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Noriega N, Shekhirev M, Shuck CE, Salvage J, VahidMohammadi A, Dymond MK, Lacey J, Sandeman S, Gogotsi Y, Patel BA. Pristine Ti 3C 2T x MXene Enables Flexible and Transparent Electrochemical Sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:6569-6578. [PMID: 38261552 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In the era of the internet of things, there exists a pressing need for technologies that meet the stringent demands of wearable, self-powered, and seamlessly integrated devices. Current approaches to developing MXene-based electrochemical sensors involve either rigid or opaque components, limiting their use in niche applications. This study investigates the potential of pristine Ti3C2Tx electrodes for flexible and transparent electrochemical sensing, achieved through an exploration of how material characteristics (flake size, flake orientation, film geometry, and uniformity) impact the electrochemical activity of the outer sphere redox probe ruthenium hexamine using cyclic voltammetry. The optimized electrode made of stacked large Ti3C2Tx flakes demonstrated excellent reproducibility and resistance to bending conditions, suggesting their use for reliable, robust, and flexible sensors. Reducing electrode thickness resulted in an amplified faradaic-to-capacitance signal, which is advantageous for this application. This led to the deposition of transparent thin Ti3C2Tx films, which maintained their best performance up to 73% transparency. These findings underscore its promise for high-performance, tailored sensors, marking a significant stride in advancing MXene utilization in next-generation electrochemical sensing technologies. The results encourage the analytical electrochemistry field to take advantage of the unique properties that pristine Ti3C2Tx electrodes can provide in sensing through more parametric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Noriega
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, U.K
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mikhail Shekhirev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Christopher E Shuck
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jonathan Salvage
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, U.K
| | - Armin VahidMohammadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Marcus K Dymond
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, U.K
| | - Joseph Lacey
- Rayner Intraocular Lenses Limited, The Ridley Innovation Centre, Worthing BN14 8AQ, U.K
| | - Susan Sandeman
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, U.K
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Bhavik Anil Patel
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton BN2 4GJ, U.K
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Thirumalai D, Subramani D, Kim J, Rajarathinam T, Yoon JH, Paik HJ, Lee J, Chang SC. Conductive PEDOT:PSS copolymer electrode coatings for selective detection of dopamine in ex vivo mouse brain slices. Talanta 2024; 267:125252. [PMID: 37774451 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel voltammetric sensor was developed to selectively determine dopamine (DA) concentration in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC). This sensor utilizes a modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) coated with a newly synthesized poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT):poly (styrene sulfonate-co-2-(3-(6-Methyl-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-yl) ureido) ethyl methacrylate) (P(SS-co-UPyMA)) composite. The PEDOT:P(SS-co-UPyMA) (PPU) composite was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopies. The PPU-coated PGE was characterized using electrochemical techniques, including cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry. Compared to uncoated, PPU-coated PGE demonstrated improved sensitivity and selectivity for DA. The sensor exhibited a dynamic linear range of 0.1-300 μM for DA, with a detection limit of 44.4 nM (S/N = 3). Additionally, the PPU-coated PGE showed high reproducibility and storage stability for four weeks. To demonstrate its practical applicability, the PPU-coated PGE sensor was used for ex vivo brain slice samples from control and Parkinson's disease model mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinakaran Thirumalai
- BIT Convergence-based Innovative Drug Development Targeting Meta-inflammation, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Devaraju Subramani
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea; Polymer Composites Lab, Department of Chemistry, School of Applied Science and Technology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology, and Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Thenmozhi Rajarathinam
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hee Yoon
- Busan Centre, Korea Basic Science Institute, Busan, 46742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jaewon Lee
- BIT Convergence-based Innovative Drug Development Targeting Meta-inflammation, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Cheol Chang
- Department of Cogno-Mechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Muthukutty B, Doan TC, Yoo H. Binary metal oxide (NiO/SnO 2) composite with electrochemical bifunction: Detection of neuro transmitting drug and catalysis for hydrogen evolution reaction. Environ Res 2024; 241:117655. [PMID: 37980995 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The synergetic effect between dual oxides in binary metal oxides (BMO) makes them promising electrode materials for the detection of toxic chemicals, and biological compounds. In addition, the interaction between the cations and anions of diverse metals in BMO tends to create more oxygen vacancies which are beneficial for energy storage devices. However, specifically targeted synthesis of BMO is still arduous. In this work, we prepared a nickel oxide/tin oxide composite (NiO/SnO2) through a simple solvothermal technique. The crystallinity, specific surface area, and morphology were fully characterized. The synthesized BMO is used as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the electrochemical detection of dopamine (DPA) and for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). As expected, the active metals in the NiO/SnO2 composite afforded a higher redox current at a reduced redox potential with a nanomolar level detection limit (4 nm) and excellent selectivity. Moreover, a better recovery rate is achieved in the real-time detection of DPA in human urine and DPA injection solution. Compared to other metal oxides, NiO/SnO2 composite afforded lower overpotential (157 mV @10 mA cm-2), Tafel slope (155 mV dec-1), and long-term durability, with a minimum retention rate. These studies conclude that NiO/SnO2 composite can act as a suitable electrode modifier for electrochemical sensing and the HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Muthukutty
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Thang Cao Doan
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyojong Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University ERICA, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea.
