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Lee SH, Chia S, Chou TL, Gau SSF. Sex differences in medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a counting Stroop functional MRI study. Biol Psychol 2023; 179:108552. [PMID: 37028795 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports deficits in executive functions in the fronto-striato-parietal network in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, most functional studies recruited men with ADHD only, leaving it unclear whether executive deficits are also demonstrated in women with ADHD. Thus, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the sex differences in a counting Stroop task that explored interference control. The sample consisted of 55 medication-naïve adults with ADHD (28 men, 27 women) and 52 healthy controls (HC, 26 men, 26 women). The Conners' Continuous Performance Test further evaluated the performance of focused attention (standard deviation of the reaction time, RTSD) and vigilance (the reaction time change across different inter-stimulus intervals, RTISI). First, for the main effect of diagnosis, compared to the HC group, the ADHD group showed less activation in the caudate nucleus and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Second, for the main effect of sex, no significant effects were found. Third, a diagnosis-by-sex interaction indicated that the magnitude of ADHD-HC difference was greater for women than men in the right IFG and precuneus, reflecting greater difficulties for ADHD women to resolve interference. Conversely, no significant brain activation showed greater ADHD-HC difference in men than women. Also, reduced right IFG and precuneus activation was negatively associated with the scores assessing focused attention and vigilance in ADHD women, indicating that the attentional abilities are disrupted in ADHD women. Abnormalities in the frontoparietal areas may represent the main difference between ADHD women and ADHD men.
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2
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Zhou Q, Luo Y. Event rate effects on children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder: Test predictions from the moderate brain arousal model and the neuro-energetics theory using the diffusion decision model. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2022; 127:104262. [PMID: 35636262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Converging evidence has found that the inhibitory control of children with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is context-dependent and particularly susceptible to the event rate. The Moderate Brain Arousal (MBA) model predicts a U-shaped curve between event rate and performance as a modulation of brain arousal. The neuroenergetics theory (NeT) proposes that a smaller event rate results in neuronal fatigue and subsequent descent performance. However, previous work applied the traditional one-dimensional index of performance, such as accuracy rate and response time, which might limit the exploration of the event rate effect on the specific underlying process. AIMS We used a diffusion decision model (DDM) to study the influence of event rate on inhibition control in children with ADHD and verified the explanation of the MBA model and the NeT. METHODS AND PROCEDURES The Stop Signal Task manipulated by four event rate conditions was conducted with 24 children with ADHD (mean age=8.5, males=16) and 29 typical developmental children (TDC) (mean age=9.0, males=12). DDM was applied to compare the differences in the DDM parameters across different event rates. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Compared with TDC, children with ADHD had a smaller drift rate, longer non-decision time, and smaller boundary separation. Although the event rate had little influence on ADHD, the drift rate of the TDC was approximately linear with an increased event rate, and the Ter had a quadratic function relationship with the event rate. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The event rate effect may influence children's performance through dual mechanisms. Neuronal energy supply could regulate information processing and brain arousal to regulate the activation of primary stimuli encoding and motor control. Insight into the multi-mechanism of ADHD cognition deficits would be helpful for clinicians in making objective diagnoses and effective targeted treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhou
- College of Medical Humanities, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yan Luo
- College of Medical Humanities, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Guiyang Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
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3
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Su WC, Amonkar N, Cleffi C, Srinivasan S, Bhat A. Neural Effects of Physical Activity and Movement Interventions in Individuals With Developmental Disabilities-A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:794652. [PMID: 35242063 PMCID: PMC8886122 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.794652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals with developmental disabilities present with perceptuo-motor, social communication, and cognitive impairments that often relate to underlying atypical brain structure and functioning. Physical activity/movement interventions improve behavioral performance of individuals with and without developmental disabilities. Majority of the evidence on potential neural mechanisms explaining the impact of physical activity/movement interventions is based on studies in individuals with typical development; there is a dearth of systematic reviews synthesizing the neural effects of physical activity/movement interventions in individuals with developmental disabilities. In this systematic review, we have gathered evidence on the neural effects of physical activity/movement interventions from 32 papers reporting substantial neural effects and behavioral improvements in individuals with developmental disabilities. Chronic intervention effects (multiple sessions) were greater than acute intervention effects (single session). Specifically, using electroencephalogram, functional magnetic resonance imaging, diffusion tensor imaging, and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, studies found physical activity/movement intervention-related changes in neural activity, indicating normalization of cortical arousal in individuals with attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), increased social brain connectivity in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and more efficient executive functioning processes in individuals with a wide range of other developmental disabilities. Despite promising results, more research is clearly needed in this area with larger sample sizes, using standardized neuroimaging tools/variables, and across multiple diagnoses to further explore the neural mechanisms underlying physical activity/movement interventions and to replicate findings from the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Chun Su
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Nidhi Amonkar
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Corina Cleffi
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Sudha Srinivasan
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- Institute for Health, Intervention, and Policy (InCHIP), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
- The Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences (IBACS), University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - Anjana Bhat
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Biomechanics and Movement Science Program, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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4
