The role of body mass index in determining clinical and quality of life outcomes after laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery

Multi-society consensus conference and guideline on the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common diseases in North America and globally. The aim of this guideline is to provide evidence-based recommendations regarding the most utilized and available endoscopic and surgical treatments for GERD.

METHODS

Systematic literature reviews were conducted for 4 key questions regarding the surgical and endoscopic treatments for GERD in adults: preoperative evaluation, endoscopic vs surgical or medical treatment, complete vs partial fundoplication, and treatment for obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 35 kg/m2) and concomitant GERD. Evidence-based recommendations were formulated using the GRADE methodology by subject experts. Recommendations for future research were also proposed.

RESULTS

The consensus provided 13 recommendations. Through the development of these evidence-based recommendations, an algorithm was proposed for aid in the treatment of GERD. Patients with typical symptoms should undergo upper endoscopy, manometry, and pH-testing; additional testing may be required for patients with atypical or extra-esophageal symptoms. Patients with normal or abnormal findings on manometry should consider undergoing partial fundoplication. Magnetic sphincter augmentation or fundoplication are appropriate surgical procedures for adults with GERD. For patients who wish to avoid surgery, the Stretta procedure and transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF 2.0) were found to have better outcomes than proton pump inhibitors alone. Patients with concomitant obesity were recommended to undergo either gastric bypass or fundoplication, although patients with severe comorbid disease or BMI > 50 should undergo Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for the additional benefits that follow weight loss.

CONCLUSION

Using the recommendations an algorithm was developed by this panel, so that physicians may better counsel their patients with GERD. There are certain patient factors that have been excluded from included studies/trials, and so these recommendations should not replace surgeon-patient decision making. Engaging in the identified research areas may improve future care for GERD patients.

The safety and efficacy of peroral endoscopic cardial constriction in gastroesophageal reflux disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common digestive disorders, which seriously affects the quality of life and brings a heavy burden to the medical care. Peroral endoscopic cardial constriction (PECC) can narrow the cardia through mucosal ligation to alleviate acid reflux symptoms. This study aims to assess the clinical efficacy of PECC.

METHODS

This was a retrospective case series including patients diagnosed with GERD and undergoing PECC from September 2019 to July 2021. GERD-Q questionnaire and GERD-QOL questionnaire were applied to evaluate the symptom severity and the impact of life because of GERD.

RESULTS

A total of 16 patients were included in our study. The mean GERD-Q score was 10.94 ± 2.11 before PECC, while 5.38 ± 3.90 after PECC. The mean GERD-QOL score was 43.60 ± 16.94 before PECC, while 73.65 ± 22.08 after PECC. 62.5% of patients were satisfied with the symptom control and no serious complications were reported in our study.

CONCLUSIONS

PECC is an efficient and safe minimally invasive endoscopic intervention for GERD. It can significantly improve GERD-related symptoms and quality of life.

Proton Pump Inhibitors, Associated Complications, and Alternative Therapies: A Shifting Risk Benefit Ratio

OBJECTIVE

Our goal was to compile the most recent and accurate data on the side effects of proton pump inhibitors (PPI). We also compared the efficacy of PPI to the efficacy of different surgical options for acid reflux control.

BACKGROUND

Proton pump inhibitors are the primary therapy for chronic control of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), but newer studies demonstrate deleterious side effects. Collating this information and contrasting it with surgical therapy for GERD provides evidence for possible practice changes in treatment.

METHODS

A literature search utilizing PubMed was performed evaluating for PPI and anti-reflux surgery (ARS), focusing on articles that reflected information regarding the usage and efficacy of symptom control of both PPI and ARS. Search terms included "ARS, fundoplication, MSA, acute interstitial nephritis, acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, meta-analysis, PPI, H₂ blocker, cardiovascular risk, and gut dysbiosis." We evaluated 271 articles by title, abstract, and data for relevance and included 70.

RESULTS

Long-term control of GERD with PPI may have a greater than expected side effect profile than initially thought. Surgical options may provide greater symptom control than PPI without the side effects of long-term medical therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Anti-reflux control can be safely achieved with either PPI or surgical options; however, the long-term side effects noted in the review such as increased risk of cardiovascular events, renal disease, and gut dysbiosis may suggest surgical anti-reflux control as a better long-term option.

Patients with ineffective esophageal motility benefit from laparoscopic antireflux surgery

BACKGROUND

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common chronic disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, affecting more than 50% of Americans. The development of GERD may be associated with ineffective esophageal motility (IEM). The impact of esophageal motility on outcomes post laparoscopic antireflux surgery (LARS), including quality of life (QOL), remains to be defined. The purpose of this study is to analyze and compare QOL outcomes following LARS among patients with and without ineffective esophageal motility (IEM).

METHODS

This is a single-institution, retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of patients who underwent LARS, from January 2012 to July 2019, for treatment of GERD at our institution. Patients undergoing revisional surgery were excluded. Patients with normal peristalsis (non-IEM) were distinguished from those with IEM, defined using the Chicago classification, on manometric studies. Four validated QOL surveys were used to assess outcomes: Reflux Symptom Index (RSI), Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Health-Related QOL (GERD-HRQL), Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Health-Related QOL (LPR-HRQL), and Swallowing Disorders (SWAL) survey.

RESULTS

203 patients with complete manometric data were identified (75.4% female) and divided into two groups, IEM (n = 44) and non-IEM (n = 159). IEM and Non-IEM groups were parallel in age (58.1 ± 15.3 vs. 62.2 ± 12 years, p = 0.062), body mass index (27.4 ± 4.1 vs. 28.2 ± 4.9 kg/m², p = 0.288), distribution of comorbid disease, sex, and ASA scores. The groups differed in manometry findings and Johnson-DeMeester score (IEM: 38.6 vs. Non-IEM: 24.0, p = 0.023). Patients in both groups underwent similar rates of Nissen fundoplication (IEM: 84.1% vs. Non-IEM: 93.7%, p = 0.061) with greater improvements in dysphagia (IEM: 27.4% vs. 44.2%) in Non-IEM group but comparable benefit in reflux reduction (IEM: 80.6% vs. 72.4%) in both groups at follow-up. There were no differences in postoperative outcomes. Satisfaction rates with LARS were similar between groups (IEM: 80% vs. non-IEM: 77.9%, p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Patients with ineffective esophageal motility derive significant benefits in perioperative and QOL outcomes after LARS. Nevertheless, as anticipated, their baseline dysmotility may reduce the degree of improvement in dysphagia rates post-surgery compared to patients with normal motility. Furthermore, the presence of preoperative IEM should not be a contraindication for complete fundoplication. Key to optimal outcomes after LARS is careful patient selection based on objective perioperative data, including manometry evaluation, with the purpose of tailoring surgery to provide effective reflux control and improved esophageal clearance.