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Murthy SK. How Close Is Close Enough? Improving Observational Study Design to Compare the Effectiveness of Health Interventions. Gastroenterology 2024; 166:728-729. [PMID: 38460607 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Murthy
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; The Ottawa Hospital IBD Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Awan A, Basulaiman B, Stober C, Clemons M, Fergusson D, Hilton J, Al Ghareeb W, Goodwin R, Ibrahim M, Hutton B, Vandermeer L, Mallick R, Vickers MM. Oral magnesium supplements for cancer treatment-induced hypomagnesemia: Results from a pilot randomized trial. Health Sci Rep 2021; 4:e443. [PMID: 34938893 PMCID: PMC8669698 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Optimal management of cancer treatment-induced hypomagnesemia (hMg) is not known. We assessed the feasibility of using a novel pragmatic clinical trials model to compare two commonly used oral Mg replacement strategies. METHODS Patients with grade 1 to 3 hMg while receiving either platinum-based chemotherapy or epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRI) were randomized to oral magnesium oxide (MgOx) or oral magnesium citrate (MgCit). The trial methodology utilized the integrated consent model. Feasibility would be successful if; accrual rate was ≥5 patients a month and if measures of patient and physician engagement, were > 50%. Secondary endpoints included; comparison of Mg levels, cardiac arrhythmias, and rates of treatment delay/hospitalizations. RESULTS From July 2016 to December 2017, an average of 1 patient a month was accrued. All 15 eligible and approached patients consented to participate in the study (100% engagement) and 7/15 were randomized to MgOx and 8/15 to MgCit. The percentage of physicians who approached patients for the study was 4 of 6 (66.6% engagement). The mean slope of change in Mg (mmol/L/day) was 0.0022 (95% CI: -0.0001 to 0.0044) for MgOx and 0.0006 (95% CI, -0.0012 to 0.0024) for MgCit (P = .2123). Three patients (20%) required IV magnesium while on the study (2 MgCit and 1 MgOx). Grade 1 diarrhea occurred in 3 patients in the MgCit arm. CONCLUSION Despite oral magnesium tolerability and meeting most of its feasibility endpoints, this study did not meet its target accrual rate. Alternative designs would be necessary for a definitive efficacy study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Awan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical OncologyThe Ottawa Hospital Cancer CentreOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Bassam Basulaiman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical OncologyThe Ottawa Hospital Cancer CentreOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Carol Stober
- Cancer Therapeutics ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Mark Clemons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical OncologyThe Ottawa Hospital Cancer CentreOttawaOntarioCanada
- Cancer Therapeutics ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Dean Fergusson
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - John Hilton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical OncologyThe Ottawa Hospital Cancer CentreOttawaOntarioCanada
- Cancer Therapeutics ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Waleed Al Ghareeb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical OncologyThe Ottawa Hospital Cancer CentreOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Rachel Goodwin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical OncologyThe Ottawa Hospital Cancer CentreOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Mohammed Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical OncologyThe Ottawa Hospital Cancer CentreOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Brian Hutton
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Lisa Vandermeer
- Cancer Therapeutics ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Ranjeeta Mallick
- Clinical Epidemiology ProgramOttawa Hospital Research InstituteOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Michael M. Vickers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical OncologyThe Ottawa Hospital Cancer CentreOttawaOntarioCanada
- Department of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
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Saunders D, Liu M, Vandermeer L, Alzahrani MJ, Hutton B, Clemons M. The Rethinking Clinical Trials (REaCT) Program. A Canadian-Led Pragmatic Trials Program: Strategies for Integrating Knowledge Users into Trial Design. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:3959-3977. [PMID: 34677255 PMCID: PMC8534460 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28050337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We reviewed patient and health care provider (HCP) surveys performed through the REaCT program. The REaCT team has performed 15 patient surveys (2298 respondents) and 13 HCP surveys (1033 respondents) that have addressed a broad range of topics in breast cancer management. Over time, the proportion of surveys distributed by paper/regular mail has fallen, with electronic distribution now the norm. For the patient surveys, the median duration of the surveys was 3 months (IQR 2.5-7 months) and the median response rate was 84% (IQR 80-91.7%). For the HCP surveys, the median survey duration was 3 months (IQR 1.75-4 months), and the median response rate, where available, was 28% (IQR 21.2-49%). The survey data have so far led to: 10 systematic reviews, 6 peer-reviewed grant applications and 19 clinical trials. Knowledge users should be an essential component of clinical research. The REaCT program has integrated surveys as a standard step of their trials process. The COVID-19 pandemic and reduced face-to-face interactions with patients in the clinic as well as the continued importance of social media highlight the need for alternative means of distributing and responding to surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Saunders
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (D.S.); (M.L.); (L.V.)
