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Downs N, Raj N, Vanos J, Parisi AV, Butler H, Deo R, Igoe D, Dexter B, Beckman-Downs M, Turner J, Dekeyser S. The Playground Shade Index: A New Design Metric for Measuring Shade and Seasonal Ultraviolet Protection Characteristics of Parks and Playgrounds. Photochem Photobiol 2023; 99:1193-1207. [PMID: 36403206 DOI: 10.1111/php.13745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current shading strategies used to protect outdoor playgrounds from harmful solar radiation include the placement of artificial cloth weaves or permanent roofing over a playground site, planting trees in proximity to playground equipment, and using vegetation or surface texture variations to cool playground surfaces. How and where an artificial shade structure is placed or a tree is planted to maximize the shade protection over specific playground areas, requires careful assessment of local seasonal sun exposure patterns. The Playground Shade Index (PSI) is introduced here as a design metric to enable shade and solar ultraviolet exposure patterns to be derived in an outdoor space using conventional aerial views of suburban park maps. The implementation of the PSI is demonstrated by incorporating a machine learning design tool to classify the position of trees from an aerial image, thus enabling the mapping of seasonal shade and ultraviolet exposure patterns within an existing 7180 m2 parkland. This is achieved by modeling the relative position of the sun with respect to nearby buildings, shade structures, and the identified evergreen and deciduous tree species surrounding an outdoor playground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Downs
- Centre for Applied Climate Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Nawin Raj
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Jennifer Vanos
- School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
| | - Alfio V Parisi
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Harry Butler
- Centre for Applied Climate Science, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Ravinesh Deo
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Damien Igoe
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Benjamin Dexter
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Melanie Beckman-Downs
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Joanna Turner
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Stijn Dekeyser
- School of Mathematics, Physics and Computing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
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Backes C, Religi A, Moccozet L, Behar-Cohen F, Vuilleumier L, Bulliard JL, Vernez D. Sun exposure to the eyes: predicted UV protection effectiveness of various sunglasses. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2019; 29:753-764. [PMID: 30382242 PMCID: PMC6803516 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0087-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) doses received by the eyes in different exposure situations, and to predict the sun protection effectiveness provided by various styles of sunglasses at facial, periorbital, and ocular skin zones including the cornea and accounting for different head positions. A 3D numeric model was optimized to predict direct, diffuse and reflected erythemally weighted UVR doses received at various skin zones. Precisely defined facial, periorbital, and ocular skin zones, sunglasses (goggles, medium-, and large-sized sunglasses) and three head positions were modeled to simulate daily (08:00-17:00) and midday (12:00-14:00) UVR doses. The shading from sunglasses' frame and lenses' UVR transmission were used to calculate a predictive protection factor (PPF [%]). Highest ocular daily UVR doses were estimated at the uncovered cornea (1718.4 J/m2). Least sun protection was provided by middle-sized sunglasses with highest midday dose at the white lateral (290.8 J/m2) and lateral periorbital zones (390.9 J/m2). Goggles reached almost 100% protection at all skin zones. Large-sized sunglasses were highly effective in winter; however, their effectiveness depended on diffuse UVR doses received. In "looking-up" head positions highest midday UVR doses were received at the unprotected cornea (908.1 J/m2), totally protected when large-sized sunglasses are used. All tested sunglass lenses fully blocked UVR. Sunglasses' protection effectiveness is strongly influenced by geometry, wearing position, head positions, and exposure conditions. Sunglasses do not totally block UVR and should be combined with additional protection means. 3D modeling allows estimating UVR exposure of highly sensitive small skin zones, chronically exposed and rarely assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Backes
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, 1010, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Division of Chronic Diseases, University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - A Religi
- Centre Universitaire d'Informatique, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - L Moccozet
- Centre Universitaire d'Informatique, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Behar-Cohen
- INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Descartes, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - L Vuilleumier
- Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology (MeteoSwiss), Payerne, Switzerland
| | - J L Bulliard
- Division of Chronic Diseases, University Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Vernez