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Yu M, Gao X, Niu X, Zhang M, Yang Z, Han S, Cheng J, Zhang Y. Meta-analysis of structural and functional alterations of brain in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1070142. [PMID: 36683981 PMCID: PMC9853532 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1070142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large and growing body of neuroimaging research has concentrated on patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but with inconsistent conclusions. This article was intended to investigate the common and certain neural alterations in the structure and function of the brain in patients with ADHD and further explore the differences in brain alterations between adults and children with ADHD. METHODS We conducted an extensive literature search of whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies associated with ADHD. Two separate meta-analyses with the seed-based d mapping software package for functional neural activation and gray matter volume (GMV) were carried out, followed by a joint analysis and a subgroup analysis. RESULTS This analysis included 29 VBM studies and 36 fMRI studies. Structurally, VBM analysis showed that the largest GMV diminutions in patients with ADHD were in several frontal-parietal brain regions, the limbic system, and the corpus callosum. Functionally, fMRI analysis discovered significant hypoactivation in several frontal-temporal brain regions, the right postcentral gyrus, the left insula, and the corpus callosum. CONCLUSION This study showed that abnormal alterations in the structure and function of the left superior frontal gyrus and the corpus callosum may be the key brain regions involved in the pathogenesis of ADHD in patients and may be employed as an imaging metric for patients with ADHD pending future research. In addition, this meta-analysis discovered neuroanatomical or functional abnormalities in other brain regions in patients with ADHD as well as findings that can be utilized to guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Yu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengzhe Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengui Yang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Research Center of Medical Imaging Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Cognitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Zhengzhou, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Imaging Intelligence Research Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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5
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Gao X, Zhang M, Yang Z, Wen M, Huang H, Zheng R, Wang W, Wei Y, Cheng J, Han S, Zhang Y. Structural and Functional Brain Abnormalities in Internet Gaming Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Comparative Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:679437. [PMID: 34276447 PMCID: PMC8281314 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.679437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have high comorbidity but it is still unknown whether these disorders have shared and distinctive neuroimage alterations. Objective: The aim of this meta-analysis was to identify shared and disorder-specific structural, functional, and multimodal abnormalities between IGD and ADHD. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted for whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies comparing people with IGD or ADHD with healthy controls. Regional gray matter volume (GMV) and fMRI differences were compared over the patient groups and then a quantitative comparison was performed to find abnormalities (relative to controls) between IGD and ADHD using seed-based d mapping meta-analytic methods. Result: The meta-analysis contained 14 IGD VBM studies (contrasts covering 333 IGDs and 335 HCs), 26 ADHD VBM studies (1,051 patients with ADHD and 887 controls), 30 IGD fMRI studies (603 patients with IGD and 564 controls), and 29 ADHD fMRI studies (878 patients with ADHD and 803 controls). Structurally, VBM analysis showed disorder-specific GMV abnormality in the putamen among IGD subjects and orbitofrontal cortex in ADHD and shared GMV in the prefrontal cortex. Functionally, fMRI analysis discovered that IGD-differentiating increased activation in the precuneus and shared abnormal activation in anterior cingulate cortex, insular, and striatum. Conclusion: IGD and ADHD have shared and special structural and functional alterations. IGD has disorder-differentiating structural alterations in the putamen and ADHD has alterations in the orbitofrontal cortex. Disorder-differentiating fMRI activations were predominantly observed in the precuneus among IGD subjects and shared impairing function connection was in the rewards circuit (including ACC, OFC, and striatum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Gao
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengzhe Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhengui Yang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Wen
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiyu Huang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruiping Zheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weijian Wang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yarui Wei
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingliang Cheng
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shaoqiang Han
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Molecular Imaging of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center for Detection and Application of Brain Function of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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Yap KH, Abdul Manan H, Sharip S. Heterogeneity in brain functional changes of cognitive processing in ADHD across age: A systematic review of task-based fMRI studies. Behav Brain Res 2020; 397:112888. [PMID: 32882284 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to establish the cognitive processing of patients with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) across age. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies on children and adult populations were conducted, thus delineating deficits that could have been maintained and ameliorated across age. This allowed for the examination of the correlation between patterns of brain activation and the corresponding development of functional heterogeneity in ADHD. A systematic literature search of fMRI studies on ADHD was conducted using the PubMed and Scopus electronic databases based on PRISMA guidelines. References and citations were verified in Scopus database. The present study has identified 14 studies on children, 16 studies on adults, and one study on both populations of ADHD consisting of 1371 participants. Functional heterogeneity is present in ADHD across age, which can manifest either as different brain activation patterns, intra-subject variability, or both. This is shown in the increased role of the frontal regions and the specialized network in adults with ADHD from inefficient non-specific activation in childhood. Functional heterogeneity may manifest when delayed maturation is insufficient to normalize frontal lobe functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Hui Yap
- Department of Psychiatry, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hanani Abdul Manan
- Makmal Pemprosesan Imej Kefungsian, Department of Radiology, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shalisah Sharip
- Department of Psychiatry, UKM Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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7
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Lukito S, Norman L, Carlisi C, Radua J, Hart H, Simonoff E, Rubia K. Comparative meta-analyses of brain structural and functional abnormalities during cognitive control in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder. Psychol Med 2020; 50:894-919. [PMID: 32216846 PMCID: PMC7212063 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have abnormalities in frontal, temporal, parietal and striato-thalamic networks. It is unclear to what extent these abnormalities are distinctive or shared. This comparative meta-analysis aimed to identify the most consistent disorder-differentiating and shared structural and functional abnormalities. METHODS Systematic literature search was conducted for whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of cognitive control comparing people with ASD or ADHD with typically developing controls. Regional gray matter volume (GMV) and fMRI abnormalities during cognitive control were compared in the overall sample and in age-, sex- and IQ-matched subgroups with seed-based d mapping meta-analytic methods. RESULTS Eighty-six independent VBM (1533 ADHD and 1295 controls; 1445 ASD and 1477 controls) and 60 fMRI datasets (1001 ADHD and 1004 controls; 335 ASD and 353 controls) were identified. The VBM meta-analyses revealed ADHD-differentiating decreased ventromedial orbitofrontal (z = 2.22, p < 0.0001) but ASD-differentiating increased bilateral temporal and right dorsolateral prefrontal GMV (zs ⩾ 1.64, ps ⩽ 0.002). The fMRI meta-analyses of cognitive control revealed ASD-differentiating medial prefrontal underactivation but overactivation in bilateral ventrolateral prefrontal cortices and precuneus (zs ⩾ 1.04, ps ⩽ 0.003). During motor response inhibition specifically, ADHD relative to ASD showed right inferior fronto-striatal underactivation (zs ⩾ 1.14, ps ⩽ 0.003) but shared right anterior insula underactivation. CONCLUSIONS People with ADHD and ASD have mostly distinct structural abnormalities, with enlarged fronto-temporal GMV in ASD and reduced orbitofrontal GMV in ADHD; and mostly distinct functional abnormalities, which were more pronounced in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Lukito