| | - Michelle Liu
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (D.S.); (M.L.); (L.V.)
| | - Lisa Vandermeer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (D.S.); (M.L.); (L.V.)
| | - Mashari Jemaan Alzahrani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Box 912, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada;
| | - Brian Hutton
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada;
| | - Mark Clemons
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada; (D.S.); (M.L.); (L.V.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Road, Box 912, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada;
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Clemons M, Fergusson D, Joy AA, Thavorn K, Meza-Junco J, Hiller JP, Mackey J, Ng T, Zhu X, Ibrahim MFK, Sienkiewicz M, Saunders D, Vandermeer L, Pond G, Basulaiman B, Awan A, Pitre L, Nixon NA, Hutton B, Hilton JF. A multi-centre study comparing granulocyte-colony stimulating factors to antibiotics for primary prophylaxis of docetaxel-cyclophosphamide induced febrile neutropenia. Breast 2021; 58:42-49. [PMID: 33901921 PMCID: PMC8095051 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2021.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary febrile neutropenia (FN) prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin or granulocyte-colony stimulating factors (G-CSF) is recommended with docetaxel-cyclophosphamide (TC) chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer (EBC). A pragmatic randomised trial compared the superiority of G-CSF to ciprofloxacin and a cost-utility analysis were conducted. METHODS EBC patients receiving TC chemotherapy were randomised to ciprofloxacin or G-CSF. The primary outcome was a composite of FN and non-FN treatment-related hospitalisation. Secondary outcomes included; rates of FN, non-FN treatment-related hospitalisation, chemotherapy dose reductions/delays/discontinuations. Primary analysis was performed with the intention to treat population. Cost-utility analyses were conducted from the Canadian public payer perspective. RESULTS 458 eligible patients were randomised: 228 to ciprofloxacin and 230 to G-CSF. For the primary endpoint there was non-statistically significant difference (Risk difference = -6.7%, 95%CI = -13.5%-0.1%, p = 0.061) between ciprofloxacin patients (46,20.2%) and G-CSF (31,13.5%). Patients receiving ciprofloxacin were more likely to experience FN (36/228, 15.8% vs 13/230, 5.7%) than patients receiving G-CSF (p < 0.001). Non-FN treatment-related hospitalisation occurred in 40/228 (17.5%) of ciprofloxacin patients vs 28/230 (12.2%) of G-CSF patients (p = 0.12). There were no differences in other secondary outcomes. G-CSF was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of C$1,760,796 per one quality-adjusted life year gained. CONCLUSION The primary endpoint of superiority of G-CSF over ciprofloxacin was not demonstrated. While there were reduced FN rates with G-CSF, there were no differences in chemotherapy dose delays/reductions or discontinuations. With the commonly used willingness to pay value of C$50,000/QALY, G-CSF use was not cost-effective compared to ciprofloxacin and deserves scrutiny from the payer perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Clemons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Dean Fergusson
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Anil A Joy
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Kednapa Thavorn
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Judith Meza-Junco
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Julie Price Hiller
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - John Mackey
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Terry Ng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Xiaofu Zhu
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Mohammed F K Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Marta Sienkiewicz
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Deanna Saunders
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lisa Vandermeer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Gregory Pond
- Department of Oncology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Bassam Basulaiman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Arif Awan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lacey Pitre
- Department of Oncology, Northeast Cancer Centre, Sudbury, Canada
| | - Nancy A Nixon
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brian Hutton
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - John F Hilton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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Clemons M, Simos D, Sienkiewicz M, Ng T, Zibdawi L, Basulaiman B, Awan A, Fergusson D, Vandermeer L, Saunders D, Hutton B, Amir E. A prospective multi-centre, randomized study comparing the addition of tapering dexamethasone to other standard of care therapies for taxane-associated pain syndrome (TAPS) in breast cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:5787-5795. [PMID: 33742240 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Taxane-associated pain syndrome (TAPS) is common with docetaxel and is characterised by myalgias and arthralgias starting 2-3 days after treatment and can last for up to 7 days. Anecdotal evidence suggests that corticosteroids can reduce TAPS. This multicentre, randomized trial evaluated the effect of additional tapering dexamethasone on TAPS. METHODS 130 breast cancer patients commencing docetaxel were randomized to dexamethasone premedication (8 mg/twice daily for 3 days) or dexamethasone premedication followed by tapering dexamethasone (4 mg/daily for 2 days followed by 2 mg/daily for 2 days). The primary endpoint was absolute change in FACT-Taxane questionnaire during the first chemotherapy cycle. Secondary endpoints: proportion of patients with clinically significant TAPS, QoL, pain and toxicity. RESULTS 110/130 patients had complete data included in the primary analysis. The fall in FACT-Taxane scores was lower in the experimental group on day 5 (p = 0.05), but not on day 7 (p = 0.21). There was no difference in FACT-Taxane scores over the entire study duration (p = 0.59). Fewer patients in the experimental arm reported TAPS on day 5 (30 vs. 47%). There was a borderline significant attenuation of impairment of QoL with experimental treatment on day 5 (p = 0.06), but not day 7 (p = 0.53). Tapered schedule was associated with more dyspepsia and insomnia. CONCLUSION A tapering schedule of dexamethasone was associated with a brief reduction in docetaxel-associated symptoms which was observed only during dexamethasone exposure and did not persist after discontinuation of the drug. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03348696.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Clemons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada. .,Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | | | - Marta Sienkiewicz