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, 1010, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Downs NJ, Igoe DP, Parisi AV, Taylor O, Lazzaroni SL, Rawlings A, Garzón-Chavez DR, Harrison SL. Seasonal Minimum and Maximum Solar Ultraviolet Exposure Measurements of Classroom Teachers Residing in Tropical North Queensland, Australia. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1083-1093. [PMID: 30623466 DOI: 10.1111/php.13081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The risk of keratinocyte skin cancer, malignant melanoma and ultraviolet radiation (UVR)-induced eye disease is disproportionately higher in Australia and New Zealand compared to equivalent northern hemisphere latitudes. While many teachers are aware of the importance of reinforcing sun safety messages to students, many may not be aware of the considerable personal exposure risk while performing outdoor duties in locations experiencing high to extreme ambient UVR year-round. Personal erythemally effective exposure of classroom teachers in tropical Townsville (19.3°S) was measured to establish seasonal extremes in exposure behavior. Mean daily personal exposure was higher in winter (91.2 J m-2 , 0.91 Standard Erythema Dose [SED]) than summer (63.3 J m-2 , 0.63 SED). The range of exposures represents personal exposures that approximate current national guidelines for Australian workers at the study latitude of approximately 1.2 SED (30 J m-2 effective to the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection). Similar proportions of teachers spent more than 1 h outdoors per day in winter (28.6%) and summer (23.6%) as part of their teaching duties with seasonal differences having little effect on the time of exposure. Personal exposures for teachers peaked during both seasons near school meal break times at 11:00 am and 1:00 pm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Downs
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.,Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Damien P Igoe
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Alfio V Parisi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Olivia Taylor
- Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Shari L Lazzaroni
- Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Alex Rawlings
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.,Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Daniel R Garzón-Chavez
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.,Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,School of Human Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Simone L Harrison
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia.,Skin Cancer Research Unit, School of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
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A Jebar MA, Parisi AV, Downs NJ, Turner JF. Evaluated UVA Irradiances over a Twelve-year Period at a Subtropical Site from Ozone Monitoring Instrument Data Including the Influence of Cloud. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:1281-1288. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha A. A Jebar
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Alfio V. Parisi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Nathan J. Downs
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Joanna F. Turner
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
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Chrapusta E, Kaminski A, Duchnik K, Bober B, Adamski M, Bialczyk J. Mycosporine-Like Amino Acids: Potential Health and Beauty Ingredients. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:md15100326. [PMID: 29065484 PMCID: PMC5666432 DOI: 10.3390/md15100326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin is constantly exposed to damaging ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which induces a number of acute and chronic disorders. To reduce the risk of UV-induced skin injury, people apply an additional external protection in the form of cosmetic products containing sunscreens. Nowadays, because of the use of some chemical filters raises a lot of controversies, research focuses on exploring novel, fully safe and highly efficient natural UV-absorbing compounds that could be used as active ingredients in sun care products. A promising alternative is the application of multifunctional mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), which can effectively compete with commercially available filters. Here, we outline a complete characterization of these compounds and discuss their enormous biotechnological potential with special emphasis on their use as sunscreens, activators of cells proliferation, anti-cancer agents, anti-photoaging molecules, stimulators of skin renewal, and functional ingredients of UV-protective biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Chrapusta
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology and Earth Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 27, 31-501 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ariel Kaminski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kornelia Duchnik
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Beata Bober
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Michal Adamski
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Jan Bialczyk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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A Jebar MA, Parisi AV, Downs NJ, Turner JF. Validation of Ozone Monitoring Instrument UV Satellite Data Using Spectral and Broadband Surface Based Measurements at a Queensland Site. Photochem Photobiol 2017; 93:1289-1293. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha A. A Jebar
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Alfio V. Parisi
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Nathan J. Downs
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Joanna F. Turner
- Faculty of Health, Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
