Single-item satisfaction scores mask large variations in pain, function and joint awareness in patients following total joint arthroplasty

Clinical Predictors of the Forgotten Joint Score 12 in Total Knee Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

Patient-reported outcomes have become a key criterion for determining patient satisfaction following orthopedic procedures like total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The Forgotten Joint Score 12 (FJS-12) is designed to evaluate if a patient is aware of their replaced joint. Little literature exists surrounding the predictive power of other metrics on the FJS-12. In this paper, differences in these clinical metrics were assessed between groups of patients who scored above the FJS-12 cutoff and those who did not after TKA.

METHODS

Patients who underwent primary elective TKA and answered all required patient-reported outcomes during the designated study period were included. Using an established cutoff of 33.3, patients were put in a "Forgotten Joint Group" or a "Remembered Joint Group." This study included 672 patients who fit the criteria. Of these, 508 (76%) forgot their joints and 164 (24%) remembered their joints at 12 months. Differences in clinical metrics between the two groups were assessed for significance using univariate analyses (t-test, Chi-square, Fisher's exact). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was then used to determine the predictive value of metrics that showed these significant differences.

RESULTS

Early results from the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement and Numeric Pain Scale were strongly correlative of the twelve-month FJS-12 score, rather than patient demographics. Patients who scored above 65.1 or 72.1 on the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score for Joint Replacement three and six months after surgery, respectively, or below a 3 on the Numeric Pain Scale three and/or six months after surgery were also favored to forget their replaced joint at twelve months.

CONCLUSIONS

Identifying predictors of the FJS-12 allows for the recognition of at-risk patients before the 12-month time point, facilitating earlier intervention and improving care after surgery. The scope of this analysis may be broadened in the future to include other arthroplasty procedures, such as for the hip or shoulder.

Oxford Hip Scores, Floor-Sitting Score Trajectories, and Postoperative Satisfaction Rates at 10 Years After Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

Available evidence on outcomes at 5 years and beyond for total hip arthroplasty (THA) is mainly limited to patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). This study documented the trajectory of functional measurement using the Oxford hip score (OHS) and floor-sitting posture in Japan for up to 10 years post-THA and investigated predictors of dissatisfaction at 10 years with THA.

METHODS

Patients scheduled for primary THA at a university hospital in Japan between 2003 and 2006 were enrolled in this prospective study. Overall, 826 preoperative participants were eligible for follow-up, with response rates ranging from 93.6% to 69.4% at each postoperative survey point. The OHS and floor-sitting scores were calculated using a self-administered questionnaire 6 times up to 10 years postoperatively. Patient satisfaction, including general surgery, walking ability, and activities of daily living (ADL), was assessed in the 10-year survey.

RESULTS

The linear mixed-effects model demonstrated a postoperative improvement, peaking at 7 years for OHS and 5 years earlier for the floor-sitting score. The postoperative overall surgical dissatisfaction at 10 years with THA was very low (3.2%). No predictors of surgical dissatisfaction were identified in the logistic regression analyses. Predictors of walking ability dissatisfaction were older age, men, and worse OHS at 1 year postoperatively. Predictors of ADL dissatisfaction were poorer preoperative and 1-year postoperative floor-sitting scores and 1-year postoperative OHS.

CONCLUSION

The floor-sitting score is a simple PROM suitable for the Japanese population; other populations would require a scale suitable for their lifestyles.

Preoperative Anemia Is Associated With Worse Joint-Specific Postoperative Outcomes, but Is Not Associated With Health-Related Quality of Life or Patient Satisfaction After Total Knee Arthroplasty

BACKGROUND

The primary aim assessed whether preoperative anemia was associated with a worse knee-specific functional outcome after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The secondary aims assessed the association of preoperative anemia with generic health and patient satisfaction.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was undertaken to compare patients who did and did not have anemia (Hb <13.0 g/dL for men and Hb <11.5 g/dL for women). During a 1-year period, 497 patients underwent a total knee arthroplasty with complete preoperative and postoperative data, including 215 (43.3%) men and 282 (56.7%) women, who had a mean age of 70 years (range 45-93). Patient demographics, comorbidities, preoperative and postoperative (1 year) Oxford Knee Score (OKS), EuroQol 5 dimension (EQ-5D), postoperative Forgotten Joint Score (FJS), and patient satisfaction were collected. Regression analyses were used to adjust for confounding factors between the groups.