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Di Matteo P, Petrucci R, Curulli A. Not Only Graphene Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Recent Trends in Electrochemical (Bio)sensing Area for Biomedical and Healthcare Applications. Molecules 2023; 29:172. [PMID: 38202755 PMCID: PMC10780376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (e.g., graphene) have attracted growing attention in the (bio)sensing area and, in particular, for biomedical applications because of their unique mechanical and physicochemical properties, such as their high thermal and electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and large surface area. Graphene (G) and its derivatives represent the most common 2D nanomaterials applied to electrochemical (bio)sensors for healthcare applications. This review will pay particular attention to other 2D nanomaterials, such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and MXenes, applied to the electrochemical biomedical (bio)sensing area, considering the literature of the last five years (2018-2022). An overview of 2D nanostructures focusing on the synthetic approach, the integration with electrodic materials, including other nanomaterials, and with different biorecognition elements such as antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and aptamers, will be provided. Next, significant examples of applications in the clinical field will be reported and discussed together with the role of nanomaterials, the type of (bio)sensor, and the adopted electrochemical technique. Finally, challenges related to future developments of these nanomaterials to design portable sensing systems will be shortly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Di Matteo
- Dipartimento Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.D.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Rita Petrucci
- Dipartimento Scienze di Base e Applicate per l’Ingegneria, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (P.D.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Antonella Curulli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), 00161 Rome, Italy
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Wen X, Deng Z, Wang H, Shi J, Wang S, Wang H, Song Y, Du Z, Qiu J, Cheng X. High strength, self-healing sensitive ionogel sensor based on MXene/ionic liquid synergistic conductive network for human-motion detection. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:11251-11264. [PMID: 37823270 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01570j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Ionogels with both high strength and high conductivity for wearable strain and pressure dual-mode sensors are needed for human motion and health monitoring. Here, multiple hydrogen bonds are introduced through imidazolidinyl urea (IU) as a chain extender to provide high mechanical and self-healing properties for the water-borne polyurethane (WPU). The MXene/ionic liquids synergistic conductive network provides excellent conductivity and also reduces the relative content of ionic liquids to maintain the mechanical properties of the ionogels. The mechanical strength of this ionogel reached 1.81-2.24 MPa and elongation at break reached 570-624%. It also has excellent conductivity (22.7-37.5 mS m-1), gauge factor (GF) (as a strain sensor, GF = 1.8), sensitivity (S) (as a press sensor, S1 = 29.8 kPa-1, S2 = 1.3 kPa-1), and fast response time (as a strain sensor = 185 ms; as a press sensor = 204 ms). The ionogel also exhibits rapid photothermal self-healing capabilities due to the inherent photothermal behavior of MXene. It can maintain good elasticity and conductivity at low temperatures. In addition, this ionogel is able to stretch for 1200 cycles without significant change in the relative change of resistance. The ionogel can be assembled as a strain sensor for monitoring human motion and as a pressure sensor array for obtaining pressure magnitude and position information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wen
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zhipeng Deng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jianyang Shi
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Haibo Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Yueming Song
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Zongliang Du
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jinghong Qiu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Xu Cheng
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Orthopedic Research Institute, Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Zarepour A, Karasu Ç, Mir Y, Nematollahi MH, Iravani S, Zarrabi A. Graphene- and MXene-based materials for neuroscience: diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:6687-6710. [PMID: 37646462 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01114c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
MXenes and graphene are two-dimensional materials that have gained increasing attention in neuroscience, particularly in sensing, theranostics, and biomedical engineering. Various composites of graphene and MXenes with fascinating thermal, optical, magnetic, mechanical, and electrical properties have been introduced to develop advanced nanosystems for diagnostic and therapeutic applications, as exemplified in the case of biosensors for neurotransmitter detection. These biosensors display high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability, making them promising tools for neuroscience research. MXenes have been employed to create high-resolution neural interfaces for neuroelectronic devices, develop neuro-receptor-mediated synapse devices, and stimulate the electrophysiological maturation of neural circuits. On the other hand, graphene/derivatives exhibit therapeutic applicability in neuroscience, as exemplified in the case of graphene oxide for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain. While MXenes and graphene have potential benefits in neuroscience, there are also challenges/limitations associated with their use, such as toxicity, environmental impacts, and limited understanding