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luke Norman
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- The Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Christina Carlisi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Joaquim Radua
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heledd Hart
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Simonoff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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8
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Boon HJ. What do ADHD Neuroimaging Studies Reveal for Teachers, Teacher Educators and Inclusive Education? CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-019-09542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Massat I, Slama H, Villemonteix T, Mary A, Baijot S, Albajara Sáenz A, Balériaux D, Metens T, Kavec M, Peigneux P. Hyperactivity in motor response inhibition networks in unmedicated children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2018; 19:101-111. [PMID: 27648848 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1237040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypo/reduced activity in motor response inhibition (RI) cerebral networks was recently proposed as a promising specific neurobiological marker of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Before adopting such a pattern as a key diagnosis tool, we aim to replicate in an independent study the mechanisms underlying reduced RI-related activity in ADHD, after controlling for potentially confounding effects. METHODS In this fMRI study, we investigated the neural networks mediating successful and failed motor RI in children with ADHD and typically developing children (TDC) using the stop-signal task (SST) paradigm. RESULTS In contrast to hypofrontality predictions, children with ADHD exhibit increased neural activity during successful response inhibition in an RI-related brain network encompassing the indirect and/or hyperdirect pathways between the basal ganglia and cortex. Voxel-based morphometry analyses have further evidenced reduced grey matter volume in the left caudate in children with ADHD, which paralleled higher functional responses. Finally, connectivity analyses disclosed tighter coupling between a set of cortical regions and the right caudate as well as the right IFG, networks involved in successful RI. CONCLUSIONS Hypo/reduced activity in RI cerebral networks in children with ADHD cannot at this time be considered as a systematic biomarker for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Massat
- a National Fund of Scientific Research (FNRS) Belgium.,b Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) , Brussels , Belgium.,c Department of Neurology , Erasme Hospital, ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,d UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Research Centre in Cognitive Neurosciences, ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,i UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, ULB , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Hichem Slama
- d UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Research Centre in Cognitive Neurosciences, ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,e Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Erasme Hospital , ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,i UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, ULB , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Thomas Villemonteix
- d UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Research Centre in Cognitive Neurosciences, ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,f INSERM , U894 , Paris , France.,i UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, ULB , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Alison Mary
- d UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Research Centre in Cognitive Neurosciences, ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,i UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, ULB , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Simon Baijot
- d UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Research Centre in Cognitive Neurosciences, ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,g Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola (HUDERF), ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,i UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, ULB , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Ariadna Albajara Sáenz
- d UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Research Centre in Cognitive Neurosciences, ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,i UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, ULB , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Danièle Balériaux
- h Department of Radiology , Clinics of Magnetic Resonance, Erasme Hospital ULB , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Thierry Metens
- h Department of Radiology , Clinics of Magnetic Resonance, Erasme Hospital ULB , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Martin Kavec
- h Department of Radiology , Clinics of Magnetic Resonance, Erasme Hospital ULB , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- d UR2NF-Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit at CRCN-Research Centre in Cognitive Neurosciences, ULB , Brussels , Belgium.,i UNI-ULB Neuroscience Institute, ULB , Brussels , Belgium
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10
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Seo BK, Sartory G, Kis B, Scherbaum N, Müller BW. Attenuated Readiness Potential in the Absence of Executive Dysfunction in Adults With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:331-342. [PMID: 24163327 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713508602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with ADHD display a decreased contingent negative variation in Go/NoGo tasks. It is unclear whether the attenuation is due to deficits of executive function or to disorder of motor planning. The readiness potential (RP) recorded during self-initiated movements could cast light on this question. METHOD RP was recorded in 25 stably medicated adult ADHD patients and 21 healthy controls matched for age, education, and verbal IQ. Participants also completed neuropsychological tests of executive function. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, ADHD patients showed significantly diminished RP peaks and also decreased negativity in preparation of the movement at frontal locations. There were no significant group differences with regard to tests of executive function. CONCLUSION In adults with ADHD, deficits of motor organization are also manifest in situations not involving external stimulus processing. The attenuated RP occurred in the absence of executive dysfunction. Results are consistent with partial independence between motor and executive dysfunction in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Kyung Seo
- 1 University of Wuppertal, Germany.,2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Gudrun Sartory
- 2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Kis
- 2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- 2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Bernhard W Müller
- 2 LVR-Hospital Essen, Dept. Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
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11