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Wainwright L, Parisi A, Downs N. Concurrent evaluation of personal damaging and beneficial UV exposures over an extended period. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2017; 170:188-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Deo RC, Downs N, Parisi AV, Adamowski JF, Quilty JM. Very short-term reactive forecasting of the solar ultraviolet index using an extreme learning machine integrated with the solar zenith angle. Environ Res 2017; 155:141-166. [PMID: 28222363 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to erythemally-effective solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) that contributes to malignant keratinocyte cancers and associated health-risk is best mitigated through innovative decision-support systems, with global solar UV index (UVI) forecast necessary to inform real-time sun-protection behaviour recommendations. It follows that the UVI forecasting models are useful tools for such decision-making. In this study, a model for computationally-efficient data-driven forecasting of diffuse and global very short-term reactive (VSTR) (10-min lead-time) UVI, enhanced by drawing on the solar zenith angle (θs) data, was developed using an extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm. An ELM algorithm typically serves to address complex and ill-defined forecasting problems. UV spectroradiometer situated in Toowoomba, Australia measured daily cycles (0500-1700h) of UVI over the austral summer period. After trialling activations functions based on sine, hard limit, logarithmic and tangent sigmoid and triangular and radial basis networks for best results, an optimal ELM architecture utilising logarithmic sigmoid equation in hidden layer, with lagged combinations of θs as the predictor data was developed. ELM's performance was evaluated using statistical metrics: correlation coefficient (r), Willmott's Index (WI), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient (ENS), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) between observed and forecasted UVI. Using these metrics, the ELM model's performance was compared to that of existing methods: multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS), M5 Model Tree, and a semi-empirical (Pro6UV) clear sky model. Based on RMSE and MAE values, the ELM model (0.255, 0.346, respectively) outperformed the MARS (0.310, 0.438) and M5 Model Tree (0.346, 0.466) models. Concurring with these metrics, the Willmott's Index for the ELM, MARS and M5 Model Tree models were 0.966, 0.942 and 0.934, respectively. About 57% of the ELM model's absolute errors were small in magnitude (±0.25), whereas the MARS and M5 Model Tree models generated 53% and 48% of such errors, respectively, indicating the latter models' errors to be distributed in larger magnitude error range. In terms of peak global UVI forecasting, with half the level of error, the ELM model outperformed MARS and M5 Model Tree. A comparison of the magnitude of hourly-cumulated errors of 10-min lead time forecasts for diffuse and global UVI highlighted ELM model's greater accuracy compared to MARS, M5 Model Tree or Pro6UV models. This confirmed the versatility of an ELM model drawing on θsdata for VSTR forecasting of UVI at near real-time horizon. When applied to the goal of enhancing expert systems, ELM-based accurate forecasts capable of reacting quickly to measured conditions can enhance real-time exposure advice for the public, mitigating the potential for solar UV-exposure-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinesh C Deo
- School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences, International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences (ICACS), Institute of Agriculture and Environment (IAg&E), University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4300, Australia.
| | - Nathan Downs
- School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences, International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences (ICACS), Institute of Agriculture and Environment (IAg&E), University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Alfio V Parisi
- School of Agricultural, Computational and Environmental Sciences, International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences (ICACS), Institute of Agriculture and Environment (IAg&E), University of Southern Queensland, QLD 4300, Australia
| | - Jan F Adamowski
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, McGill University, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - John M Quilty
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, McGill University, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Downs NJ, Harrison SL, Chavez DRG, Parisi AV. Solar ultraviolet and the occupational radiant exposure of Queensland school teachers: A comparative study between teaching classifications and behavior patterns. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2016; 158:105-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Downs N, Parisi A, Butler H, Turner J, Wainwright L. Minimum Exposure Limits and Measured Relationships Between the Vitamin D, Erythema and International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection Solar Ultraviolet. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 91:438-49. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Downs
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Centre for Health Sciences Research; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Alfio Parisi
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Harry Butler
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Joanna Turner
- International Centre for Applied Climate Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
| | - Lisa Wainwright
- Faculty of Health; Engineering and Sciences; University of Southern Queensland; Toowoomba Qld Australia
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Downs N, Parisi A, Igoe D. Measurements of occupational ultraviolet exposure and the implications of timetabled yard duty for school teachers in Queensland, Australia: Preliminary results. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2014; 131:84-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Turner J, Parisi AV. Influence of reflected UV irradiance on occupational exposure from combinations of reflective wall surfaces. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:1589-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp50059d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wang F, Gao Q, Hu L, Gao N, Ge T, Yu J, Liu Y. Risk of eye damage from the wavelength-dependent biologically effective UVB spectrum irradiances. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52259. [PMID: 23284960 PMCID: PMC3527526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of previous studies have discussed the risk of eye damage from broadband ultraviolet (UV) radiation. As the biologically damaging effectiveness of UV irradiation on the human body is known to be wavelength-dependent, it is necessary to study the distribution of the UV spectral irradiance. In order to quantify the ocular biologically effective UV (UVBE) irradiance exposure of different wavelengths and assess the risk of eye damage, UV exposure values were measured at Sanya, China (18.4° N, 109.7°E, altitude 18 m), using a manikin and a dual-detector spectrometer to measure simultaneously the ocular exposure and ambient UV spectral irradiance data and solar elevation angle (SEA) range (approximately 7°-85°). The present study uses the ocular UV spectral irradiance exposure weighted with the action spectra for photokeratitis, photoconjunctivitis and cataracts to calculate the ocular UVBE irradiance exposure for photokeratitis (UVBE(pker)), photoconjunctivitis (UVBE(pcon)) and cataracts (UVBE(cat)). We found that the ocular exposure to UV irradiance is strongest in the 30°-60° SEA range when ∼50% of ocular exposure to UV irradiance on a summer's day is received. In the 7°-30° SEA range, all the biologically highly effective wavelengths of UVBE(pker), UVBE(pcon) and UVBE(cat) irradiances are at 300 nm. However, in other SEA ranges the biologically highly effective wavelengths of UVBE(pker), UVBE(pcon) and UVBE(cat) irradiances are different, corresponding to 311 nm, 300 nm and 307 nm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Gao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Liwen Hu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Gao
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tiantian Ge
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiaming Yu
- Ophthalmology Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Parisi AV, Turnbull DJ, Downs N, Smith D. Dosimetric investigation of the solar erythemal UV radiation protection provided by beards and moustaches. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2012; 150:278-282. [PMID: 22090417 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A dosimetric technique has been employed to establish the amount of erythemal ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protection provided by facial hair considering the influence of solar zenith angle (SZA) and beard-moustache length. The facial hair reduced the exposure ratios (ERs) to approximately one-third of those to the sites with no hair. The variation in the ERs over the different sites was reduced compared with the cases with no beard. The ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) provided by the facial hair ranged from 2 to 21. The UPF decreases with increasing SZA. The minimum UPF was in the 53-62° range. The longer hair provides a higher UPF at the smaller SZA, but the difference between the protection provided by the longer hair compared with the shorter hair reduces with increasing SZA. Protection from UVR is provided by the facial hair; however, it is not very high, particularly at the higher SZA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Parisi
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.
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Abstract
This paper reports on the development of a blue light (VIS(BL)) dosemeter. The VIS(BL) dosemeter is based on the combination of polysulfone and phenothiazine as a potential VIS(BL) dosemeter for population studies of exposures related to the blue light hazard. This research found that this combination of photosensitive chromophores reacts to both ultraviolet and visible wavelengths of the solar spectrum. Further to this, the majority of the ultraviolet wavelengths <380 nm can be filtered out with the use of a low-pass filter. It was found that a large change in optical absorbance at 437 nm occurred when the dosemeter was employed to quantify the solar blue light hazard exposures. Preliminary results indicate that this dosemeter saturates relatively slowly and is able to measure exposures equivalent to >1200 kJ m(-2) of blue light hazard weighted solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Turnbull
- Centre for Rural and Remote Area Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia.
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Parisi AV, Turnbull DJ, Downs NJ. Influence of high levels of cloud cover on vitamin D effective and erythemal solar UV irradiances. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2012; 11:1855-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25160d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Parisi AV, Schouten P, Downs NJ, Turner J. Solar UV exposures measured simultaneously to all arbitrarily oriented leaves on a plant. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2010; 99:87-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2009] [Revised: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Turnbull DJ, Parisi AV, Schouten PW. Empirical Evaluation of Global Vitamin D Effective Ultraviolet Irradiances under Cloudy Conditions for a Subtropical Southern Hemisphere Site. Radiat Res 2010; 173:703-8. [DOI: 10.1667/rr1936.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Poly (2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) film is a useful dosimetric tool for measuring solar UV in underwater and terrestrial environments. However, little is known about how the response of PPO changes with fluctuations in atmospheric ozone and also to seasonal variations. To resolve this issue this article presents a series of long-term in-air solar erythemal response measurements made over a year from 2007 to 2008 with PPO. This data showed that the PPO dose response varies with modulations of the solar spectrum resulting from changes in season and atmospheric ozone. From this, it was recommended that PPO only be calibrated in the season in which it is to be used at the same time as measurements were being made in the field. Extended solar UV measurements made by PPO with a neutral density filter (NDF) based on polyethylene are also detailed. These measurements showed that the lifetime of PPO could be extended by 5 days before saturation. As the dynamic range for PPO is known to be 5 days during summer at a sub-tropical location, the advantage of using the NDF is that half the number of dosimeters is needed to be fabricated and measured before and after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Schouten
- School of Engineering, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.