of their properties. In addition, large-scale production and commercialization as well as optimization of reaction/synthesis conditions and clinical translation studies are very important aspects. Thus, it is important to consider the use of these materials in neuroscience research and conduct further research to obtain an in-depth understanding of their properties and potential applications. By addressing issues related to biocompatibility, long-term stability, targeted delivery, electrical interfaces, scalability, and cost-effectiveness, MXenes and graphene have the potential to greatly advance the field of neuroscience and pave the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for neurological disorders. Herein, recent advances in therapeutic and diagnostic applications of graphene- and MXene-based materials in neuroscience are discussed, focusing on important challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Çimen Karasu
- Cellular Stress Response and Signal Transduction Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06500 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yousof Mir
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hadi Nematollahi
- Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 81746-73461, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Rahman MA, Pal RK, Islam N, Freeman R, Berthiaume F, Mazzeo A, Ashraf A. A Facile Graphene Conductive Polymer Paper Based Biosensor for Dopamine, TNF-α, and IL-6 Detection. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:8115. [PMID: 37836943 PMCID: PMC10575219 DOI: 10.3390/s23198115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based biosensors are a potential paradigm of sensitivity achieved via microporous spreading/microfluidics, simplicity, and affordability. In this paper, we develop decorated paper with graphene and conductive polymer (herein referred to as graphene conductive polymer paper-based sensor or GCPPS) for sensitive detection of biomolecules. Planetary mixing resulted in uniformly dispersed graphene and conductive polymer ink, which was applied to laser-cut Whatman filter paper substrates. Scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy showed strong attachment of conductive polymer-functionalized graphene to cellulose fibers. The GCPPS detected dopamine and cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the ranges of 12.5-400 µM, 0.005-50 ng/mL, and 2 pg/mL-2 µg/mL, respectively, using a minute sample volume of 2 µL. The electrodes showed lower detection limits (LODs) of 3.4 µM, 5.97 pg/mL, and 9.55 pg/mL for dopamine, TNF-α, and IL-6 respectively, which are promising for rapid and easy analysis for biomarkers detection. Additionally, these paper-based biosensors were highly selective (no serpin A1 detection with IL-6 antibody) and were able to detect IL-6 antigen in human serum with high sensitivity and hence, the portable, adaptable, point-of-care, quick, minute sample requirement offered by our fabricated biosensor is advantageous to healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashiqur Rahman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA;
| | - Ramendra Kishor Pal
- Hyderabad Campus, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India;
| | - Nazmul Islam
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA;
| | - Robert Freeman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA;
| | - Francois Berthiaume
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - Aaron Mazzeo
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ali Ashraf
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA;
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Janica I, Montes-García V, Urban F, Hashemi P, Nia AS, Feng X, Samorì P, Ciesielski A. Covalently Functionalized MXenes for Highly Sensitive Humidity Sensors. Small Methods 2023; 7:e2201651. [PMID: 36808898 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are an emerging class of 2D materials, which are attracting ever-growing attention due to their remarkable physicochemical properties. The presence of various surface functional groups on MXenes' surface, e.g., F, O, OH, Cl, opens the possibility to tune their properties through chemical functionalization approaches. However, only a few methods have been explored for the covalent functionalization of MXenes and include diazonium salt grafting and silylation reactions. Here, an unprecedented two-step functionalization of Ti3 C2 Tx MXenes is reported, where (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane is covalently tethered to Ti3 C2 Tx and serves as an anchoring unit for subsequent attachment of various organic bromides via the formation of CN bonds. Thin films of Ti3 C2 Tx functionalized with linear chains possessing increased hydrophilicity are employed for the fabrication of chemiresistive humidity sensors. The devices exhibit a broad operation range (0-100% relative humidity), high sensitivity (0.777 or 3.035), a fast response/recovery time (0.24/0.40 s ΔH-1 , respectively), and high selectivity to water in the presence of saturated vapors of organic compounds. Importantly, our Ti3 C2 Tx -based sensors display the largest operating range and a sensitivity beyond the state of the art of MXenes-based humidity sensors. Such outstanding performance makes the sensors suitable for real-time monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Janica
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | | | - Francesca Urban
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Payam Hashemi
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Ali Shaygan Nia
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstrasse 4, 01062, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Paolo Samorì
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Artur Ciesielski
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg, 67000, France
