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De Bellis M, Boccanegra B, Cerchiara AG, Imbrici P, De Luca A. Blockers of Skeletal Muscle Na v1.4 Channels: From Therapy of Myotonic Syndrome to Molecular Determinants of Pharmacological Action and Back. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010857. [PMID: 36614292 PMCID: PMC9821513 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The voltage-gated sodium channels represent an important target for drug discovery since a large number of physiological processes are regulated by these channels. In several excitability disorders, including epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmias, chronic pain, and non-dystrophic myotonia, blockers of voltage-gated sodium channels are clinically used. Myotonia is a skeletal muscle condition characterized by the over-excitability of the sarcolemma, resulting in delayed relaxation after contraction and muscle stiffness. The therapeutic management of this disorder relies on mexiletine and other sodium channel blockers, which are not selective for the Nav1.4 skeletal muscle sodium channel isoform. Hence, the importance of deepening the knowledge of molecular requirements for developing more potent and use-dependent drugs acting on Nav1.4. Here, we review the available treatment options for non-dystrophic myotonia and the structure-activity relationship studies performed in our laboratory with a focus on new compounds with potential antimyotonic activity.
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Lu C, Guo X, He X, Chang Y, Zheng F, Xu C, Zhang S, Zhou Y, Li J. Cardioprotective effects of Sinomenine in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in a rat model. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 30:669-678. [PMID: 35812144 PMCID: PMC9257858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ischemia reperfusion (I/R) play an imperative role in the expansion of cardiovascular disease. Sinomenine (SM) has been exhibited to possess antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and anticarcinogenic properties. The aim of the study was scrutinized the cardioprotective effect of SM against I/R injury in rat. Methods Rat were randomly divided into normal control (NC), I/R control and I/R + SM (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg), respectively. Ventricular arrhythmias, body weight and heart weight were estimated. Antioxidant, inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory mediators and plasmin system indicator were accessed. Results Pre-treated SM group rats exhibited the reduction in the duration and incidence of ventricular fibrillation, ventricular ectopic beat (VEB) and ventricular tachycardia along with suppression of arrhythmia score during the ischemia (30 and 120 min). SM treated rats significantly (P < 0.001) altered the level of antioxidant parameters. SM treatment significantly (P < 0.001) repressed the level of creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), creatine kinase (CK) and troponin I (Tnl). SM treated rats significantly (P < 0.001) repressed the tissue factor (TF), thromboxane B2 (TXB2), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and plasma fibrinogen (Fbg) and inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory mediators. Conclusion Our result clearly indicated that SM plays anti-arrhythmia effect in I/R injury in the rats via alteration of oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction.
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Mexiletine Can Be Used to Prevent and Reduce Facial Wrinkles. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:645-646. [PMID: 34608011 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Carocci A, Roselli M, Budriesi R, Micucci M, Desaphy JF, Altamura C, Cavalluzzi MM, Toma M, Passeri GI, Milani G, Lovece A, Catalano A, Bruno C, De Palma A, Corbo F, Franchini C, Habtemariam S, Lentini G. Synthesis and Evaluation of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Blocking Pyrroline Derivatives Endowed with Both Antiarrhythmic and Antioxidant Activities. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:578-588. [PMID: 33015979 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Under the hypothesis that cardioprotective agents might benefit from synergism between antiarrhythmic activity and antioxidant properties, a small series of mexiletine analogues were coupled with the 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline moiety, known for its antioxidant effect, in order to obtain dual-acting drugs potentially useful in the protection of the heart against post-ischemic reperfusion injury. The pyrroline derivatives reported herein were found to be more potent as antiarrhythmic agents than mexiletine and displayed antioxidant activity. The most interesting tetramethylpyrroline congener, a tert-butyl-substituted analogue, was at least 100 times more active as an antiarrhythmic than mexiletine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Carocci
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariagrazia Roselli
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Matteo Micucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Jean-François Desaphy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, piazza Giulio Cesare, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Concetta Altamura
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, piazza Giulio Cesare, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Cavalluzzi
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Maddalena Toma