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Groen Y, Börger NA, Koerts J, Thome J, Tucha O. Blink rate and blink timing in children with ADHD and the influence of stimulant medication. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:27-38. [PMID: 26471801 PMCID: PMC5281678 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-015-1457-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous eye blink rate is modulated by task demands and internal state, and is demonstrated to reflect central dopamine activity. Also, spontaneous eye blinks are strategically timed around salient stimuli. This study investigates whether children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) show reduced blink rates, blink modulation and blink timing, and whether this is influenced by stimulant medication. The electrooculogram was measured in 18 typically developing children, 16 children with ADHD off methylphenidate (Mph), and 16 children with ADHD on Mph during a rest period and during performance of a 60-min visual selective attention task. Blink rate and timing was extracted from the electrooculogram. No evidence was found for aberrant blink rate or blink modulation in children with ADHD off Mph. All groups increased blink rates from rest to task, and no group differences were found in blink rate during rest and task, or in the modulation of blink rate from rest to task. Time-on task resulted in a similar increase in blink rates in all three groups. Stimulant medication appeared not to influence blink rate and blink modulation, except that in the ADHD off Mph group the blink rate was enhanced only under conditions with performance feedback. All groups inhibited blinks before stimulus presentation and strategically timed their blinks after the stimulus. Children with ADHD off Mph showed reduced blink inhibition before the stimulus; however, given the low incidence (<1 % of the trials) and long latency this is not likely to impair their visual intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Groen
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - N A Börger
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Gehlsheimer Straße 20, 18147, Rostock, Germany
| | - O Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Cortese S, Castellanos FX, Eickhoff CR, D’Acunto G, Masi G, Fox PT, Laird AR, Eickhoff SB. Functional Decoding and Meta-analytic Connectivity Modeling in Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 80:896-904. [PMID: 27569542 PMCID: PMC5108674 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have revealed various ADHD-related dysfunctional brain regions, with heterogeneous findings across studies. Here, we used novel meta-analytic data-driven approaches to characterize the function and connectivity profile of ADHD-related dysfunctional regions consistently detected across studies. METHODS We first conducted an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of 24 task-based fMRI studies in adults with ADHD. Each ADHD-related dysfunctional region resulting from the activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis was then analyzed using functional decoding based on ~7500 fMRI experiments in the BrainMap database. This approach allows mapping brain regions to functions not necessarily tested in individual studies, thus suggesting possible novel functions for those regions. Additionally, ADHD-related dysfunctional regions were clustered based on their functional coactivation profiles across all the experiments stored in BrainMap (meta-analytic connectivity modeling). RESULTS ADHD-related hypoactivation was found in the left putamen, left inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis), left temporal pole, and right caudate. Functional decoding mapped the left putamen to cognitive aspects of music perception/reproduction and the left temporal lobe to language semantics; both these regions clustered together on the basis of their meta-analytic functional connectivity. Left inferior gyrus mapped to executive function tasks; right caudate mapped to both executive function tasks and music-related processes. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides meta-analytic support to the hypothesis that, in addition to well-known deficits in typical executive functions, impairment in processes related to music perception/reproduction and language semantics may be involved in the pathophysiology of adult ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Cortese
- Academic Unit of Psychology, Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, Southampton, United Kingdom; Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; The Child Study Center, Hassenfeld Children's Hospital of New York, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York; IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Italy.
| | - F. Xavier Castellanos
- The Child Study Center at NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA,Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Claudia R. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Giulia D’Acunto
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Italy
| | - Gabriele Masi
- IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Italy
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany,Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
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13
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Söderlund GBW, Björk C, Gustafsson P. Comparing Auditory Noise Treatment with Stimulant Medication on Cognitive Task Performance in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from a Pilot Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1331. [PMID: 27656153 PMCID: PMC5011143 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent research has shown that acoustic white noise (80 dB) can improve task performance in people with attention deficits and/or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This is attributed to the phenomenon of stochastic resonance in which a certain amount of noise can improve performance in a brain that is not working at its optimum. We compare here the effect of noise exposure with the effect of stimulant medication on cognitive task performance in ADHD. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of auditory noise exposure with stimulant medication for ADHD children on a cognitive test battery. A group of typically developed children (TDC) took the same tests as a comparison. Methods: Twenty children with ADHD of combined or inattentive subtypes and twenty TDC matched for age and gender performed three different tests (word recall, spanboard and n-back task) during exposure to white noise (80 dB) and in a silent condition. The ADHD children were tested with and without central stimulant medication. Results: In the spanboard- and the word recall tasks, but not in the 2-back task, white noise exposure led to significant improvements for both non-medicated and medicated ADHD children. No significant effects of medication were found on any of the three tasks. Conclusion: This pilot study shows that exposure to white noise resulted in a task improvement that was larger than the one with stimulant medication thus opening up the possibility of using auditory noise as an alternative, non-pharmacological treatment of cognitive ADHD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran B W Söderlund
- Faculty of Teacher Education and Sport, Sogn og Fjordane University College Sogndal, Norway
| | - Christer Björk
- Department of Pupil Welfare, Municipality of Skellefteå Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Peik Gustafsson
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
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14
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ERP Correlates of Proactive and Reactive Cognitive Control in Treatment-Naïve Adult ADHD. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159833. [PMID: 27448275 PMCID: PMC4957760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether treatment naïve adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; n = 33; 19 female) differed from healthy controls (n = 31; 17 female) in behavioral performance, event-related potential (ERP) indices of preparatory attention (CueP3 and late CNV), and reactive response control (Go P3, NoGo N2, and NoGo P3) derived from a visual cued Go/NoGo task. On several critical measures, Cue P3, late CNV, and NoGo N2, there were no significant differences between the groups. This indicated normal preparatory processes and conflict monitoring in ADHD patients. However, the patients had attenuated Go P3 and NoGoP3 amplitudes relative to controls, suggesting reduced allocation of attentional resources to processes involved in response control. The patients also had a higher rate of Go signal omission errors, but no other performance decrements compared with controls. Reduced Go P3 and NoGo P3 amplitudes were associated with poorer task performance, particularly in the ADHD group. Notably, the ERPs were not associated with self-reported mood or anxiety. The results provide electrophysiological evidence for reduced effortful engagement of attentional resources to both Go and NoGo signals when reactive response control is needed. The absence of group differences in ERP components indexing proactive control points to impairments in specific aspects of cognitive processes in an untreated adult ADHD cohort. The associations between ERPs and task performance provided additional support for the altered electrophysiological responses.