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Yang M, Wang L, Lu H, Dong Q. Advances in MXene-Based Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for Neurotransmitter Detection. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:mi14051088. [PMID: 37241710 DOI: 10.3390/mi14051088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that play an important role in the nervous system's control of the body's physiological state and behaviour. Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters are closely associated with some mental disorders. Therefore, accurate analysis of neurotransmitters is of great clinical importance. Electrochemical sensors have shown bright application prospects in the detection of neurotransmitters. In recent years, MXene has been increasingly used to prepare electrode materials for fabricating electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors due to its excellent physicochemical properties. This paper systematically introduces the advances in MXene-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for the detection of neurotransmitters (including dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, tyrosine, NO, and H2S), with a focus on their strategies for improving the electrochemical properties of MXene-based electrode materials, and provides the current challenges and future prospects for MXene-based electrochemical neurotransmitter sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Yang
- Zoology Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education, College of Life and Environmental Science, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Haozi Lu
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qizhi Dong
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Nanomedicine (ICBN), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Solangi NH, Mubarak NM, Karri RR, Mazari SA, Jatoi AS. Advanced growth of 2D MXene for electrochemical sensors. Environ Res 2023; 222:115279. [PMID: 36706895 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, electroanalysis has made significant advancements, particularly in developing electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical sensors generally include emerging Photoelectrochemical and Electrochemiluminescence sensors, which combine optical techniques and traditional electrochemical bio/non-biosensors. Numerous EC-detecting methods have also been designed for commercial applications to detect biological and non-biological markers for various diseases. Analytical applications have recently focused significantly on one of the novel nanomaterials, the MXene. This material is being extensively investigated for applications in electrochemical sensors due to its unique mechanical, electronic, optical, active functional groups and thermal characteristics. This study extensively discusses the salient features of MXene-based electrochemical sensors, photoelectrochemical sensors, enzyme-based biosensors, immunosensors, aptasensors, electrochemiluminescence sensors, and electrochemical non-biosensors. In addition, their performance in detecting various substances and contaminants is thoroughly discussed. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects the MXene-based electrochemical sensors are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Hussain Solangi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Nabisab Mujawar Mubarak
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Rama Rao Karri
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Shaukat Ali Mazari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
| | - Abdul Sattar Jatoi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dawood University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
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Amara U, Mahmood K, Khan M, Nawaz MH. Polypyrrole enwrapped binary metal oxides nanostructures for in-vitro Dopamine detection from lacrimal fluid. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Ankitha M, Shabana N, Mohan Arjun A, Muhsin P, Abdul Rasheed P. Ultrasensitive electrochemical detection of dopamine from human serum samples by Nb2CTx-MoS2 hetero structures. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2023.108424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Abstract
MXene emerged as decent 2D material and has been exploited for numerous applications in the last decade. The remunerations of the ideal metallic conductivity, optical absorbance, mechanical stability, higher heterogeneous electron transfer rate, and good redox capability have made MXene a potential candidate for biosensing applications. The hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility, antifouling, and anti-toxicity properties have opened avenues for MXene to perform in vitro and in vivo analysis. In this review, the concept, operating principle, detailed mechanism, and characteristic properties are comprehensively assessed and compiled along with breakthroughs in MXene fabrication and conjugation strategies for the development of unique electrochemical and optical biosensors. Further, the current challenges are summarized and suggested future aspects. This review article is believed to shed some light on the development of MXene for biosensing and will open new opportunities for the future advanced translational application of MXene bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umay Amara
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Muhmmad Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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14