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Downs NJ, Parisi AV. Ultraviolet exposures in different playground settings: a cohort study of measurements performed in a school population. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2009; 25:196-201. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2009.00441.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Parisi AV, Turnbull DJ, Turner J. Comparison of biologically effective spectra for erythema and pre-vitamin D3 synthesis. Int J Biometeorol 2009; 53:11-15. [PMID: 18953576 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-008-0186-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2008] [Revised: 08/31/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The short wavelength cut-off (lambdac), the wavelength of the maximum spectral UV (lambdaMax) of spectral pre-vitamin D3 effective solar UV irradiance (UVD3), and the spectral erythemal UV (UVEry) were compared at 5-min intervals over a 6-month period at solar zenith angles (SZA) ranging from 4.7 degrees to 80 degrees. Averaged over the entire period, lambdac for UVD3 is higher by 1.05 nm than that for UVEry. The lambdaMax is higher for UVD3 compared to UVEry for SZA<approximately 50 degrees. For higher SZA (>55 degrees), the ratio of lambdaMax for UVD3 to that for UVEry is less than 1. As the erythemal action spectrum extends into the UVA, the ratio of UVD3 to UVEry irradiances decreases with increasing SZA, along with a decrease in the ratio of lambdaMax for UVD3 compared to UVEry. The changes in lambdac and lambdaMax influence both personal UVD3 and UVEry exposure and, to take this into account, a dual calibration technique for polysulphone dosimeters has been developed to simultaneously provide measurements of both types of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Parisi
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia.
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23
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Abstract
Polysulfone (PS) dosimeters have been employed to measure the erythemally effective UV exposure to the vertex, nose, cheek, chin and side facial sites of 45 volunteer high school students from Hervey Bay, Australia (25.3 degrees S 152.9 degrees E). The results of a series of 1 h outdoor sport trials (basketball and soccer) found the mean student facial exposure, determined as the arithmetic average of facial site exposures of unprotected students (no hat) to protected students (hat), varied from 140 +/- 82 J m(-2) (1sigma) to 99 +/- 33 J m(-2) (1sigma), respectively. All hourly student facial exposures recorded over the study period were found to exceed the National Health and Medical Research Council's adopted safe daily limit of 30 J m(-2). Facial exposure relative to the received ambient UV increased to the nose at higher (winter) solar zenith angles (SZAs) compared with lower (summer) SZA ranges for both protected and unprotected students. The protection offered by the broad-brimmed hats was reduced significantly to the lower chin facial site at the higher SZA range, indicating that the style of hat used offers best protection in summer to the upper facial regions at most risk of receiving a high exposure when no hat protection is used. Variations to specific student facial exposure sites were measured between both basketball and soccer players. Variation in student facial exposure was further examined with respect to cloud cover and comparisons to manikin headform measurements were also made. The study results indicate that hats alone are not adequate forms of sun protection in a school environment. Schools aiming to achieve acceptable safe limits of facial exposure may need to further consider the effectiveness of hat protection with increasing SZA, cloud cover and head position relative to the sun that is specific to the scheduled outdoor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Downs
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia.