RESULTS

The 56 (11.3%) patients who had anemia were older (4.6 years, P < .001) and more likely to have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (P = .004), connective tissue (P = .047), or kidney disease (P = .011) compared to those who did not have anemia. There were no differences in the preoperative OKS (P = .752) or EQ-5D (P = .762) scores between the groups. When adjusting for confounding differences, there was a significantly lower postoperative OKS (-3.0 points, P = .035) and FJS (-11.6 points, P = .011) associated with the anemia group. There were no significant differences in the EQ-5D (P = .118) or patient satisfaction between groups (odds ratio 0.84, P = .976).

CONCLUSION

Preoperative anemia is associated with a lower postoperative joint-specific functional outcome. It is not clear if these differences are clinically meaningful. No difference in patient satisfaction was observed.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, diagnostic study.

Patients With High Chronic Postoperative Knee Pain 5 Years After Total Knee Replacement Demonstrate Low-grad Inflammation, Impairment of Function, and High Levels of Pain Catastrophizing

OBJECTIVES

Total knee replacement (TKR) normally provides improvements of physical function and reduces pain. However, ∼20% of the patients report chronic postoperative knee pain. The aims of the present study were to assess the pain, physical function, and physiological characteristics 5 years after TKR surgery.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eighty patients were recruited 5 years after TKR and divided into 2 groups based on their average 24-hour knee pain intensity assessed on a visual analog scale (VAS 0 to 10) ("high pain group": VAS≥3; "low pain group": VAS<3). The patients completed the PainDETECT Questionnaire (PDQ), Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Pain Catastrophizing Scale, and Forgotten Joint Score-12. Furthermore, the patients underwent a clinical examination of the knees and high-sensitivity serum C-reactive protein was measured as an inflammatory marker.

RESULTS

A total of 53% of the patients in the high pain group were not satisfied with the outcome, while only 11% of the patients in the low pain group was not satisfied, and the pain intensities in the 2 groups were 5.1 (4.6 to 5 to 6) and 1.1 (0.6 to 1.5) (P<0.001), respectively. Furthermore, the high pain group demonstrates worse scores in: Forgotten Joint Score-12 (P=0.001), OKS function (P<0.001), OKS pain (P<0.001), and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (P<0.001).The high pain group demonstrated increased level of high-sensitivity serum C-reactive protein (4.3 mg/L [3.2 to 5.5] vs. 1.7 mg/L [1.2 to 2.2], P<0.001), and decreased range of motion in the knee (110 vs. 119-degree range of motion, P=0.013).

DISCUSSION

Patients with high chronic postoperative knee pain 5 years after TKR demonstrate decreased physical function, higher levels of catastrophizing thoughts, and increased levels of inflammation.

Is Patient Satisfaction After Total Knee Arthroplasty Predictable Using Patient Characteristics and Preoperative Patient-Reported Outcomes?

BACKGROUND

Dissatisfaction after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) remains a difficult problem. Patient characteristics and preoperative patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are potential predictors of satisfaction one year after TKA. Being able to predict the outcome preoperatively might reduce the number of less satisfied patients.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study on prospectively collected data of 1239 primary TKA patients (ASA I-II, BMI <35) was performed. Primary outcome was degree of patient satisfaction one year after TKA (Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) 0-10). Secondary outcomes were degree of patient satisfaction six months and two years after TKA and being dissatisfied (NRS 0-6) or satisfied (NRS 7-10) at all three time points. Multivariate linear and binary logistic regression analyses were executed with patient characteristics and preoperative PROs as potential predictors.