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Wan M, Jimu A, Yang H, Zhou J, Dai X, Zheng Y, Ou J, Yang Y, Liu J, Wang L. MXene quantum dots enhanced 3D-printed electrochemical sensor for the highly sensitive detection of dopamine. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Wu R, Yu S, Chen S, Dang Y, Wen SH, Tang J, Zhou Y, Zhu JJ. A carbon dots-enhanced laccase-based electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive detection of dopamine in human serum. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1229:340365. [PMID: 36156223 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enzyme-based electrochemical sensor possesses a significant advantage in the highly efficient detection of small molecules, however, the poor electron transport efficiency limits their wide application. In this study, taking advantage of the distinct biocatalytic activity of laccase and the excellent electroconductibility of carbon dots, a carbon dots-enhanced laccase-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of dopamine (DA) is established. Thereinto, laccase can specifically recognize DA and promote its electrocatalytic oxidation on the electrode, while, the carbon dots can be used as the immobilization substrate of laccase and enhance its electron transfer efficiency, thus achieving the highly sensitive detection of dopamine. The electrochemical performance of the modified electrode interface is studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and differential pulse voltammetry. As demonstrated, the electrocatalytic activity of the proposed electrochemical sensor for DA is significantly improved and exhibits a low detection limit (0.08 μM) and a wide linear range (0.25 μM-76.81 μM). The excellent selectivity allows the sensor has the capacity for specific discrimination the DA from other interferents. Furthermore, by analyzing the DA in human serum verifies the practicability of this assay in real sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Sha Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Siyu Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Yuan Dang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Shao-Hua Wen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Jieli Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China
| | - Yuanzhen Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China.
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
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16
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Hussain I, Lamiel C, Sahoo S, Javed MS, Ahmad M, Chen X, Gu S, Qin N, Assiri MA, Zhang K. Animal- and Human-Inspired Nanostructures as Supercapacitor Electrode Materials: A Review. Nanomicro Lett 2022; 14:199. [PMID: 36201062 PMCID: PMC9537411 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Human civilization has been relentlessly inspired by the nurturing lessons; nature is teaching us. From birds to airplanes and bullet trains, nature gave us a lot of perspective in aiding the progress and development of countless industries, inventions, transportation, and many more. Not only that nature inspired us in such technological advances but also, nature stimulated the advancement of micro- and nanostructures. Nature-inspired nanoarchitectures have been considered a favorable structure in electrode materials for a wide range of applications. It offers various positive attributes, especially in energy storage applications, such as the formation of hierarchical two-dimensional and three-dimensional interconnected networked structures that benefit the electrodes in terms of high surface area, high porosity and rich surface textural features, and eventually, delivering high capacity and outstanding overall material stability. In this review, we comprehensively assessed and compiled the recent advances in various nature-inspired based on animal- and human-inspired nanostructures used for supercapacitors. This comprehensive review will help researchers to accommodate nature-inspired nanostructures in industrializing energy storage and many other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Charmaine Lamiel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Sumanta Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh, 517325, India
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Javed
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Qin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu W, Lu F, Yuan Z, Lu C. Gold Nanocluster-Encapsulated Hyperbranched Polyethyleneimine for Selective and Ratiometric Dopamine Analyses by Enhanced Self-Polymerization. Front Chem 2022; 10:928607. [PMID: 35873048 PMCID: PMC9307107 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.928607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of selective and sensitive dopamine (DA) sensors is essential to more deeply understand its biological function and diagnosis of related diseases. In this study, gold nanocluster-encapsulated hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (hPEI-Au NCs) has been explored as the specific and ratiometric DA nanoprobe through hPEI-assisted DA self-polymerization reactions. The Au NCs encapsulation not only provides a fluorescent internal reference but also enhances the DA self-polymerization by weakening the proton sponge effect of the hPEI layer. Rapid and sensitive DA detection is realized through the proposed hPEI-Au NC nanoprobe with a limit of detection of 10 nM. The favorable selectivity over other possible interferents including amino acids, sugars, and salts is due to the specific self-polymerization reaction. The DA analysis in urine samples with small relative standard deviations has been accomplished with an hPEI-Au NC nanoprobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wencai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fengniu Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Research and Development, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiqin Yuan, ; Chao Lu,
| | - Chao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiqin Yuan, ; Chao Lu,
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Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors are the largest class of affinity biosensing devices with strong practicability. In recent years, MXenes have become hotspot materials of electrochemical biosensors for their excellent properties, including large specific surface area, good electrical conductivity, high hydrophilicity and rich functional groups. In this review, we firstly introduce the composition and structure of MXenes, as well as their properties relevant to the construction of biosensors. Then, we summarize the recent advances of MXenes-based electrochemical immunosensors, focusing on the roles of MXenes in various electrochemical immunosensors. Finally, we analyze current problems of MXenes-based electrochemical immunosensors and propose an outlook for this research field.