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15
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Post-error adjustments and ADHD symptoms in adults: The effect of laterality and state regulation. Brain Cogn 2016; 108:11-9. [PMID: 27429094 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is accumulating that individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) do not adjust their responses after committing errors. Post-error response adjustments are taken to reflect, among others, error monitoring that is essential for learning, flexible behavioural adaptation, and achieving future goals. Many behavioural studies have suggested that atypical lateral brain functions and difficulties in allocating effort to protect performance against stressors (i.e., state regulation) are key factors in ADHD. Whether these factors contribute to the absence of post-error response adjustments in ADHD is unknown. The aim of the present study is to investigate the contribution of the left and right hemispheres and the deficiency in effort allocation to deviant post-error processing in adults with high ADHD symptoms. From a pool of 87 university students, two groups were formed: a group with higher (n=30) and a group with lower (n=26) scores on the ADHD index subscale of the Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales. The groups performed a lateralized lexical decision task with a fast and slower stimulus presentation rate. Post-error slowing and post-error response accuracy to stimuli presented in the left and right visual field were measured in each stimulus presentation rate. Results indicated that subjects with the lower ADHD scores slowed down and improved their response accuracy after errors, especially when stimuli were presented in the right visual field at the slower rate. In contrast, subjects with the higher ADHD scores showed no post-error adjustments. Results suggest that during lexical decision performance, impaired error processing in adults with ADHD is associated with affected ability of the left hemisphere to compensate for errors, especially when extra effort allocation is needed to meet task demands.
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16
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Gmehlin D, Fuermaier ABM, Walther S, Debelak R, Rentrop M, Westermann C, Sharma A, Tucha L, Koerts J, Tucha O, Weisbrod M, Aschenbrenner S. Intraindividual variability in inhibitory function in adults with ADHD--an ex-Gaussian approach. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112298. [PMID: 25479234 PMCID: PMC4257533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention deficit disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with inhibitory dysfunction contributing to typical behavioral symptoms like impulsivity or hyperactivity. However, some studies analyzing intraindividual variability (IIV) of reaction times in children with ADHD (cADHD) question a predominance of inhibitory deficits. IIV is a measure of the stability of information processing and provides evidence that longer reaction times (RT) in inhibitory tasks in cADHD are due to only a few prolonged responses which may indicate deficits in sustained attention rather than inhibitory dysfunction. We wanted to find out, whether a slowing in inhibitory functioning in adults with ADHD (aADHD) is due to isolated slow responses. METHODS Computing classical RT measures (mean RT, SD), ex-Gaussian parameters of IIV (which allow a better separation of reaction time (mu), variability (sigma) and abnormally slow responses (tau) than classical measures) as well as errors of omission and commission, we examined response inhibition in a well-established GoNogo task in a sample of aADHD subjects without medication and healthy controls matched for age, gender and education. RESULTS We did not find higher numbers of commission errors in aADHD, while the number of omissions was significantly increased compared with controls. In contrast to increased mean RT, the distributional parameter mu did not document a significant slowing in aADHD. However, subjects with aADHD were characterized by increased IIV throughout the entire RT distribution as indicated by the parameters sigma and tau as well as the SD of reaction time. Moreover, we found a significant correlation between tau and the number of omission errors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings question a primacy of inhibitory deficits in aADHD and provide evidence for attentional dysfunction. The present findings may have theoretical implications for etiological models of ADHD as well as more practical implications for neuropsychological testing in aADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Gmehlin
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Klinikum, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Anselm B. M. Fuermaier
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Walther
- Section of Experimental Psychopathology and Neurophysiology, Department of child and adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mirjam Rentrop
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Klinikum, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Celina Westermann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Klinikum, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
| | - Anuradha Sharma
- Section of Experimental Psychopathology and Neurophysiology, Department of child and adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lara Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke Koerts
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Tucha
- Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Weisbrod
- Psychiatric Department, SRH Klinikum, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- SüdWestAkadamie für Neuropsychologie (SWAN), Heidelberg, Germany
- Section of Experimental Psychopathology and Neurophysiology, Department of child and adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Aschenbrenner
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Neuropsychology, SRH Klinikum, Karlsbad-Langensteinbach, Germany
- SüdWestAkadamie für Neuropsychologie (SWAN), Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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van Velzen LS, Vriend C, de Wit SJ, van den Heuvel OA. Response inhibition and interference control in obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:419. [PMID: 24966828 PMCID: PMC4052433 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, motor response inhibition and interference control have received considerable scientific effort and attention, due to their important role in behavior and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Results of neuroimaging studies indicate that motor response inhibition and interference control are dependent on cortical–striatal–thalamic–cortical (CSTC) circuits. Structural and functional abnormalities within the CSTC circuits have been reported for many neuropsychiatric disorders, including obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and related disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, and trichotillomania. These disorders also share impairments in motor response inhibition and interference control, which may underlie some of their behavioral and cognitive symptoms. Results of task-related neuroimaging studies on inhibitory functions in these disorders show that impaired task performance is related to altered recruitment of the CSTC circuits. Previous research has shown that inhibitory performance is dependent upon dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin signaling, neurotransmitters that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of these disorders. In this narrative review, we discuss the common and disorder-specific pathophysiological mechanisms of inhibition-related dysfunction in OCD and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura S van Velzen