RESULTS

One year after TKA, median NRS satisfaction score was 9.0 (8.0-10.0) and 1117 (90.2%) patients were satisfied. BMI, degree of medial cartilage damage, previous knee surgery, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score-Physical Function Short Form score, EQ VAS score, and anxiety were identified as predictors of the degree of patient satisfaction (P = .000, R² = 0.027). Models on secondary outcomes reported R² of 1.7%-7.1% (P < .05). All models showed bad agreement between observed and predicted values for lower NRS satisfaction scores and being dissatisfied.

CONCLUSION

The degree of patient satisfaction and the chance of being dissatisfied or satisfied six months, one, and two years after TKA are predictable by patient characteristics and preoperative PROs but not at a reliability level that is clinically useful.

Patients follow three distinct outcome trajectories following total knee arthroplasty

AIMS

Although total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a highly successful procedure, about 20% of patients remain dissatisfied postoperatively. This proportion is derived from dichotomous models of the assessment of surgical success or failure, which may not reflect the spectrum of outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore differing responses to surgery, and assess whether there are distinct groups of patients with differing patterns of outcome.

METHODS

This was a secondary analysis of a UK multicentre TKA longitudinal cohort study. We used a group-based trajectory modelling analysis of Oxford Knee Score (OKS) in the first year following surgery with longitudinal data involving five different timepoints and multiple predictor variables. Associations between the derived trajectory groups and categorical baseline variables were assessed, and predictors of trajectory group membership were identified using Poisson regression and multinomial logistic regression, as appropriate. The final model was adjusted for sociodemographic factors (age, sex) and baseline OKS.

RESULTS

Data from 731 patients were available for analysis. Three distinct trajectories of outcome were identified: "poor" 14.0%, "modest" 39.1%, and "good" 46.9%. The predicted probability of membership for patients assigned to each trajectory group was high (0.89 to 0.93). Preoperative mental, physical health, and psychosocial factors determined which trajectory is likely to be followed. Poor responders were characterized by a comparatively small number of factors, preoperative expectations of pain and limitations, coping strategies, and a lower baseline physical health status, while the good responders were characterized by a combination of clinical, psychosocial, mental health, and quality of life factors.

CONCLUSION

We identified three distinct response trajectories in patients undergoing TKA. Controlling for baseline score, age, and sex, psychosocial factors such as expectations of pain and limited function and poor coping strategies differentiated the trajectory groups, suggesting a role for preoperative psychosocial support in optimizing the clinical outcome. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(6):1096-1102.

Meaningful values in the Forgotten Joint Score after total knee arthroplasty

AIMS

The aim of this study was to identify the minimal clinically important difference (MCID), minimal important change (MIC), minimal detectable change (MDC), and patient-acceptable symptom state (PASS) threshold in the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) according to patient satisfaction six months following total knee arthroplasty (TKA).

METHODS

During a one-year period 484 patients underwent a primary TKA and completed preoperative and six-month FJS and OKS. At six months patients were asked, "How satisfied are you with your operated knee?" Their response was recorded as: very satisfied, satisfied, neutral, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied. The difference between patients recording neutral (n = 44) and satisfied (n = 153) was used to define the MCID. MIC for a cohort was defined as the change in the FJS for those patients declaring their outcome as satisfied, whereas receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the MIC for an individual and the PASS threshold. Distribution-based methodology was used to calculate the MDC.

RESULTS

Using satisfaction as the anchor question, the MCID for the FJS was 16.6 (95% confidence interval (CIs) 8.9 to 24.3; p < 0.001) and when adjusting for confounding this decreased to 13.7 points (95% CI 4.8 to 22.5; p < 0.001). The MIC for the FJS for a cohort of patients was 17.7 points and for an individual patient was 10 points. The MDC90 for the FGS was 12 points; where 90% of patients scoring more than this will have experienced a real change that is beyond measurement error. The PASS was defined as 22 points or more in the postoperative FJS.

