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Akram M, Kamaal N, Kumar D, Datta D, Agnihotri AK. Characterization, phylogeny and recombination of Rhynchosia yellow mosaic virus infecting Rhynchosia minima, a wild relative of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) from India. Virus Genes 2025; 61:110-120. [PMID: 39503983 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-024-02120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2025]
Abstract
Rhynchosia minima grown at Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, India, showed yellow mosaic symptoms on leaves and were suspected to be caused by begomovirus(es). Leaves from five different plants (Rhm1-Rhm5) were tested for the presence of four viruses in PCR. PCR assays revealed the presence of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus in four samples, whereas one sample (Rhm2) was negative. Processing of Rhm2 sample using rolling circle amplification and restriction digestion indicated the presence of DNA molecules of ~ 2.6-2.7 kb. These molecules were sequenced after cloning and found to be of 2741 and 2658 nucleotides in size. BLAST analysis revealed that DNA-A (OQ269467) and DNA-B (OQ269468) molecules of rhynchosia yellow mosaic virus (RhYMV) with 99.09% and 93.74% nucleotide similarity with DNA-A (KP752090) and DNA-B (KP752091) of the RhYMV isolate, respectively. These sequences had a genome organization typical of legume-infecting Old World bipartite begomoviruses. Full genome sequences obtained from Rhm2 are, therefore, considered to be an isolate of RhYMV, designated as RhYMV-IN-Knp. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that RhYMV-IN-Knp was grouped with other isolates of RhYMV followed by Cajanus scarabaeoides yellow mosaic virus. DNA-A of RhYMV-IN-Knp showed two recombination events. The Old World bipartite begomovirus squash leaf curl China virus (AM260205) was identified as the major parent, whereas New World bipartite begomovirus rhynchosia golden yellow mosaic Yucatan virus (EU021216) was identified as the minor parent. RhYMV holds the potential of infecting cultivated legume crops, therefore regular monitoring is crucial especially for pigeonpea breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akram
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, 208024, India.
| | - Naimuddin Kamaal
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, 208024, India
| | - Deepender Kumar
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, 208024, India
| | - Dibendu Datta
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, 208024, India
| | - Aniruddha Kumar Agnihotri
- Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kalyanpur, Kanpur, 208024, India
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Navas-Castillo J. The Role of Extensive Recombination in the Evolution of Geminiviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 439:139-166. [PMID: 36592245 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mutation, recombination and pseudo-recombination are the major forces driving the evolution of viruses by the generation of variants upon which natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow can act to shape the genetic structure of viral populations. Recombination between related virus genomes co-infecting the same cell usually occurs via template swapping during the replication process and produces a chimeric genome. The family Geminiviridae shows the highest evolutionary success among plant virus families, and the common presence of recombination signatures in their genomes reveals a key role in their evolution. This review describes the general characteristics of members of the family Geminiviridae and associated DNA satellites, as well as the extensive occurrence of recombination at all taxonomic levels, from strain to family. The review also presents an overview of the recombination patterns observed in nature that provide some clues regarding the mechanisms involved in the generation and emergence of recombinant genomes. Moreover, the results of experimental evolution studies that support some of the conclusions obtained in descriptive or in silico works are summarized. Finally, the review uses a number of case studies to illustrate those recombination events with evolutionary and pathological implications as well as recombination events in which DNA satellites are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida Dr. Wienberg s/n, 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
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Lopez-Lopez K, Corredor-Rodríguez A, Correa-Forero AM, Álvarez-Rubiano LP, Suarez- Rodríguez A, Vaca-Vaca JC. DETECCIÓN MOLECULAR DE BEGOMOVIRUS AISLADOS DE ARVENSES ASOCIADAS AL CULTIVO DE AJÍ (Capsicum spp.) EN EL VALLE DEL CAUCA, COLOMBIA. ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2022. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v27n3.89802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Los virus Potato yellow mosaic virus (PYMV/Co), Passionfruit leaf distortion virus (PLDV), Pepper rugose mosaic virus (PRMV) y Rhynchosia golden mosaic Colombia virus (RhGMCV) son begomovirus de interés agrícola, aislados y caracterizados molecularmente en el Valle del Cauca. Sin embargo, en la actualidad no hay suficiente información sobre sus hospederos alternos. Dado que las arvenses cumplen un papel importante en la ecología y epidemiología viral, este estudio tuvo como objetivo detectar la presencia de estos begomovirus en arvenses asociadas al cultivo de ají en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se recolectaron 121 plantas arvenses en zonas productoras de ají, localizadas en 7 municipios del Valle del Cauca, las cuales fueron identificadas a nivel taxonómico. A partir del ADN genómico purificado de estas plantas se evaluó la presencia de virus por PCR, usando cebadores universales para el género Begomovirus y específicos para PYMV/Co, PLDV, PRMV y RhGMCV. Se detectaron begomovirus en 15 de las especies de arvenses evaluadas. Esta es la primera vez que las especies Ipomoea tiliacea, Melothria pendula, Caperonia palustris, Desmodium tortuosum, Desmodium intortum, Ammannia coccinea, Panicum polygonatum, Capsicum rhomboideum, Eclipta prostrata y Synedrella nodiflora se reportan como hospederas de begomovirus en Colombia. Se detectaron los begomovirus RhGMCV, PYMV/Co, PRMV y PLDV en infecciones simples y mixtas. Estos resultados aportan nuevos datos sobre los hospederos alternos de begomovirus. Esta información servirá para implementar un plan de manejo integrado de enfermedades virales con el potencial para afectar negativamente el rendimiento del cultivo de ají, y otros cultivos en Colombia.
