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Chen F, Xie X, Wang L. Research Progress on Intracranial Lymphatic Circulation and Its Involvement in Disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:865714. [PMID: 35359624 PMCID: PMC8963982 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.865714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is an important part of the circulatory system, as an auxiliary system of the vein, which has the functions of immune defense, maintaining the stability of the internal environment, and regulating the pressure of the tissue. It has long been thought that there are no typical lymphatic vessels consisting of endothelial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). In recent years, studies have confirmed the presence of lymphatic vessels lined with endothelial cells in the meninges. The periventricular meninges of the CNS host different populations of immune cells that affect the immune response associated with the CNS, and the continuous drainage of interstitial and cerebrospinal fluid produced in the CNS also proceeds mainly by the lymphatic system. This fluid process mobilizes to a large extent the transfer of antigens produced by the CNS to the meningeal immune cells and subsequently to the peripheral immune system through the lymphatic network, with clinically important implications for infectious diseases, autoimmunity, and tumor immunology. In our review, we discussed recent research advances in intracranial lymphatic circulation and the pathogenesis of its associated diseases, especially the discovery of meningeal lymphatic vessels, which has led to new therapeutic targets for the treatment of diseases associated with the intracranial lymphatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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2
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Taoka T, Naganawa S. Imaging for central nervous system (CNS) interstitial fluidopathy: disorders with impaired interstitial fluid dynamics. Jpn J Radiol 2021; 39:1-14. [PMID: 32653987 PMCID: PMC7813706 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-020-01017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
After the introduction of the glymphatic system hypothesis, an increasing number of studies on cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid dynamics within the brain have been investigated and reported. A series of diseases are known which develop due to abnormality of the glymphatic system including Alzheimer's disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, or other disorders. These diseases or disorders share the characteristics of the glymphatic system dysfunction or other mechanisms related to the interstitial fluid dynamics. In this review article, we propose "Central Nervous System (CNS) Interstitial Fluidopathy" as a new concept encompassing diseases whose pathologies are majorly associated with abnormal interstitial fluid dynamics. Categorizing these diseases or disorders as "CNS interstitial fluidopathies," will promote the understanding of their mechanisms and the development of potential imaging methods for the evaluation of the disease as well as clinical methods for disease treatment or prevention. In other words, having a viewpoint of the dynamics of interstitial fluid appears relevant for understanding CNS diseases or disorders, and it would be possible to develop novel common treatment methods or medications for "CNS interstitial fluidopathies."
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Taoka
- Department of Innovative Biomedical Visualization (iBMV), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan. .,Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Shinji Naganawa
- Department of Radiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Extraocular silicone oil migration to orbit and retrolaminar region: case report and systematic review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2020; 258:2799-2807. [PMID: 32748328 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-020-04855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicone oil insertion is a common modality in vitreoretinal surgeries. The purpose of this study is to conduct a systematic review to summarize the uncommon complication of extraocular silicone oil migration. METHODS Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of the literature was performed on January 11, 2020, using PubMed and EMBASE with the following terms: "silicone oil," "eye," and "migrat*." RESULTS A total of 69 patients-68 patients from 59 articles and one case from our institution-were included in the final analysis. The median age was 54 years (range, 9-92) and 40 patients (57.9%) were men. Orbital migration was reported in 34 patients, and retrolaminar migration (including optic nerve, optic chiasm, suprasellar, subarachnoid space, intraventricular spaces) was reported in 35 patients. Orbital migration group had more aphakics (p = 0.007), implanted glaucoma drainage device (p = 0.005), scleral buckle (p = 0.000), history of trauma-related indications for pars plana vitrectomy (p = 0.000), shorter silicone oil endotamponade time (p = 0.008), more symptomatic (p = 0.000), and requiring surgical intervention (p = 0.000). Retrolaminar migration group had older patients (p = 0.016) and more diabetics (p = 0.041). CONCLUSION Systematic review sheds light on plausible risk factors on site of silicone oil migration. Majority of orbital cases are symptomatic and require intervention while retrolaminar cases are incidental and can be managed conservatively. Awareness of this complication can help guide clinicians predict which patients would likely need surgical intervention. Graphical abstract.