CONCLUSION

The estimates for MCID and MIC can be used to assess whether there is clinical difference between two groups and whether a cohort/patient has had a meaningful change in their FJS, respectively. The MDC90 of 12 points suggests a value lower than this may fall within measurement error. A postoperative FJS of 22 or more was predictive of achieving PASS. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2021;103-B(5):846-854.

Robotic arm-assisted versus manual total hip arthroplasty

AIMS

The primary aim of this study was to compare the hip-specific functional outcome of robotic assisted total hip arthroplasty (rTHA) with manual total hip arthroplasty (mTHA) in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Secondary aims were to compare general health improvement, patient satisfaction, and radiological component position and restoration of leg length between rTHA and mTHA.

METHODS

A total of 40 patients undergoing rTHA were propensity score matched to 80 patients undergoing mTHA for OA. Patients were matched for age, sex, and preoperative function. The Oxford Hip Score (OHS), Forgotten Joint Score (FJS), and EuroQol five-dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) were collected pre- and postoperatively (mean 10 months (SD 2.2) in rTHA group and 12 months (SD 0.3) in mTHA group). In addition, patient satisfaction was collected postoperatively. Component accuracy was assessed using Lewinnek and Callanan safe zones, and restoration of leg length were assessed radiologically.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in the preoperative demographics (p ≥ 0.781) or function (p ≥ 0.383) between the groups. The postoperative OHS (difference 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1 to 4.8; p = 0.038) and FJS (difference 21.1, 95% CI 10.7 to 31.5; p < 0.001) were significantly greater in the rTHA group when compared with the mTHA group. However, only the FJS was clinically significantly greater. There was no difference in the postoperative EQ-5D (difference 0.017, 95% CI -0.042 to 0.077; p = 0.562) between the two groups. No patients were dissatisfied in the rTHA group whereas six were dissatisfied in the mTHA group, but this was not significant (p = 0.176). rTHA was associated with an overall greater rate of component positioning in a safe zone (p ≤ 0.003) and restoration of leg length (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Patients undergoing rTHA had a greater hip-specific functional outcome when compared to mTHA, which may be related to improved component positioning and restoration of leg length. However, there was no difference in their postoperative generic health or rate of satisfaction. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(1):22-30.

Psychometric Assessment of Modified Harris Hip Score for Femoral Neck Fracture in Indian Population

BACKGROUND

Objective of the study was to evaluate and compare psychometric properties such as validity, reliability, floor ceiling effects and interpretability of the modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS) and the Forgotten Joint Score (FJS) in patients undergoing bipolar hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fracture in Indian patients, because this has not been done before.

METHODS

This observational study consisted of 40 consecutively operated patients. Construct validity and reliability were evaluated using correlation coefficient and Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. Interpretability was evaluated by describing mean and standard deviation of mHHS and FJS in five subgroups of patients based on their response to the global rating questions and assessment.

RESULTS

The mean follow-up duration was 15.7 months ± 10.4. There was very high correlation between mHHS and FJS (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001) suggesting convergent construct validity. The results of correlation coefficient were 100% and 66.7% in accordance with the pre-formulated hypotheses for mHHS and FJS, respectively. mHHS and FJS demonstrated adequate construct validity and inadequate construct validity, respectively. The ICC value for mHHS and FJS was 0.80 (p = 0.005) {adequate reliability} and 0.34 (p = 0.06) {inadequate reliability}, respectively. Both mHHS and FJS-12 demonstrated acceptable level of floor (0% for mHHS and 14.3% for FJS) and ceiling effects (12.5% for both mHHS and FJS). There was significant difference in the mHHS and FJS in the five subgroups of patients suggesting adequate interpretability.

CONCLUSION

We recommend the use of the modified Harris Hip Score over the Forgotten Joint Score for functional outcome evaluation of Indian patients from rural setting undergoing bipolar hemiarthroplasty for femoral neck fracture.