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Mollel HG, Ndunguru J, Sseruwagi P, Alicai T, Colvin J, Navas-Castillo J, Fiallo-Olivé E. African Basil ( Ocimum gratissimum) Is a Reservoir of Divergent Begomoviruses in Uganda. PLANT DISEASE 2020; 104:853-859. [PMID: 31910114 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-08-19-1675-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Begomoviruses are plant viruses that cause major losses to many economically important crops. Although they are poorly understood, begomoviruses infecting wild plants may have an important role as reservoirs in the epidemiology of viral diseases. This study reports the discovery and genomic characterization of three novel bipartite begomoviruses from wild and cultivated African basil (Ocimum gratissimum) plants collected in Uganda, East Africa. Based on the symptoms shown by the infected plants, the names proposed for these viruses are Ocimum yellow vein virus (OcYVV), Ocimum mosaic virus (OcMV), and Ocimum golden mosaic virus (OcGMV). Genome and phylogenetic analyses suggest that DNA-A of OcGMV is mostly related to begomoviruses infecting tomato in Africa, whereas those of OcYVV and OcMV are closely related to one another and highly divergent within the Old World begomoviruses. The DNA-A of all characterized begomovirus isolates are of a recombinant nature, revealing the role of recombination in the evolution of these begomoviruses. The viruses characterized here are the first identified in O. gratissimum and the first in Ocimum spp. in the African continent and could have important epidemiological consequences for cultivated basils and other important crops.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happyness G Mollel
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Málaga, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Titus Alicai
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Málaga, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad de Málaga, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
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Mollel HG, Sseruwagi P, Ndunguru J, Alicai T, Colvin J, Navas-Castillo J, Fiallo-Olivé E. Desmodium mottle virus, the first legumovirus (genus Begomovirus) from East Africa. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1799-1803. [PMID: 28243802 PMCID: PMC5425491 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel bipartite legumovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae), that naturally infects the wild leguminous plant Desmodium sp. in Uganda, was molecularly characterized and named Desmodium mottle virus. The highest nucleotide identities for DNA-A, obtained from two field-collected samples, were 79.9% and 80.1% with the legumovirus, soybean mild mottle virus. DNA-B had the highest nucleotide identities (65.4% and 66.4%) with a typical non-legumovirus Old World begomovirus, African cassava mosaic virus. This is the first report of a legumovirus in East Africa and extends the known diversity of begomoviruses found infecting wild plants in this continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happyness G Mollel
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Titus Alicai
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
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Complete genome sequences of two novel bipartite begomoviruses infecting common bean in Cuba. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1431-1433. [PMID: 28168556 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3209-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The common bean is a host for a large number of begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) in the New World. Based on the current taxonomic criteria established for the genus Begomovirus, two new members of this genus infecting common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Cuba are herein reported. The cloned bipartite genomes, composed of DNA-A and DNA-B, showed the typical organization of the New World begomoviruses. We propose the names common bean severe mosaic virus and common bean mottle virus for the new begomovirus species.