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19
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Amara U, Mahmood K, Awais M, Khalid M, Nasir M, Riaz S, Hayat A, Nawaz MH. Nickel -doped iron oxide nanoparticle-conjugated porphyrin interface (porphyrin/Fe 2O 3@Ni) for the non-enzymatic detection of dopamine from lacrimal fluid. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:5098-5107. [PMID: 35266502 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00074a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we synthesized nickel (Ni)-doped iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3). The presence of the dopant afforded anchoring sites for the porphyrinic hetero cavity of 5,10,15,20-(tetra-4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin to produce the porphyrin/Fe2O3@Ni composite. The crystalline structure and morphology of porphyrin/Fe2O3@Ni were assessed using various tools including Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Porphyrin/Fe2O3@Ni has proven to be an excellent dopamine (DA) probe material with good selectivity, reproducibility, stability and reliability owing to its clever morphology, which induces numerous active sites along with good active surface area. It consequently provides good accessibility to DA and allows for the smooth tunneling of electrons between the analyte and sensing interface. Meanwhile, the porphyrin molecules provide good carbon-based resilient support, inhibit the leaching of the electrode matrix and enhance electron shuttling, resulting in the robust oxidation of DA with amplified transduction signals. The designed porphyrin/Fe2O3@Ni interface showed a low detection limit (1.2 nm) with good sensitivity (1.2 nM) in the linear bounds of 10 μM to 3500 μM. Additionally, the interface was employed successfully to analyze DA from lacrimal fluid with good percentage recoveries (99.8% to 100.1%). We anticipate that such a design will simplify the in vitro screening of DA in rarely studied tear samples with sensitivity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umay Amara
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 54000, Pakistan. .,Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Basic Sciences & Humanities, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nasir
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Sara Riaz
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 54000, Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mian Hasnain Nawaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus 54000, Pakistan.
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20
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Amara U, Mahmood K, Hassan M, Hanif M, Khalid M, Usman M, Shafiq Z, Latif U, Ahmed MM, Hayat A, Nawaz MH. Functionalized thiazolidone-decorated lanthanum-doped copper oxide: novel heterocyclic sea sponge morphology for the efficient detection of dopamine. RSC Adv 2022; 12:14439-14449. [PMID: 35702245 PMCID: PMC9096811 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01406h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we synthesized lanthanum (La)-doped sea sponge-shaped copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles and wrapped them with novel O-, N- and S-rich (2Z,5Z)-3-acetyl-2-((3,4-dimethylphenyl)imino)-5-(2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)thiazolidin-4-one (La@CuO-DMT). The shape and composition of the designed materials were confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The graphitic pencil electrode (GPE) fabricated using La@CuO-DMT showed excellent sensing efficacy against dopamine (DA) with good selectivity, reproducibility and ideal stability. The unique morphology and massive surface defects by La@CuO offer good accessibility to DA and enhance smooth and robust channeling of electrons at the electrode–electrolyte interface. Consequently, these properties resulted in improved reaction kinetics and robust DA oxidation with an amplified faradaic response. Meanwhile, O-, N-, and S-enriched carbon support, i.e. DMT, inhibited the leaching of electrode matrixes, resulting in a superior detection limit of 423 nm and an improved sensitivity of 13.9 μA μM−1 cm−2 in the linear range of 10 μM to 1500 μM. Additionally, the developed sensing interface was successfully employed to analyze DA from tear samples with excellent percentage recoveries. We expect that such engineered morphology-based nanoparticles with a O-, N-, and S-rich C support will facilitate the development of DA sensors for in vitro screening of rarely studied tear samples with good sensitivity and selectivity. Sea sponge-shaped La@CuO-decorated O-, N-, and S-rich DMT-wrapped GPE for DA detection.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Umay Amara
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Maria Hassan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 608000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Khalid
- Department of Chemistry, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shangdong 266071, China
| | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Usman Latif
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mian Hasnain Nawaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, 54000, Pakistan
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