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Terry Ng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Labib Zibdawi
- The Stronach Regional Cancer Centre, Newmarket, ON, Canada
| | - Bassam Basulaiman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Arif Awan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Centre, The Ottawa Hospital, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Dean Fergusson
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa Vandermeer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Deanna Saunders
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Hutton
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Eitan Amir
- Division of Medical Oncology & Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Clemons M, Fergusson D, Simos D, Mates M, Robinson A, Califaretti N, Zibdawi L, Bahl M, Raphael J, Ibrahim MFK, Fernandes R, Pitre L, Aseyev O, Stober C, Vandermeer L, Saunders D, Hutton B, Mallick R, Pond GR, Awan A, Hilton J. A multicentre, randomised trial comparing schedules of G-CSF (filgrastim) administration for primary prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in early stage breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2020; 31:951-957. [PMID: 32325257 DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal duration of filgrastim as primary febrile neutropenia (FN) prophylaxis in early breast cancer patients is unknown, with 5, 7 or 10 days being commonly prescribed. This trial evaluates whether 5 days of filgrastim was non-inferior to 7/10 days. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this randomised, open-label trial, early breast cancer patients who were to receive filgrastim as primary FN prophylaxis were randomly allocated to 5 versus 7 versus 10 days of filgrastim for all chemotherapy cycles. A protocol amendment in November 2017 allowed subsequent patients (N = 324) to be randomised to either 5 or 7/10 days. The primary outcome was a composite of either FN or treatment-related hospitalisations. Secondary outcomes included chemotherapy dose reductions, delays and discontinuations. Analyses were carried out by per protocol (primary) and intention-to-treat, and the non-inferiority margin was set at 3% for the risk of having FN and/or hospitalisation per cycle of chemotherapy. RESULTS Patients (N = 466) were randomised to receive 5 (184, 39.5%), or 7/10 (282, 60.5%) days of filgrastim. In our primary analysis, the difference in risk of either FN or treatment-related hospitalisation per cycle was -1.52% [95% confidence interval (CI): -3.22% to 0.19%] suggesting non-inferiority of a 5-day filgrastim schedule compared with 7/10-days. The difference in events per cycle for FN was 0.11% (95% CI: -1.05 to 1.27) while for treatment-related hospitalisations it was -1.68% (95% CI: -2.73% to -0.63%). The overall proportions of patients having at least one occurrence of either FN or treatment-related hospitalisation were 11.8% and 14.96% for the 5- and 7/10-day groups, respectively (risk difference: -3.17%, 95% CI: -9.51% to 3.18%). CONCLUSION Five days of filgrastim was non-inferior to 7/10 days. Given the cost and toxicity of this agent, 5 days should be considered standard of care. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV REGISTRATION NCT02428114 and NCT02816164.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clemons
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada.
| | - D Fergusson
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - D Simos
- The Stronach Regional Cancer Center, Newmarket, Canada
| | - M Mates
- Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario, Kingston, Canada
| | - A Robinson
- Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario, Kingston, Canada
| | - N Califaretti
- Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, Canada
| | - L Zibdawi
- The Stronach Regional Cancer Center, Newmarket, Canada
| | - M Bahl
- Grand River Regional Cancer Centre, Kitchener, Canada
| | - J Raphael
- Department of Medical Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University and London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada; Division of Medical Oncology, London Regional Cancer Program, Western University, London, Canada
| | - M F K Ibrahim
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Canada
| | - R Fernandes
- Department of Medical Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University and London Health Sciences Centre, London, Canada
| | - L Pitre
- The Northeast Cancer Centre, Sudbury, Canada
| | - O Aseyev
- Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, Canada
| | - C Stober
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - L Vandermeer
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - D Saunders
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - B Hutton
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - R Mallick
- Clinical Epidemiology Program, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - G R Pond
- McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - A Awan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - J Hilton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
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