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Parisi AV, Sabburg J, Turner J, Dunn PK. Cloud observations for the statistical evaluation of the UV index at Toowoomba, Australia. Int J Biometeorol 2008; 52:159-66. [PMID: 17525855 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-007-0106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 03/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of a unique statistical model for the estimation of the UV index for all sky conditions with solar zenith angles of 60 degrees or less is reported. The model was developed based on available data from an integrated whole-sky automated sky camera and UV spectral irradiance measurement system that was collected every 5 min when the equipment was operational over a period of 1 year. The final model does not include terms directly associated with solar radiation, but rather employs terms, and interactions between these terms, including the parameters of sky cover, solar obstruction, and cloud brightness. The correlation between the estimations of the model and the measured values was 0.81. The developed model was evaluated on a data set spanning 5 months that had not been employed in the development of the model. The correlation for this new data set was 0.50, which increased to 0.65 for the cases when the clouds were considered to be a contributor to UV enhancement above that of a cloud-free day.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Parisi
- University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia.
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Norval M, Cullen AP, de Gruijl FR, Longstreth J, Takizawa Y, Lucas RM, Noonan FP, van der Leun JC. The effects on human health from stratospheric ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2007; 6:232-51. [PMID: 17344960 DOI: 10.1039/b700018a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ozone depletion leads to an increase in the ultraviolet-B (UV-B) component (280-315 nm) of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) reaching the surface of the Earth with important consequences for human health. Solar UVR has many harmful and some beneficial effects on individuals and, in this review, information mainly published since the previous report in 2003 (F. R. de Gruijl, J. Longstreth, M. Norval, A. P. Cullen, H. Slaper, M. L. Kripke, Y. Takizawa and J. C. van der Leun, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2003, 2, pp. 16-28) is discussed. The eye is exposed directly to sunlight and this can result in acute or long-term damage. Studying how UV-B interacts with the surface and internal structures of the eye has led to a further understanding of the location and pathogenesis of a number of ocular diseases, including pterygium and cataract. The skin is also exposed directly to solar UVR, and the development of skin cancer is the main adverse health outcome of excessive UVR exposure. Skin cancer is the most common form of malignancy amongst fair-skinned people, and its incidence has increased markedly in recent decades. Projections consistently indicate a further doubling in the next ten years. It is recognised that genetic factors in addition to those controlling pigment variation can modulate the response of an individual to UVR. Several of the genetic factors affecting susceptibility to the development of squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma and melanoma have been identified. Exposure to solar UVR down-regulates immune responses, in the skin and systemically, by a combination of mechanisms including the generation of particularly potent subsets of T regulatory cells. Such immunosuppression is known to be a crucial factor in the generation of skin cancers. Apart from a detrimental effect on infections caused by some members of the herpesvirus and papillomavirus families, the impact of UV-induced immunosuppression on other microbial diseases and vaccination efficacy is not clear. One important beneficial effect of solar UV-B is its contribution to the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D, recognised to be a crucial hormone for bone health and for other aspects of general health. There is accumulating evidence that UVR exposure, either directly or via stimulation of vitamin D production, has protective effects on the development of some autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Adequate vitamin D may also be protective for the development of several internal cancers and infections. Difficulties associated with balancing the positive effects of vitamin D with the negative effects of too much exposure to solar UV-B are considered. Various strategies that can be adopted by the individual to protect against excessive exposure of the eye or the skin to sunlight are suggested. Finally, possible interactions between ozone depletion and climate warming are outlined briefly, as well as how these might influence human behaviour with regard to sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Norval
- Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
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Grifoni D, Carreras G, Sabatini F, Zipoli G. UV hazard on Italian Apennines under different shading and ground cover conditions during peak tourist seasons of the year. Int J Environ Health Res 2006; 16:427-37. [PMID: 17164169 DOI: 10.1080/09603120601093550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In solar UV irradiance monitoring and forecasting services UV information is generally expressed in terms of its effect on erythema and referred to horizontal surface. In this work we define the UV radiative regime, in terms of biologically effective UV irradiance (UVBE) for skin and eye, under full sun and shaded conditions, over a mountainous tourist area of central Italy by means of two all-day measurements (summer and early spring) with different ground albedo (grass and snow cover respectively). UV irradiance was monitored on tilted surfaces (the most frequent for people standing and walking). Results show the significant contribution of ground albedo and sun position in determining the incident UVBE irradiance. On early spring days the UVBE irradiance measured on horizontal surface was much lower than on tilted ones; the opposite condition was observed in summer. The highest UVBE irradiance values, in particular conditions of sun elevation and ground cover, were reached in periods different from the summer both in full sun and shaded condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Grifoni
- Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Florence, Italy.