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanna Ilaria Passeri
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Milani
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Lovece
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Catalano
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Palma
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Filomena Corbo
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Carlo Franchini
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Solomon Habtemariam
- Pharmacognosy Research Laboratories & Herbal Analysis services UK, University of Greenwich, Chatham-Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, via E. Orabona n. 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
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De Bellis M, Sanarica F, Carocci A, Lentini G, Pierno S, Rolland JF, Conte Camerino D, De Luca A. Dual Action of Mexiletine and Its Pyrroline Derivatives as Skeletal Muscle Sodium Channel Blockers and Anti-oxidant Compounds: Toward Novel Therapeutic Potential. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:907. [PMID: 29379434 PMCID: PMC5770958 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexiletine (Mex) has been recently appointed as an orphan-drug in myotonic-syndromes, being a potent use-dependent blocker of skeletal-muscle sodium channels (NaV1.4). Available evidences about a potential anti-oxidant effect of Mex and its tetramethyl-pyrroline-derivatives in vivo, suggest the possibility to further enlarge the therapeutic potential of Mex-like compounds in myopathies in which alteration of excitation-contraction coupling is paralleled by oxidative stress. In line with this and based on our previous structure-activity-relationship studies, we synthesized new compounds with a tetramethyl-pyrroline-ring on the amino-group of both Mex (VM11) and of its potent use-dependent isopropyl-derivative (CI16). The compounds were tested for their ability to block native NaV1.4 and to exert cyto-protective effects against oxidative-stress injury in myoblasts. Voltage-clamp-recordings on adult myofibers were performed to assess the tonic and use-dependent block of peak sodium-currents (INa) by VM11 and CI16, as well as Mex, VM11 and CI16 were 3 and 6-fold more potent than Mex in producing a tonic-block of peak sodium-currents (INa), respectively. Interestingly, CI16 showed a 40-fold increase of potency with respect to Mex during high-frequency stimulation (10-Hz), resulting the strongest use-dependent Mex-like compound so far. The derivatives also behaved as inactivated channel blockers, however the voltage dependent block was modest. The experimental data fitted with the molecular-modeling simulation based on previously proposed interaction of main pharmacophores with NaV1.4 binding-site. CI16 and VM11 were then compared to Mex and its isopropyl derivative (Me5) for the ability to protect C2C12-cells from H2O2-cytotoxicity in the concentration range effective on Nav1.4. Mex and Me5 showed a moderate cyto-protective effect in the presence of H2O2, Importantly, CI16 and VM11 showed a remarkable cyto-protection at concentrations effective for use-dependent block of NaV1.4. This effect was comparable to that of selected anti-oxidant drugs proved to exert protective effect in preclinical models of progressive myopathies such as muscular dystrophies. Then, the tetramethyl-pyrroline compounds have increased therapeutic profile as sodium channel blockers and an interesting cyto-protective activity. The overall profile enlarges therapeutic potential from channelopathies to myopathies in which alteration of excitation-contraction coupling is paralleled by oxidative-stress, i.e., muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela De Bellis
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Sanarica
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Unit of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Lentini
- Unit of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Sabata Pierno
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Diana Conte Camerino
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria De Luca
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
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Chang CZ, Wu SC. 4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-5-O-Methylvisamminol, A Natural Histone H3 Phosphorylation Epigenetic Suppressor, Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect Through PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway on Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rats. World Neurosurg 2016; 89:474-88. [PMID: 26868427 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A bursting inflammation has been observed that compromises neurologic function in patients who experience stroke. We sought to examine the neuroprotective efficacy of 4'-O-β-D-glucosyl-5-O-methylvisamminol (OGOMV), a novel histone H3 phosphorylation epigenetic suppressor) in a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). METHODS A rodent tMCAO model was used. Administration with 400 μg/kg/day OGOMV was initiated 12 hours before (prevention) and 1 hour after animals were subjected to tMCAO (reversal). The cerebral cortex was harvested to examine protein kinase B (PI3D/Akt), 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (Western blot), and caspases (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction). In addition, cerebrospinal fluid samples were collected to examine interleukin 