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Chris Vriend
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Stella J de Wit
- GGZ InGeest , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (NCA) , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands ; Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, VU University Medical Center , Amsterdam , Netherlands
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18
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Morein‐Zamir S, Dodds C, van Hartevelt TJ, Schwarzkopf W, Sahakian B, Müller U, Robbins T. Hypoactivation in right inferior frontal cortex is specifically associated with motor response inhibition in adult ADHD. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:5141-52. [PMID: 24819224 PMCID: PMC4336557 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult ADHD has been linked to impaired motor response inhibition and reduced associated activation in the right inferior frontal cortex (IFC). However, it is unclear whether abnormal inferior frontal activation in adult ADHD is specifically related to a response inhibition deficit or reflects a more general deficit in attentional processing. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested a group of 19 ADHD patients with no comorbidities and a group of 19 healthy control volunteers on a modified go/no-go task that has been shown previously to distinguish between cortical responses related to response inhibition and attentional shifting. Relative to the healthy controls, ADHD patients showed increased commission errors and reduced activation in inferior frontal cortex during response inhibition. Crucially, this reduced activation was observed when controlling for attentional processing, suggesting that hypoactivation in right IFC in ADHD is specifically related to impaired response inhibition. The results are consistent with the notion of a selective neurocognitive deficit in response inhibition in adult ADHD associated with abnormal functional activation in the prefrontal cortex, whilst ruling out likely group differences in attentional orienting, arousal and motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Morein‐Zamir
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Chris Dodds
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychologyUniversity of ExeterDevonUnited Kingdom
| | - Tim J. van Hartevelt
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Wolfgang Schwarzkopf
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychologyLudwig‐Maximilians‐UniversityGermany
| | - Barbara Sahakian
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ulrich Müller
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Adult ADHD ServiceCambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Trevor Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Department of PsychologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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19
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Congdon E, Altshuler LL, Mumford JA, Karlsgodt KH, Sabb FW, Ventura J, McGough JJ, London ED, Cannon TD, Bilder RM, Poldrack RA. Neural activation during response inhibition in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: preliminary findings on the effects of medication and symptom severity. Psychiatry Res 2014; 222:17-28. [PMID: 24581734 PMCID: PMC4009011 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have suggested that they have deficient response inhibition, but findings concerning the neural correlates of inhibition in this patient population are inconsistent. We used the Stop-Signal task and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare neural activation associated with response inhibition between adults with ADHD (N=35) and healthy comparison subjects (N=62), and in follow-up tests to examine the effect of current medication use and symptom severity. There were no differences in Stop-Signal task performance or neural activation between ADHD and control participants. Among the ADHD participants, however, significant differences were associated with current medication, with individuals taking psychostimulants (N=25) showing less stopping-related activation than those not currently receiving psychostimulant medication (N=10). Follow-up analyses suggested that this difference in activation was independent of symptom severity. These results provide evidence that deficits in inhibition-related neural activation persist in a subset of adult ADHD individuals, namely those individuals currently taking psychostimulants. These findings help to explain some of the disparities in the literature, and advance our understanding of why deficits in response inhibition are more variable in adult, as compared with child and adolescent, ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Congdon
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Lori L. Altshuler
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Fred W. Sabb
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Ventura
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James J. McGough
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edythe D. London
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert M. Bilder
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, and Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
,Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Russell A. Poldrack
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
,Department of Neurobiology and Imaging Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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20
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McCarthy H, Skokauskas N, Frodl T. Identifying a consistent pattern of neural function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med 2014; 44:869-880. [PMID: 23663382 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurobiological underpinnings of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are inconclusive. Activation abnormalities across brain regions in ADHD compared with healthy controls highlighted in task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies are heterogeneous. To identify a consistent pattern of neural dysfunction in ADHD, a meta-analysis of fMRI studies using Go/no-go, Stop and N-back tasks was undertaken. METHOD Several databases were searched using the key words: 'ADHD and fMRI' and 'ADHD and fMRI task'. In all, 20 studies met inclusion criteria comprising 334 patients with ADHD and 372 healthy controls and were split into N-back, Stop task and Go/no-go case-control groups. Using Signed Differential Mapping each batch was meta-analysed individually and meta-regression analyses were used to examine the effects of exposure to methylphenidate (MPH), length of MPH wash-out period, ADHD subtype, age and intelligence quotient (IQ) differences upon neural dysfunction in ADHD. RESULTS Across all tasks less activity in frontal lobe regions compared with controls was detected. Less exposure to treatment and lengthier wash-out times resulted in less left medial frontal cortex activation in N-back and Go/no-go studies. Higher percentage of combined-type ADHD resulted in less superior and inferior frontal gyrus activation. Different IQ scores between groups were linked to reduced right caudate activity in ADHD. CONCLUSIONS Consistent frontal deficits imply homogeneous cognitive strategies involved in ADHD behavioural control. Our findings suggest a link between fMRI results and the potentially normalizing effect of treatment and signify a need for segregated examination and contrast of differences in sample characteristics in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry, Integrated Neuroimaging, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - N Skokauskas
