). In addition, we evaluated the influence of thermal spread by short grasping use of the energy devices on the viability of RLN in a live porcine model (NIM study).

RESULTS

In the thermal spread study, the temperature of the ultrasonic devices lowered as grasping range increased, whereas the highest temperature of Ligasure was observed when used with two-thirds grasping. The activation time of ultrasonic devices became longer as grasping range increased, whereas the grasping range did not influence the activation time of Ligasure. Thermal spreads 1 mm from the energy devices were unaffected by the grasping ranges. Although the temperature of the Ligasure was lower than that of the ultrasonic devices, thermal spread by Ligasure was significantly greater than that induced by the ultrasonic devices. In the NIM study, the activation of the Sonicision with one-third grasping range did not cause EMG changes at distances of up to 1 mm from the RLN, whereas applying Ligasure with a one-third grasping range 1 mm away from the RLN led to a critical result.

CONCLUSIONS

The grasping range did not influence the thermal spread induced by the energy devices. Ultrasonic devices may be safer in terms of lateral thermal spread to the RLN than Ligasure.

Evaluation of the need for routine feeding jejunostomy for enteral nutrition after esophagectomy

Background

Previous studies have shown that enteral nutrition (EN) helps reduce severe postoperative complications after esophagectomy. However, the incidence of jejunostomy-related complications is approximately 30%. We evaluated the operative outcomes in patients who did not receive EN via feeding jejunostomy after esophagectomy.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 76 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer who received radical esophagectomy. Operative outcomes were compared between 33 patients who received postoperative EN via feeding jejunostomy (group A; from May 2014 to September 2015) and 43 patients who did not receive EN via feeding jejunostomy (group B; from September 2015 to December 2017).

Results

The American Society of Anesthesiologists performance status score of the patients in group B was significantly higher than that of patients in group A (P=0.002). The postoperative morbidity rate was comparable between the two groups (group A, 30.3% vs. group B, 44.2%, P=0.217). No significant between-group differences were observed in the incidence of infectious complications, postoperative hospital stay, readmission within 30 days after discharge, or pneumonia after discharge within 6 months. The incidence of bowel obstruction was significantly higher in group A than in group B (group A, 9.1% vs. group B, 0%, P=0.044). Two patients in group B required nutritional support via total parenteral nutrition due to bilateral vocal cord palsy or pneumonia.

Conclusions

Jejunostomy-related bowel obstruction in the patients with feeding jejunostomy was significantly higher than that in the patients without jejunostomy. There was no increase in postoperative complications (including pneumonia) in the patients who did not receive EN via feeding jejunostomy. Our results suggest that routine feeding jejunostomy may not be necessary for all patients undergoing esophagectomy.

Technique and surgical outcomes of mesenterization and intra-operative neural monitoring to reduce recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis after thoracoscopic esophagectomy: A cohort study

BACKGROUND

Because the thoracic esophageal carcinoma has a high metastatic rate to the upper mediastinal lymph nodes, especially along the recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLN), it is crucial to perform a complete lymphadenectomy along the RLN without complications. Although intraoperative neural monitoring (IONM) during thyroid surgery has gained widespread acceptance as a useful tool for visual nerve identification, utilization of IONM during esophageal surgery has not become common. Here, we describe our procedures, focusing on a lymphadenectomy along the RLN utilizing the IONM.

METHODS

Eighty-seven patients who underwent prone esophagectomy between December 2009 and September 2017 were included in this study. We divided patients into two groups: neural monitoring group (Nm, n = 31) and conventional method group without IONM (Cm, n = 56). We first dissect around the esophagus, preserving the membranous structure; mesoesophagus, which contains tracheoesophageal artery; RLN; and lymph nodes (mesenterization). In Nm group, we next identify the location of the RLN, which runs in the mesoesophagus using IONM before visual contact. Next, we perform lymphadenectomy around the RLN, preserving the nerve itself. Early surgical outcomes were retrospectively compared between two groups.

RESULTS

In all 31 cases in the Nm group, we detected the location of the RLN before the visual contact. The sensitivity and specificity of the IONM to detect the RLN paralysis were 67% and 96%, respectively. Postoperative RLN paralysis was observed in 3 cases in the Nm group (9.7%), which was lower than that in the Cm group (32.1%, p = 0.03). Clavien-Dindo grade 2 and over aspiration were seen in 2 (Nm, 6.5%) and 16 (Cm, 28.6%) cases (p = 0.01), respectively. The postoperative hospital stay was shorter in the Nm group (22 days, median) than in the Cm group (39 days, median, p = 0.0002). The number of dissected mediastinal lymph nodes was similar in both groups (25 vs. 20, median, p = 0.12).

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of IONM and the concept of the mesoesophagus have substantial advantages in allowing accurate and safe mediastinal lymphadenectomy during prone esophagectomy.

Comparison between neck-first approach and thoracic approach during thoracoscopic esophagectomy

PURPOSE

This study aimed to compare the outcomes of the prior cervical and thoracic approaches of thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position for esophageal cancer.

METHODS

We reviewed the records of 103 consecutive patients who underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position for esophageal cancer. Seventy-four patients underwent the prior cervical approach (Cervical group); the other 29 underwent the thoracic approach (Thoracic group). The perioperative outcomes of the two groups were compared.

RESULTS

Total operative time and volume of blood loss were not different between the two groups, but the median thoracoscopic time was significantly longer in the Thoracic group than in the Cervical group (296 vs. 210 min; P < 0.001). The incidence of recurrent nerve palsy was not different; however, the incidence of the postoperative pneumonia tended to be higher in the Thoracic group than in the Cervical group (20.7 vs. 10.8%; P = 0.188), and the duration of postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer in the Thoracic group than in the Cervical group (22 vs. 17 days; P = 0.032).

CONCLUSION

Patients who underwent thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position via the prior cervical approach had better short-term outcomes than those who underwent the thoracic approach.

Recurrent laryngeal nerve injury after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: incidence, management, and impact on short- and long-term outcomes

BACKGROUND

Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury caused by esophagectomy may lead to postoperative morbidity, however data on long-term recovery are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the consequences of RLN palsy (RLNP) in terms of pulmonary morbidity and long-term functional recovery.

METHODS

Patients who underwent a 3-stage transthoracic (McKeown) or a transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma in the University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU) between January 2004 and March 2016 were included from a prospective database. Multivariable analyses were conducted to assess the association between RLNP and pulmonary complications and hospital stay. Data regarding long-term recovery were summarized using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

Out of the 451 included patients, 47 (10%) were diagnosed with RLNP. Of the patients with RLNP, 34 (7%) had a unilateral lesion, 8 (2%) had a bilateral lesion, and in 5 (1%) the location of the lesion was unknown. The incidence of RLNP was 3/127 (2%) in the transhiatal group, and 44/324 (14%) in the McKeown group. RLNP after McKeown esophagectomy was associated with a higher incidence of pulmonary complications (OR 2.391; 95% CI 1.222-4.679; P=0.011), as well as a longer hospital stay (+4 days) (P=0.001). Of the RLNP patients with more than 6 months follow up almost half recovered fully {median follow-up of 17.5 [7-135] months}. Of the remainder, six required a surgical intervention and the others had residual symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

RLNP after McKeown esophagectomy is associated with an increased pulmonary complication rate, longer hospital stay, and a moderate long-term recovery. Further studies are necessary that examine technologies, which may reduce RLNP incidence and contribute to the early detection and treatment of RLNP.