1-β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α (reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction). RESULTS Cortical 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and phospho-PI3D/Akt were reduced in tMCAO animals, compared with the healthy controls but increased in the OGOMV treatment and prevention groups. Activated cortical caspase-3,-6, and -9a as well as increased IL-1β and TNF-α levels were observed in the tMCAO animals (P < 0.05). Both prevention and treatment with OGOMV significantly reduced cleaved caspase-3 and -9a groups, but no significant change in caspase-6 was noted. Perifosine, an Akt inhibitor, was added to reduce the bioexpression of phospho-P13D/Akt, and Bcl-2 level and increased cleaved caspase-9a level in both OGOMV prevention and treatment tMCAO groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Our study suggests that OGOMV could exert a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting the P13D/Akt protein, attenuating inflammation, and cleaved caspase-3- and -9a-related apoptosis. This study also lends credence to support the notion that the prevention of OGOMV could attenuate proinflammatory cytokine mRNA and late-onset caspases in tMCAO and merits further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Shu-Chuan Wu
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Ates O, Cayli SR, Gurses I, Karabulut AB, Yucel N, Kocak A, Cakir CO, Yologlu S. Do sodium channel blockers have neuroprotective effect after onset of ischemic insult? Neurol Res 2013; 29:317-23. [PMID: 17509233 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x159225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral ischemia causes a series of pathophysiologic events that may result in cerebral infarct. Some neurons are more vulnerable to ischemia, particularly pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region. Pharmacologic intervention for treatment of cerebral ischemia aims to counteract secondary neurotoxic events or to interrupt the progression of this process. In the present study, we compare the neuroprotective effects of sodium channel blockers (mexiletine, riluzole and phenytoin) and investigate whether they have neuroprotective effect when given after ischemic insult. METHODS A transient global cerebral ischemia model was performed in this study by clipping bilateral common carotid arteries during 45 minutes. Riluzole (8 mg/kg), mexiletine (80 mg/kg) and phenytoin (200 mg/kg) were injected into the rats intraperitoneally 30 minutes before or after reperfusion. Lipid peroxidation levels and cerebral water contents were evaluated 24 hours after ischemia. Histopathologic assessment of hippocampal region was determined 7 days after ischemia. RESULTS Riluzole, mexiletine and phenytoin treatment after global ischemia significantly decreased water content of the ischemic brain (p<0.05 for each). No significant difference was observed in cerebral edema among the drug treatment groups (p>0.05). When pre-treatment and post-treatment groups were compared with each other, only riluzole pre-treatment group revealed better result for cerebral edema (p<0.05). Pre-treatment with these drugs revealed significantly better results for the malonyldialdehyde (MDA) level and the number of survival neuron on the hippocampal region than the post-treatment groups. CONCLUSION It is demonstrated that riluzole, mexiletine and phenytoin are potent neuroprotective agents in the rat model of transient global cerebral ischemia, but they are more effective when given before onset of the ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Ates
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Inonu University, Malatya, Turkey.
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Chang CZ, Kwan AL, Howng SL. 6-Mercaptopurine exerts an immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effect on permanent focal cerebral occlusion in rats. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010; 152:1383-90; discussion 1390. [PMID: 20464434 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-010-0608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A bursting cascade of inflammation imposes progressive neurological deterioration after experimental stroke has been demonstrated. In our study, 6-mercaptopurine (6-mp) has been successful in alleviating cerebral infarct in a rodent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model. The present study was aimed to examine the effect of 6-mp on cytokine levels in experimental stroke. METHODS The rodent pMCAO model was employed. A dose of 2 mg/kg 6-mp or vehicle (0.1 mol/L PBS) was administered intraperitoneally 30 min after the induction of pMCAO. Neurological score, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytokines such as IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha and infarct volume were determined 48 h after pMCAO. RESULTS Cerebral infarction volume was significantly decreased in animals treated with 6-mp (74.3%, p < 0.01), and the ratio of tissue edema was also decreased in 6-mp-treated groups (71%). Animals receiving 6-mp thus showed a significant decrease in IL-1 and TNF-alpha (18/43% and 48/64% in CSF/serum, respectively) when compared with the pMCAO groups (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that 6-mp interposes the production of IL-1 and TNF-alpha in CSF and serum, attenuates ischemic brain injury, and thus alleviates neurological deficits in the pMCAO animals. These findings also offer first evidence that 6-mp may attenuate TNF-alpha-related neuron apoptosis