A case of esomeprazole-induced transient diabetes and hepatitis: the role of liver inflammation in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance

Immune-mediated drug-induced liver injury secondary to Omeprazole: A case report

Omeprazole is a rare cause of DILI with autoimmune hepatitis features and should be considered when seeing patients with acute liver injury. The causative drug should be promptly identified and discontinued to avoid any permanent liver damage.

Causality between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis with bias analysis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

A causal association of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) remains unproved. We aimed to quantify the likelihood of causality examining the sensitivity of observational associations to possible confounding.

METHODS

Studies investigating longitudinal associations of NAFLD with CVD or T2DM were searched on 5 June 2018. Study-specific relative risks (RRs) were combined in random-effects meta-analyses and pooled estimates used in bias analyses.

RESULTS

Associations of NAFLD with CVD and T2DM were reported in 13 (258 743/18 383 participants/events) and 20 (240 251/12 891) studies respectively. Comparing patients with NAFLD to those without, the pooled RR was 1.48 (95% CI: 0.96, 2.29) for CVD and 2.17 (1.77, 2.65) for T2DM. In bias analyses, for an unmeasured confounder associated to both NAFLD and CVD with a RR of 1.25, the proportion of studies with a true (causal) effect of NAFLD on CVD surpassing a RR of 1.10 (ie, 10% increased risk of CVD in participants with NAFLD) was 0.67 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.92) while for 75% increase, it was 0.36 (0.11, 0.62). Corresponding figures for T2DM were 0.97 (0.91, 1.00) for a 10% increased risk of T2DM in participants with NAFLD to 0.70 (0.49, 0.92) for a 75% increase.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study are strongly suggestive for a causal relationship between NAFLD and T2DM, while the evidence for a causal link between NAFLD and CVD is less robust. Therapeutic strategies targeting NAFLD are likely to reduce the risk of developing T2DM.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Long-term Proton Pump Inhibitor Use

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) potently inhibit gastric acid secretion and are widely used for treatment of acid-related diseases including gastroesophageal reflux disease and secondary prevention of aspirin/NSAID-induced ulcers. Although clinically important adverse effects of PPIs can occur, just as with other drugs, those are not frequently observed during or after administration. Thus, PPIs are regarded as relatively safe and considered to be clinically beneficial. Recently, PPIs have become frequently administered to patients with functional gastrointestinal diseases or primary prevention of drug-related gastroduodenal damage, even though their beneficial effects for those conditions have not been fully confirmed. PPIs tend to be given for conditions in which the necessity of the drug has not been clarified, thus otherwise rare adverse effects are presented as clinically relevant. Although several PPI-related adverse effects have been reported, their clinical relevance is not yet clear, since the evidence reported in those studies is not at a high enough level, as the majority are based on retrospective observational studies and the reported hazard ratios are low. It is important to administer PPIs only for patients who will gain a substantial clinical benefit and to continue to investigate their adverse effects with high quality prospective studies.