- Department of Psychiatry, Integrated Neuroimaging, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - T Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, Integrated Neuroimaging, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Ishii-Takahashi A, Takizawa R, Nishimura Y, Kawakubo Y, Kuwabara H, Matsubayashi J, Hamada K, Okuhata S, Yahata N, Igarashi T, Kawasaki S, Yamasue H, Kato N, Kasai K, Kano Y. Prefrontal activation during inhibitory control measured by near-infrared spectroscopy for differentiating between autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 4:53-63. [PMID: 24298446 PMCID: PMC3842411 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based solely on symptomatic and behavioral assessments can be difficult, even for experts. Thus, the development of a neuroimaging marker that differentiates ASDs from ADHD would be an important contribution to this field. We assessed the differences in prefrontal activation between adults with ASDs and ADHD using an entirely non-invasive and portable neuroimaging tool, near-infrared spectroscopy. This study included 21 drug-naïve adults with ASDs, 19 drug-naïve adults with ADHD, and 21 healthy subjects matched for age, sex, and IQ. Oxygenated hemoglobin concentration changes in the prefrontal cortex were assessed during a stop signal task and a verbal fluency task. During the stop signal task, compared to the control group, the ASDs group exhibited lower activation in a broad prefrontal area, whereas the ADHD group showed underactivation of the right premotor area, right presupplementary motor area, and bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices. Significant differences were observed in the left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex between the ASDs and ADHD groups during the stop signal task. The leave-one-out cross-validation method using mean oxygenated hemoglobin changes yielded a classification accuracy of 81.4% during inhibitory control. These results were task specific, as the brain activation pattern observed during the verbal fluency task did not differentiate the ASDs and ADHD groups significantly. This study therefore provides evidence of a difference in left ventrolateral prefrontal activation during inhibitory control between adults with ASDs and ADHD. Thus, near-infrared spectroscopy may be useful as an auxiliary tool for the differential diagnosis of such developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Ishii-Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Matthies S, Philipsen A, Svaldi J. Risky decision making in adults with ADHD. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2012; 43:938-46. [PMID: 22445935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Risky decision making and disadvantageous choices constitute core characteristics of patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Consequences include negative psychosocial and health-related outcomes. However, risky decision making and its interrelations with emotional states in ADHD are poorly understood. Therefore, the authors investigated risky decision making without and after boredom induction in adults with and without ADHD. METHODS In study 1, ADHD patients (n = 15) and age/education matched controls (CG; n = 16) were compared on the Game of Dice Task (GDT), an established task measuring decision making in unambiguous situations. In study 2, ADHD patients (n = 14) and CG (n = 13) underwent boredom induction prior to the GDT. RESULTS In study 1, ADHD patients selected the disadvantageous alternatives significantly more often than CG. In study 2, no significant group differences were found due to an increase in risky decision making in CG following the boredom induction. LIMITATIONS Even if severity of depression did not affect our results, it may be necessary to compare GDT responses in ADHD patients with and without current depression. CONCLUSIONS Risk as a motor of disadvantageous decision making needs to be taken into account in therapeutic contexts as a maintenance factor of dysfunctional behaviour. The findings of study 2 are in line with postulated alterations of emotional state adjustment in ADHD. The link between decisions making and emotional regulation in ADHD needs further attention in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Matthies
- Department of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Freiburg, Hauptstr. 5, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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23
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Debey E, Verschuere B, Crombez G. Lying and executive control: an experimental investigation using ego depletion and goal neglect. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 140:133-41. [PMID: 22627157 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated whether lying requires executive control using a reaction-time based lie test. We hypothesized that (1) goal neglect induced by a long response-stimulus interval (RSI; 5-8s) would make lying harder relative to a short RSI (.2 s) that promoted attentional focus, and (2) participants whose executive control resources were depleted by an initial executive control task would experience more difficulty to lie than control participants who performed a task that required little executive control. Across two experiments, the ego depletion manipulation did not reliably affect lying. Both experiments revealed that the cognitive cost associated with lying was larger for the long compared to the short RSI. This finding supports the idea that lying requires more executive control than truth telling. The manipulation of RSI may provide a simple, yet effective means to improve lie detection accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Debey
- Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
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24
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Siniatchkin M, Glatthaar N, von Müller GG, Prehn-Kristensen A, Wolff S, Knöchel S, Steinmann E, Sotnikova A, Stephani U, Petermann F, Gerber WD. Behavioural treatment increases activity in the cognitive neuronal networks in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Brain Topogr 2012; 25:332-44. [PMID: 22392009 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-012-0221-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Response cost and token approach (RCT) within the scope of a summer camp training is an effective treatment program for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is likely that intensive RCT training influences networks responsible for ADHD symptoms. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was carried out in 12 children with ADHD before and after the RCT program and in 12 healthy control children twice. For fMRI, a Go/No-go paradigm was used to investigate the influence of RCT training on attention and impulsivity. The No-go condition revealed only weak activation in the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) before the training in children with ADHD compared to healthy children. However, this activation in these brain regions was significantly more pronounced after the training. This increase in hemodynamic response cannot be attributed merely to repetition of the measurement since the effect was not observed in healthy children. The increase in hemodynamic response in the ACC and right DLPFC was significantly associated with a reduction in response time variability and clinical symptoms in ADHD patients. After the RCT training, the children with ADHD demonstrated more pronounced activation of cortical structures which are typically related to response monitoring and self-control. It seems likely that children with ADHD learned more cognitive control in a continuous performance task as was revealed by both neuropsychological outcome and fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Siniatchkin