and also support the notion that 6-mp and other anti-inflammatory agents could potentially have therapeutic uses in cases of cerebral infarct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Zen Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Ozen IO, Vural IM, Moralioğlu S, Barun S, Ercan ZS, Sarioğlu Y. Effects of Mexiletine on Electrical Field Stimulation-Induced Contractile Responses in the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Vasa Deferentia after Unilateral Testicular Torsion/Detorsion. Eur Surg Res 2006; 38:423-9. [PMID: 16902305 DOI: 10.1159/000094980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate testicular torsion-induced changes on the electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions in rabbit vasa deferentia and to evaluate the effect of mexiletine. METHODS 18 male New Zealand albino rabbits were used in this experiment. Rabbits were divided into three groups: (1) control group (n = 6); (2) torsion group (n = 6), and (3) mexiletine group (n = 6). In the control group, vasa deferentia on both sides were harvested. In the torsion and mexiletine groups, the left testes of the rabbits were subjected to 720 degrees of clockwise torsion for 2 h and then detorsion was performed. In the mexiletine group, 50 mg/kg i.p. mexiletine was administered 1 h before detorsion. Following 24 h of the torsion, vasa deferentia on both sides were harvested and 2-cm strips including both the prostatic and epididymal portions were prepared to record EFS-induced contractions. RESULTS Testicular torsion caused a significant inhibition in both phases of EFS-induced biphasic contractions of the ipsi- and contralateral vasa deferentia. Mexiletine treatment did not affect these inhibitory responses. Torsion/detorsion of the spermatic cord did not alter exogenously applied noradrenaline-induced contractions in both vasa deferentia. However, KCl-induced contractions diminished significantly in ipsilateral vas deferens of the torsion group and mexiletine restored this inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Unilateral testicular torsion/detorsion leads to inhibition in both phases of EFS-induced biphasic contractions of the ipsi- and contralateral vasa deferentia by causing a defect in presynaptic nerve transmission. However, mexiletine has no effect on this inhibition. Inhibition of the KCl-induced contractions in the ipsilateral vas deferens, which indicates postsynaptic tissue damage, is restored by administering mexiletine 1 h prior to detorsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Onur Ozen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Beşevler Ankara, Turkey.
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Ates O, Cayli SR, Altinoz E, Yucel N, Kocak A, Tarim O, Durak A, Turkoz Y, Yologlu S. Neuroprotective effect of mexiletine in the central nervous system of diabetic rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2006; 286:125-31. [PMID: 16541198 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-005-9102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Both experimental and clinical studies suggests that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus type 1 and type 2. Hyperglycaemia leads to free radical generation and causes neural degeneration. In the present study we investigated the possible neuroprotective effect of mexiletine against streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in the rat brain and spinal cord. 30 adult male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control, diabetic, and diabetic-mexiletine treated group. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single injection of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight). Mexiletine (50 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally every day for six weeks. After 6 weeks the brain, brain stem and cervical spinal cord of the rats were removed and the hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord were dissected for biochemical analysis (the level of Malondialdehide [MDA], Nitric Oxide [NO], Reduced Glutathione [GSH], and Xanthine Oxidase [XO] activity). MDA, XO and NO levels in the hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord of the diabetic group increased significantly, when compared with control and mexiletine groups (P < 0.05). GSH levels in the hippocampus, cortex, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord of the diabetic group decreased significantly when compared with control and mexiletine groups (P < 0.05). This study demonstrates that mexiletine protects the neuronal tissue against the diabetic oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozkan Ates
- Inonu University, School of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Malatya, Turkey.
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Abela CB, Homer-Vanniasinkham S. Clinical implications of ischaemia-reperfusion injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 9:229-240. [PMID: 14567926 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4680(03)00025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a complex interplay between biochemical, cellular, and vascular endothelial factors. The clinical sequelae are organ specific, and may also involve systemic inflammatory responses. In this article, we outline an overview of the pathophysiology of IRI, with direct reference to histological and physiological changes seen in individual organs, and present the data on experimental methods of prevention.
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