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Cao JL, Browne AW, Clifford T, Sharma S, Patel V. Intravitreal Silicone Oil Migration Into the Lateral Cerebral Ventricles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:466-473. [PMID: 33824937 DOI: 10.1177/2474126419875298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Silicone oil (SO) is often used as an intraocular tamponade in repairs of retinal detachments. It may be associated with complications such as cataract, glaucoma, keratopathy, subretinal migration of oil, fibrous epiretinal and sub retinal proliferations, and oil emulsification. The purpose of this report is to describe a rare phenomenon of intraocular silicone oil migration into the cerebral ventricles, which may later be mistaken for intraventricular hemorrhages on neuroimaging. Methods Case report with literature review. Results A patient with a history of retinal detachment repair with intraocular SO presented with headaches. Neuroimaging revealed SO migration to the cerebral ventricles. The patient was treated conservatively with symptom management and headaches resolved. Conclusions We present a case of intraocular SO migration to the cerebral ventricles and review the current literature. We also propose two mechanisms for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Cao
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew W Browne
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Clifford
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vivek Patel
- USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abdalkader M, Takumi K, Chapman MN, Barest GD, Peeler C, Sakai O. Subretinal and Retrolaminar Migration of Intraocular Silicone Oil Detected on CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40:1557-1561. [PMID: 31467241 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a6176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Intraocular silicone oil injection has been used to treat complicated retinal detachments, and recently its retrolaminar and intracranial migration has been reported. The purpose of this study was to document the prevalence of posterior migration of intraocular silicone oil on head CT and describe the clinical and radiologic findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective study included 57 patients with intraocular silicone oil injection who underwent unenhanced head CT between November 2008 and July 2018. All images were visually evaluated for subretinal and retrolaminar migration of intraocular silicone oil involving the anterior visual pathway (optic nerve, optic chiasm, and optic tract) and the ventricular system. Attenuation values of those structures were measured and compared with those of the contralateral or adjacent normal structures. RESULTS We detected subretinal and retrolaminar silicone oil migration in 7 of the 57 patients (12%), noting silicone oil at the optic nerve head (n = 2), retrolaminar optic nerve (n = 5), optic chiasm (n = 3), optic tract (n = 3), and in the lateral ventricles (n = 1). Attenuation values of the structures with silicone oil migration were significantly higher than those of the control regions (optic nerve head, 69.2 ± 12.4 vs 29.8 ± 10.2 HU, P < .001; retrolaminar optic nerve, 59.9 ± 11.6 vs 30.9 ± 8.6 HU, P < .001; optic chiasm, 74.2 ± 11.0 vs 25.6 ± 6.9 HU, P < .001; optic tract, 70.1 ± 4.7 vs 28.7 ± 7.2 HU, P < .001). No significant ophthalmic or neurologic complications were documented in the patients with silicone oil migration. CONCLUSIONS Subretinal and retrolaminar migration of intraocular silicone oil is common. Although there were no apparent complications associated with silicone oil migration, the radiologist and clinician should be aware of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdalkader
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.A., K.T., M.N.C., G.D.B., O.S.)
| | - K Takumi
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.A., K.T., M.N.C., G.D.B., O.S.)
| | - M N Chapman
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.A., K.T., M.N.C., G.D.B., O.S.)
| | - G D Barest
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.A., K.T., M.N.C., G.D.B., O.S.)
| | - C Peeler
- Ophthalmology (C.P.)
- Neurology (C.P.)
| | - O Sakai
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.A., K.T., M.N.C., G.D.B., O.S.)
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (O.S.)
- Radiation Oncology (O.S.), Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kaskar OG, Fleischman D, Lee YZ, Thorp BD, Kuznetsov AV, Grace L. Identifying the Critical Factors Governing Translaminar Pressure Differential Through a Compartmental Model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3204-3214. [PMID: 31335946 PMCID: PMC6657705 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-26200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The effective management of glaucoma is hindered by an incomplete understanding of its pathologic mechanism. While important, intraocular pressure (IOP) alone is inadequate in explaining glaucoma. Non-IOP-mediated risk factors such as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure have been reported to contribute to glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Due to the difficulty associated with experimental measurement of the salient variables, such as the retrobulbar CSF pressure, porosity of the subarachnoid space (SAS), and especially those concerned with the perioptic SAS, there remains a limited understanding of the CSF behavior contributing to the translaminar pressure gradient (TLPG), hypothesized to be a critical factor in the development of glaucoma. Method An integrated compartmental model describing the intracranial and orbital CSF dynamics, coupled with intraocular dynamics, is developed based on first principles of fluid mechanics. A sensitivity analysis is performed to identify anatomic characteristics that significantly affect the retrobulbar subarachnoid space (RSAS) pressure and, consequently, the TLPG. Results Of the 28 parameters considered, the RSAS pressure is most sensitive to CSF flow resistance in the optic nerve SAS and the potential lymphatic outflow from the optic nerve SAS into the orbital space. A parametric study demonstrates that a combination of resistance in the range of 1.600 × 1012 - 1.930 × 1012 Pa s/m3 (200.0 - 241.3 mm Hg min/mL) with 5% to 10% lymphatic CSF outflow yields RSAS pressures that are consistent with the limited number of studies in the literature. Conclusions The results suggest that a small percentage of lymphatic CSF outflow through the optic nerve SAS is likely. In addition, flow resistance in the orbital CSF space, hypothesized to be a function of patient-specific optic nerve SAS architecture and optic canal geometry, is a critical parameter in regulating the RSAS pressure and TLPG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omkar G. Kaskar
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - David Fleischman
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Yueh Z. Lee
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Brian D. Thorp
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Landon Grace
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
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Chen W, Wang Y, Wu J, Guan HJ. Incomplete capsulotomy and lens fragmentation during femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery associated with emulsified anterior chamber silicone oil: a case report. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1047-1049. [PMID: 31236367 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.06.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huai-Jin Guan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Wostyn P, De Groot V, Van Dam D, Audenaert K, Killer HE, De Deyn PP. Evidence for the existence of a communication between the eye and the brain? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017; 159:1413-1414. [PMID: 28516362 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Cebula H, Ollivier I, Todeschi J, Proust F. Letter of response: Evidence for the existence of a communication between the eye and the brain? Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017; 159:1415. [PMID: 28523424 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H Cebula
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Avenue Moliere, 67000, Strasbourg, France.
| | - I Ollivier
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Avenue Moliere, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - J Todeschi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Avenue Moliere, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - F Proust
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Avenue Moliere, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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Subarachnoidal migration of intraocular silicone oil. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2017; 159:807. [PMID: 28258309 PMCID: PMC5385188 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-017-3131-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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