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Sapes G, Demaree P, Lekberg Y, Sala A. Plant carbohydrate depletion impairs water relations and spreads via ectomycorrhizal networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:3172-3183. [PMID: 33280134 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Under prolonged drought and reduced photosynthesis, plants consume stored nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs). Stored NSC depletion may impair the regulation of plant water balance, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood, and whether such mechanisms are independent of plant water deficit is not known. If so, carbon costs of fungal symbionts could indirectly influence plant drought tolerance through stored NSC depletion. We connected well-watered Pinus ponderosa seedling pairs via ectomycorrhizal (EM) networks where one seedling was shaded (D) and the other kept illuminated (LD) and compared responses to seedling pairs in full light (L). We measured plant NSCs, osmotic and water potential, and transfer of 13 CO2 through EM to explore mechanisms linking stored NSCs to plant water balance regulation and identify potential tradeoffs between plant water retention and EM fungi under carbon-limiting conditions. NSCs decreased from L to LD to D seedlings. Even without drought, NSC depletion impaired osmoregulation and turgor maintenance, both of which are critical for drought tolerance. Importantly, EM networks propagated NSC depletion and its negative effects on water retention from carbon stressed to nonstressed hosts. We demonstrate that NSC storage depletion influences turgor maintenance independently of plant water deficit and reveal carbon allocation tradeoffs between supporting fungal symbionts and retaining water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Sapes
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Patrick Demaree
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Ylva Lekberg
- MPG Ranch, Missoula, MT, 59801, USA
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Anna Sala
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
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Zak DR, Pellitier PT, Argiroff W, Castillo B, James TY, Nave LE, Averill C, Beidler KV, Bhatnagar J, Blesh J, Classen AT, Craig M, Fernandez CW, Gundersen P, Johansen R, Koide RT, Lilleskov EA, Lindahl BD, Nadelhoffer KJ, Phillips RP, Tunlid A. Exploring the role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in soil carbon dynamics. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:33-39. [PMID: 30636276 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi enable plants to access organic nitrogen (N) bound in soil organic matter (SOM) and transfer this growth-limiting nutrient to their plant host, has important implications for our understanding of plant-fungal interactions, and the cycling and storage of carbon (C) and N in terrestrial ecosystems. Empirical evidence currently supports a range of perspectives, suggesting that ECM vary in their ability to provide their host with N bound in SOM, and that this capacity can both positively and negatively influence soil C storage. To help resolve the multiplicity of observations, we gathered a group of researchers to explore the role of ECM fungi in soil C dynamics, and propose new directions that hold promise to resolve competing hypotheses and contrasting observations. In this Viewpoint, we summarize these deliberations and identify areas of inquiry that hold promise for increasing our understanding of these fundamental and widespread plant symbionts and their role in ecosystem-level biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Zak
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Peter T Pellitier
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - WilliamA Argiroff
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Buck Castillo
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Timothy Y James
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lucas E Nave
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Colin Averill
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kaitlyn V Beidler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Blesh
- School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Aimée T Classen
- The Rubenstein School of Environment & Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
- The Gund Institute for Environment, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Matthew Craig
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | | | - Per Gundersen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1711, Denmark
| | - Renee Johansen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Santa Fe, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Roger T Koide
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Erik A Lilleskov
- US Forest Service, Northern Research Station, 410 Mac Innes Dr., Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Björn D Lindahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
| | - Knute J Nadelhoffer
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
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Paymaneh Z, Gryndler M, Konvalinková T, Benada O, Borovička J, Bukovská P, Püschel D, Řezáčová V, Sarcheshmehpour M, Jansa J. Soil Matrix Determines the Outcome of Interaction Between Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Biochar for Andropogon gerardii Growth and Nutrition. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2862. [PMID: 30538687 PMCID: PMC6277529 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar has been heralded as a multipurpose soil amendment to sustainably increase soil fertility and crop yields, affect soil hydraulic properties, reduce nutrient losses, and sequester carbon. Some of the most spectacular results of biochar (and organic nutrient) inputs are the terra preta soils in the Amazon, dark anthropogenic soils with extremely high fertility sustained over centuries. Such soil improvements have been particularly difficult to achieve on a short run, leading to speculations that biochar may need to age (weather) in soil to show its best. Further, interaction of biochar with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), important root symbionts of a great majority of terrestrial plants including most agricultural crops, remains little explored. To study the effect of aged biochar on highly mycotrophic Andropogon gerardii plants and their associated AMF, we made use of softwood biochar, collected from a historic charcoal burning site. This biochar (either untreated or chemically activated, the latter serving as a proxy for freshly prepared biochar) was added into two agricultural soils (acid or alkaline), and compared to soils without biochar. These treatments were further crossed with inoculation with a synthetic AMF community to address possible interactions between biochar and the AMF. Biochar application was generally detrimental for growth and mineral nutrition of our experimental plants, but had no effect on the extent of their root colonized by the AMF, nor did it affect composition of their root-borne AMF communities. In contrast, biochar affected development of two out of five AMF (Claroideoglomus and Funneliformis) in the soil. Establishment of symbiosis with AMF largely mitigated biochar-induced suppression of plant growth and mineral nutrition, mainly by improving plant acquisition of phosphorus. Both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants grew well in the acid soil without biochar application, whereas non-mycorrhizal plants remained stunted in the alkaline soils under all situations (with or without biochar). These different and strong effects indicate that response of plants to biochar application are largely dependent on soil matrix and also on microbes such as AMF, and call for further research to enable qualified predictions of the effects of different biochar applications on field-grown crops and soil processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Paymaneh
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Gryndler
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, Czechia
| | - Tereza Konvalinková
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Oldřich Benada
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure Characterization, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Borovička
- Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Petra Bukovská
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - David Püschel
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Průhonice, Czechia
| | - Veronika Řezáčová
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mehdi Sarcheshmehpour
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jan Jansa
- Laboratory of Fungal Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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