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Environmental effects of ozone depletion and its interactions with climate change: Progress report, 2005. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2006; 5:13-24. [DOI: 10.1039/b515670j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Cloud and solar zenith angle (SZA) are two major factors that influence the magnitude of the biologically damaging UV (UVBD) irradiances for humans. However, the effect on the short wavelength cut-off due to SZA and due to clouds has not been investigated for biologically damaging UV for cataracts. This research aims to investigate the influence of cloud and SZA on the short wavelength cut-off of the spectral UVBD for cataracts. The spectral biologically damaging UV for cataracts on a horizontal plane was calculated by weighting the spectral UV measured with a spectroradiometer with the action spectrum for the induction of cataracts in a porcine lens. The UV spectra were obtained on an unshaded plane at a latitude of 29.5 degrees S. The cut-off wavelength (lambdac) was defined as the wavelength at which the biologically damaging spectral irradiance was 0.1% of the maximum biologically damaging irradiance for that scan. For the all sky conditions, the short wavelength cut-off ranged by 12 nm for the SZA range of 5 to 80 degrees and the maximum in the spectral UVBD ranged by 15 nm. Similarly, for the cloud free cases, the short wavelength cut-off ranged by 9 nm for the same SZA range. Although, cloud has a large influence on the magnitude of the biologically damaging UV for cataracts, the influence of cloud on the short wavelength cut-off for the biologically damaging UV for cataracts is less than the influence of the solar zenith angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Parisi
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, 4350, Australia.
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Grifoni D, Carreras G, Sabatini F, Zipoli G. UV hazard on a summer's day under Mediterranean conditions, and the protective role of a beach umbrella. Int J Biometeorol 2005; 50:75-82. [PMID: 16240101 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-005-0278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean beaches are very crowded during summer and, because of the high values of solar UV radiation, the potential risk for human health is relevant. In this study, all-day measurements of biologically effective global and diffuse UV radiation for skin (UVBE(eryt)) and eye (UVBE(pker), UVBE(pconj), UVBE(cat)) disorders were carried out on differently tilted surfaces on a summer's day on a Mediterranean beach. The role played by beach umbrellas in protection from excessive sun exposure was also investigated. Erythema, photokeratitis and cataract seem to require almost the same exposure time to reach the risk threshold dose. Under full sunlight, the highest global and diffuse UV values are reached on surfaces normally oriented towards sunlight and on horizontal surfaces, respectively. Over vertical surfaces, at this northern hemisphere site, global and diffuse UV radiation reaches maxima values in the south-facing direction around noon, while maxima values are reached early in the morning and late in the afternoon over surfaces facing east and west, respectively. The quality of the beach umbrella's protection (efficiency in blocking solar UV radiation) varies with surface orientation; the highest efficiency for our specific site and geometrical conditions occurs over horizontal surfaces, with efficiency being least over vertical surfaces when incident radiation values are still relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grifoni
- Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR), Via Giovanni Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy.
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31
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Turnbull DJ, Parisi AV. Increasing the ultraviolet protection provided by shade structures. J Photochem Photobiol B 2005; 78:61-7. [PMID: 15629250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The side openings of a shade structure have a direct influence on where the shade is located and the level of scattered UV in the shaded area. UV exposures were assessed for the decrease in scattered UV beneath specific shade structures by the use of two types of side-on protection, namely, polycarbonate sheeting and evergreen vegetation. Dosimetric measurements conducted in the shade of a scale model shade structure during summer and winter showed significant decreases in exposure of up to 65% for summer and 57% for winter when comparing the use and non-use of polycarbonate sheeting. Measurements conducted in the shade of four shade structures with various amounts of vegetation covering different sides, showed that adequate amounts of and positioning of vegetation decreased the scattered UV in the shade by up to 87% for the larger solar zenith angles (SZA) of approximately 67 degrees and up to 30% for the smaller SZA of approximately 11 degrees when compared to the shade structure that had no surrounding vegetation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Turnbull
- Centre for Astronomy, Solar Radiation and Climate, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba 4350, Australia.
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