- Clinic for Child and Adolescents Psychiatry, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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25
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Mulligan RC, Knopik VS, Sweet LH, Fischer M, Seidenberg M, Rao SM. Neural correlates of inhibitory control in adult attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from the Milwaukee longitudinal sample. Psychiatry Res 2011; 194:119-29. [PMID: 21937201 PMCID: PMC3196255 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Only a few studies have investigated the neural substrate of response inhibition in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using Stop-Signal and Go/No-Go tasks. Inconsistencies and methodological limitations in the existing literature have resulted in limited conclusions regarding underlying pathophysiology. We examined the neural basis of response inhibition in a group of adults diagnosed with ADHD in childhood and who continue to meet criteria for ADHD. Adults with ADHD (n=12) and controls (n=12) were recruited from an ongoing longitudinal study and were matched for age, IQ, and education. Individuals with comorbid conditions were excluded. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to identify and compare the brain activation patterns during correct trials of a response-inhibition task (Go/No-Go). Our results showed that the control group recruited a more extensive network of brain regions than the ADHD group during correct inhibition trials. Adults with ADHD showed reduced brain activation in the right frontal eye field, pre-supplementary motor area, left precentral gyrus, and the inferior parietal lobe bilaterally. During successful inhibition of an inappropriate response, adults with ADHD display reduced activation in fronto-parietal networks previously implicated in working memory, goal-oriented attention, and response selection. This profile of brain activation may be specifically associated with ADHD in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Mulligan
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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26
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Carmona S, Hoekzema E, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Richarte V, Canals C, Bosch R, Rovira M, Soliva JC, Bulbena A, Tobeña A, Casas M, Vilarroya O. Response inhibition and reward anticipation in medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a within-subject case-control neuroimaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:2350-61. [PMID: 21826761 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research suggests that ADHD patients are characterized by both reduced activity in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) during response inhibition tasks (such as the Go-NoGo task), and reduced activity in the ventral striatum during reward anticipation tasks (such as the Monetary-Incentive-Delay [MID] task). However, no prior research has applied either of these paradigms in medication-naïve adults with ADHD, nor have these been implemented in an intrasubject manner. METHODS The sample consisted of 19 medication-naïve adults with ADHD and 19 control subjects. Main group analyses were based on individually defined regions of interest: the IFG and the VStr for the Go-NoGo and the MID task respectively. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between the two measures, as well as between these measures and the clinical symptoms of ADHD. RESULTS We observed reduced bilateral VStr activity in adults with ADHD during reward anticipation. No differences were detected in IFG activation on the Go-NoGo paradigm. Correlation analyses suggest that the two tasks are independent at a neural level, but are related behaviorally in terms of the variability of the performance reaction time. Activity in the bilateral VStr but not in the IFG was associated negatively with symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity. CONCLUSIONS Results underline the implication of the reward system in ADHD adult pathophysiology and suggest that frontal abnormalities during response inhibition performance may not be such a pivotal aspect of the phenotype in adulthood. In addition, our findings point toward response variability as a core feature of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Carmona
- Departament de Psiquiatria i Medicina Legal, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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27
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Gerber WD, Darabaneanu S, Dumpert HD, Müller GGV, Kowalski JT, Kropp P, Niederberger U, Siniatchkin M, Petermann F. Kortikale Informationsverarbeitungsprozesse bei Vätern von Kindern mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS): eine Pilotstudie mit langsamen Hirnpotenzialen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NEUROPSYCHOLOGIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1024/1016-264x/a000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hintergrund/Fragestellung: ADHS wird als eine womöglich genetisch bedingte Störung der kortikalen Informationsverarbeitung im Kindes- und Jugendalter, die bei mehr als zwei Drittel der Betroffenen auch im Erwachsenenalter andauert, beschrieben. Wenig bekannt ist über die kortikale Informationsverarbeitung und Aufmerksamkeitsbereitschaft von Vätern von Kindern mit ADHS. In der vorliegenden Studie sollten daher Väter von ADHS-Kindern mit gesunden Kontrollen hinsichtlich ihrer kortikalen Aufmerksamkeitsbereitschaft verglichen werden. Patienten und Methoden: 14 Väter von ADHS-Kindern im Alter von 24 bis 62 Jahren (M = 39,4 Jahre) wurden mit 14 Vätern von gesunden Kindern (M = 36,7 Jahre) verglichen. Die kortikale Aufmerksamkeitsbereitschaft wurde mittels Contingente Negative Variation (CNV) in einem zwei Stimulusparadigma (Go/NoGo; Cz, Fz) mit einem Intervall von 3 Sekunden gemessen. Die ADHS-Kernsymptome wurden mittels spezifischer Fragebögen erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die CNV-Reaktionszeiten der ADHS-Väter waren signifikant langsamer als die der gesunden Kontrollgruppe. Zudem ergab sich eine deutlich beschleunigte Habituation, während sich die CNV-Amplituden im Cervix-Potenzial statistisch nicht von den Gesunden unterschieden. Dagegen zeigte sich frontal eine signifikant stärkere Negativierung der ADHS-Väter. Schlussfolgerung: Väter von ADHS-Kindern zeigen in den langsamen Hirnpotenzialen ähnliche Auffälligkeiten, wie sie auch bei Kindern nachweisbar sind. Die erkennbare gestörte kortikale Informationsverarbeitung könnte sowohl als Hinweis einer genetischen Disposition, als auch epigenetischer Determination denkbar sein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolf-Dieter Gerber
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - Stephanie Darabaneanu
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - Hans-Dieter Dumpert
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - Gabriele Gerber-von Müller
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | | | - Peter Kropp
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universität Rostock
| | - Uwe Niederberger
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie und Medizinische Soziologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | | | - Franz Petermann
- Zentrum für Klinische Psychologie und Rehabilitation der Universität Bremen
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