Direct electron transfer from native human hemoglobin using a glassy carbon electrode modified with chitosan and a poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide) hydrogel containing red blood cells

Electrochemical dopamine sensor based on the use of a thermosensitive polymer and an nanocomposite prepared from multiwalled carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide

An electrochemical dopamine sensor with a temperature-controlled switch was constructed by using a mixture of thermo-sensitive block copolymers (type tBA-PDEA-tBA), graphene oxide (GO) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). If the temperature is below 26 °C, the polymer on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) is stretched, the distance between the MWCNTs is large, and the charge transfer resistance (R_ct) of the composite also is large. In the presence of dopamine, the electron transfer at the electrode is strongly retarded and in the "off" state. At above 38 °C, the polymer is shrunk and the R_ct is much smaller. The presence of dopamine results in a rapid electron transfer at the GCE, and this is referred to as the "on" state. At temperatures between 26 and 38 °C, the polymer shrinks slightly and has a "spring-like" state. There is a linear relationship between the response current (typically measured at a potential as low as 0.16 V vs. Ag/AgCl) and temperature. The response to dopamine is linear in the 0.06 to 4.2 μM and 4.2 to 18.2 μM concentration range, and the detection limit is 42 nM. Conceivably, this approach provides a novel approach towards the design of electrochemical sensors based on the use of thermo-sensitive polymers. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of reversible and temperature-controlled electrochemical response of dopamine on the thermo-sensitive block copolymers (tBA-PDEA-tBA) / multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) / graphene oxide (GO) / glassy carbon electrode (GCE).