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Mollel HG, Ndunguru J, Sseruwagi P, Alicai T, Colvin J, Navas-Castillo J, Fiallo-Olivé E. A novel East African monopartite begomovirus-betasatellite complex that infects Vernonia amygdalina. Arch Virol 2016; 162:1079-1082. [PMID: 27900540 PMCID: PMC5346420 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The complete genomes of a monopartite begomovirus (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) and an associated betasatellite found infecting Vernonia amygdalina Delile (family Compositae) in Uganda were cloned and sequenced. Begomoviruses isolated from two samples showed the highest nucleotide sequence identity (73.1% and 73.2%) to an isolate of the monopartite begomovirus tomato leaf curl Vietnam virus, and betasatellites from the same samples exhibited the highest nucleotide sequence identity (67.1% and 68.2%) to vernonia yellow vein Fujian betasatellite. Following the current taxonomic criteria for begomovirus species demarcation, the isolates sequenced here represent a novel begomovirus species. Based on symptoms observed in the field, we propose the name vernonia crinkle virus (VeCrV) for this novel begomovirus and vernonia crinkle betasatellite (VeCrB) for the associated betasatellite. This is the first report of a monopartite begomovirus-betasatellite complex from Uganda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happyness G Mollel
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Joseph Ndunguru
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Peter Sseruwagi
- Mikocheni Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Titus Alicai
- National Crops Resources Research Institute, Namulonge, P.O. Box 7084, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John Colvin
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Estación Experimental "La Mayora", 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Zerbini FM, Navas-Castillo J. Complete nucleotide sequences of two new begomoviruses infecting the wild malvaceous plant Melochia sp. in Brazil. Arch Virol 2015; 160:3161-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2619-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Melgarejo TA, Kon T, Gilbertson RL. Molecular and Biological Characterization of Distinct Strains of Jatropha mosaic virus from the Dominican Republic Reveal a Potential to Infect Crop Plants. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:141-53. [PMID: 25163012 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-14-0135-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the Dominican Republic (DO), jatropha plants with yellow mosaic symptoms are commonly observed in and around fields of various crop plants. Complete nucleotide sequences of DNA-A and DNA-B components of four bipartite begomovirus isolates associated with symptomatic jatropha plants collected from three geographical locations in the DO were determined. Sequence comparisons revealed highest identities (91 to 92%) with the DNA-A component of an isolate of Jatropha mosaic virus (JMV) from Jamaica, indicating that the bipartite begomovirus isolates from the DO are strains of JMV. When introduced into jatropha seedlings by particle bombardment, the cloned components of the JMV strains from the DO induced stunting and yellow mosaic, indistinguishable from symptoms observed in the field, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates for the disease. The JMV strains also induced disease symptoms in Nicotiana benthamiana, tobacco, and several cultivars of common bean from the Andean gene pool, including one locally grown in the DO. Asymmetry in the infectivity and symptomatology of pseudorecombinants provided further support for the strain designation of the JMV isolates from the DO. Thus, JMV in the DO is a complex of genetically distinct strains that have undergone local evolution and have the potential to cause disease in crop plants.
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Jeske H, Kober S, Schäfer B, Strohmeier S. Circomics of Cuban geminiviruses reveals the first alpha-satellite DNA in the Caribbean. Virus Genes 2014; 49:312-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Márquez-Martín B, Hassan I, Chirinos DT, Geraud-Pouey F, Navas-Castillo J, Moriones E. Complete genome sequences of two novel begomoviruses infecting common bean in Venezuela. Arch Virol 2012. [PMID: 23178970 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1545-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The complete genome sequences of isolates of two new bipartite begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) found infecting common bean in Venezuela are provided. The names proposed for each of these viruses are "bean yellow chlorosis virus" (BYCV) and "bean white chlorosis mosaic virus" (BWCMV). Phylogenetic analysis showed that they segregated in two distinct clades of New World begomoviruses. This is the first report of begomoviruses infecting common bean in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Estación Experimental "La Mayora", Algarrobo-Costa, 29750 Málaga, Spain
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Fiallo-Olivé E, Navas-Castillo J, Moriones E, Martínez-Zubiaur Y. Begomoviruses infecting weeds in Cuba: increased host range and a novel virus infecting Sida rhombifolia. Arch Virol 2011; 157:141-6. [PMID: 21964921 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-011-1123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
As a result of surveys conducted during the last few years to search for wild reservoirs of begomoviruses in Cuba, we detected a novel bipartite begomovirus, sida yellow mottle virus (SiYMoV), infecting Sida rhombifolia plants. The complete genome sequence was obtained, showing that DNA-A was 2622 nucleotides (nt) in length and that it was most closely related (87.6% nucleotide identity) to DNA-A of an isolate of sida golden mosaic virus (SiGMV) that infects snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in Florida. The DNA-B sequence was 2600 nt in length and shared the highest nucleotide identity (75.1%) with corchorus yellow spot virus (CoYSV). Phylogenetic relationship analysis showed that both DNA components of SiYMoV were grouped in the Abutilon clade, along with begomoviruses from Florida and the Caribbean islands. We also present here the complete nucleotide sequence of a novel strain of sida yellow vein virus found infecting Malvastrum coromandelianum and an isolate of euphorbia mosaic virus that was found for the first time infecting Euphorbia heterophylla in Cuba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Fiallo-Olivé
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria, San José de Las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba
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Navas-Castillo J, Fiallo-Olivé E, Sánchez-Campos S. Emerging virus diseases transmitted by whiteflies. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2011; 49:219-48. [PMID: 21568700 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus diseases that have emerged in the past two decades limit the production of important vegetable crops in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions worldwide, and many of the causal viruses are transmitted by whiteflies (order Hemiptera, family Aleyrodidae). Most of these whitefly-transmitted viruses are begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae), although whiteflies are also vectors of criniviruses, ipomoviruses, torradoviruses, and some carlaviruses. Factors driving the emergence and establishment of whitefly-transmitted diseases include genetic changes in the virus through mutation and recombination, changes in the vector populations coupled with polyphagy of the main vector, Bemisia tabaci, and long distance traffic of plant material or vector insects due to trade of vegetables and ornamental plants. The role of humans in increasing the emergence of virus diseases is obvious, and the effect that climate change may have in the future is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Navas-Castillo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain.
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