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Technical Complications of Removable Partial Dentures in the Moderately Reduced Dentition: A Systematic Review. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11020055. [PMID: 36826200 PMCID: PMC9955676 DOI: 10.3390/dj11020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review with a subsequent meta-analysis on the technical complications and failures of removable partial denture (RPD) therapy in the moderately reduced dentition. A systematic literature search of established medical databases, last updated 06/2022, was conducted. RCTs and prospective and retrospective studies were included that had information on technical complications and failures of RPDs, at least 15 participants, an observation period of at least two years and a drop-out rate of less than 25%. Publications were selected on the title, abstract and full-text level by at least three of the participating authors. The evidence of the included studies was classified using the GRADE system. The bias risk was determined using the RoB2 tool and the ROBINS-I tool. Of 19,592 initial hits, 43 publications were included. Predominantly, retention of the prosthesis, retention loss of anchor crowns (decementations), fractures/repairs of frameworks, denture teeth, veneering or acrylic bases, and a need for relining were reported depending on prosthesis type and observation time. Focusing on technical complications and failures, only very heterogeneous data were found and publications with the highest quality level according to GRADE were scarce. Whenever possible, data on technical complications and failures should be reported separately when referencing the tooth, the prosthesis and the patient for comparability. Prostheses with differing anchorage types should be analyzed in different groups, as the respective complications and failures differ. A precise description of the kinds of complications and failures, as well as of the resulting follow-up treatment measures, should be given.
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Hinz S, Bömicke W, Schweyen R, Bensel T. Ten-year clinical performance of non-precious metal double crowns with friction pins in severely reduced dentitions—a retrospective study. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 27:1623-1635. [PMID: 36414766 PMCID: PMC10102142 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This follow-up study aimed at collecting long-term data for removable partial dentures (RPDs) retained by double crowns with spark-eroded friction pins (DCP) and comparing them in the presence of severely reduced dentition (SRD) and non-SRD (NSRD, i.e. residual dentition with more than three abutment teeth) after a 10-year wearing period.
Materials and methods
A total of 158 participants (n = 71, 44.9% women) aged 62.5 ± 12.7 years with 182 prostheses on 520 abutment teeth were followed up between 2006 and 2022. The SRD group included 144 RPDs supported by 314 abutment teeth. The data collection was performed retrospectively. 10-year survival rates of RPDs and abutment teeth were determined using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared using the log-rank test for SRD and NSRD, among others. Cox regression analyses were conducted to isolate risk factors for the survival of both RPDs and abutment teeth.
Results
The 10-year cumulative survival rate of all abutment teeth was 65.6% with significantly lower values in the SRD group (53.5%) (p < 0.001). The survival rate for all RPDs was 65.5%. The SRD group showed lower survival rates (57.9%) (p = 0.004). The number and location of the abutment teeth had a significant influence on the survival rates of the RPDs and the abutment teeth. Age, sex, jaw, relining, and vitality had a significant influence on the abutment teeth survival rates.
Conclusions
RPDs showed an acceptable clinical survival rate after 10 years. The number, location, and vitality of abutment teeth were factors that influenced the survival of both RPDs and abutment teeth.
Clinical relevance
Consideration of the influencing factors found can help improve the prognostic assessment of double crown-retained dentures in the context of prosthetic therapy planning.
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Tasaka A, Rues S, Schwindling FS, Rammelsberg P, Yamashita S. Retentive force of conical crowns combining zirconia and fiber-reinforced composite. J Dent 2022; 124:104222. [PMID: 35820502 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the retentive force of conical crowns combining zirconia primary and fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) secondary crowns and their changes due to aging. METHODS Zirconia primary crowns were produced with a convergence angle of 3°. Thirty-two secondary crowns were milled from FRC and divided into two groups (n = 16/group) based on the polishing method of the secondary crown inner surfaces: diamond paste (Group 1) and silicone points (Group 2). After fitting the secondary crowns with different fitting forces (F), loosening forces (L) were determined. Tests were repeated after an occlusal stop (OS) was added to the secondary crown and artificial aging (10,000 insertion/removal cycles). Data were compared using the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS Crowns without an OS showed L/F ratios of 0.4586 (Group 1) and 0.4104 (Group 2). With an OS, maximum retention was not significantly affected by the polishing method and could be limited to Lmax = 19.31±7.77 N (Group 1) and Lmax = 16.12±5.92 N (Group 2). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the combination of conical zirconia primary and FRC secondary crowns can obtain acceptable retentive forces that are not affected by aging if the inner surfaces are polished with diamond paste. OS generation could limit maximum retention, but should be adjusted if the target value of 10 N is not to be exceeded. With a change of the convergence angle to 4°, L/F values for crowns without an OS would be close to 1/3, which is considered ideal for conical crowns. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The combination of zirconia primary crowns and FRC secondary crowns was found feasible to ensure the required retention for clinical use over a long time span. Furthermore, it offers an alternative to metal-based restorations while ensuring high levels of biocompatibility and esthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Tasaka
- Department of Prosthodontics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Stefan Rues
- Department of Prosthodontics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Rammelsberg
- Department of Prosthodontics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shuichiro Yamashita
- Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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Tasaka A, Schwindling FS, Rues S, Rammelsberg P, Yamashita S. Retentive force of telescopic crowns combining fiber-reinforced composite and zirconia. J Prosthodont Res 2021; 66:265-271. [PMID: 34349081 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_20_00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated changes in the retentive force of telescopic crowns fabricated by combining a zirconia primary crown and a fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) secondary crown. METHODS Primary zirconia crowns were produced with a nominal convergence angle of 0°. Forty-eight secondary crowns were milled from FRC and divided into three study groups (n=16/group) based on milling parameters and post-milling adjustment. The offset parameter used for the final milling step of the inner crown surface was adjusted for a tight initial fit in Group 1 (milling offset: +10 µm, i.e., 2 × 10 µm = 20 µm lower inner diameter compared with the CAD file of the crown) and for improved initial fit (milling offset: -10 µm, i.e., an enlargement of the inner crown diameter by 2 × 20 µm = 40 µm in relation to Group 1) in Groups 2 and 3. The inner surfaces of the secondary crowns were polished with diamond paste in Groups 1 and 2, and silicon points were used for Group 3. The retentive force was measured using a universal testing device. The secondary crown was placed on the primary crown, with the final fitting force set to a load of 100 N. This test was conducted before and after aging (10,000 insertion/removal cycles) under dry and wet conditions. A generalized linear model was used to estimate the differences in the retentive force to elucidate the effects of the milling parameters and polishing methods. RESULTS We realized an initial retentive force of approximately 10 N. In Groups 2 and 3, the difference was statistically significant between the dry and wet conditions before aging (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the dry and wet conditions after aging in any of the groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS An adequate initial retentive force can be achieved with telescopic crowns combining zirconia and FRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Tasaka
- Department of Prosthodontics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg.,Department of Removable Partial Prosthodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo
| | | | - Stefan Rues
- Department of Prosthodontics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg
| | - Peter Rammelsberg
- Department of Prosthodontics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg
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Hong SJ, Lee H, Lee YY, Kwon KR. Retention force and stress distribution analysis of the cementless double crown-type implant-supported prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 127:626-633. [PMID: 33386135 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2020.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Implant-supported fixed dental prostheses have been classified into screw-retained and cement-retained types, and each retaining type has complications. A novel retentive cementless double crown (CLD) type of the implant-supported fixed prosthesis has been developed. CLD has air pockets in the intaglio surface of the crown and does not require cement or a screw hole. However, studies on the retention force and stress distribution of the system are lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the retention force and stress distribution in the CLD system. MATERIAL AND METHODS The specimen comprised an implant, a titanium abutment, and a zirconia crown. Retention forces of 10 specimens of the CLD type were measured at no loading and after cyclic loading for 50, 100, 200, 600, 10 000, and 1 000 000 cycles by using a universal testing machine with a custom attachment device. Forty specimens of the stress distribution test were divided into 4 groups based on the retention type (cement-retained or CLD type) and load direction (vertical or oblique). Strain gauges were attached onto the buccal and lingual sides of the implant, and microstrain values were measured. One-way analysis of variance with the post hoc Tukey honestly significant difference test was performed on the retention force data, and the t test was performed to analyze the microstrain value data (α=.05). RESULTS Retention forces after 0, 50, 100, 200, 600, 10 000, and 1 000 000 load cycles were 18.12 ±6.16 N, 20.47 ±5.78 N, 19.79 ±6.61 N, 18.46 ±5.23 N, 19.60 ±6.93 N, 21.75 ±5.03 N, and 40.91 ±9.32 N, respectively, and after 1 000 000 cycles, the retention force was significantly higher than that of other load cycles (P<.05). The mean of maximum microstrain values under the vertical load were similar in the cement-retained type (buccal side, 834.96 ±53.69 μm/m; lingual side, 490.76 ±34.12 μm/m) and the CLD type (buccal side, 814.28 ±71.20 μm/m; lingual side, 479.10 ±30.74) (P>.05), and the mean of maximum microstrain values under the oblique load was also similar in the cement-retained type (buccal side, 1991.04 ±109.89 μm/m; lingual side, -2232.41 ±189.88) and the CLD type (buccal side, 1932.47 ±152.51 μm/m; lingual side, -2097.47 ±130.69 μm/m) (P>.05). CONCLUSIONS The CLD type had clinically acceptable retention during 1 000 000 load cycles and had a similar or better stress distribution capability than the cement-retained type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Jin Hong
- Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Kyung Hee University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjong Lee
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun-Yi Lee
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kung-Rock Kwon
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Goguta L, Lungeanu D, Negru R, Birdeanu M, Jivanescu A, Sinescu C. Selective Laser Sintering versus Selective Laser Melting and Computer Aided Design - Computer Aided Manufacturing in Double Crowns Retention. J Prosthodont Res 2020; 65:371-378. [PMID: 32981911 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpor_2019_556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This in vitro study aimed at ascertaining the retention forces for telescopic crowns fabricated with Selective Laser Manufacturing (SLM) and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) additive technologies, and Computer Aided Design - Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD-CAM) subtractive technology, by using suitable materials for each.Materials and Methods Full-factorial design was employed for experimental testing, considering the following three factors: (a) inner crown material ‒ technology (zirconia ‒ CAD-CAM; metal-alloy ‒ SLS; metal-alloy ‒ SLM); (b) tooth type (canine or molar); (c) wet vs. dry conditions (i.e. either with or without artificial saliva). The roughness of the inner crowns was analyzed through atomic force microscopy. Three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for statistical analysis, followed by Tukey's post-hoc comparisons between the crown types.Results The retention force mean values were between 3.8 N (dry, SLM) and 14.8 N (artificial saliva, SLS), with statistically significant (p<0.001) differences between the three types of inner crowns and interaction with the tooth type. No significant interaction was found between crown or tooth types and the wet vs. dry testing conditions. The zirconia crowns' retention force was significantly (p<0.001) higher compared to similar SLM crowns, with 95% CI (3.62; 5.55) N for the differences. Zirconia was significantly (p<0.001) less retentive compared to similar SLS crowns, with 95% CI (-5.99; -4.06) N for the differences. The roughness decrease and subsequent loss of retention force was the largest in zirconia.Conclusions The SLS inner crowns showed the best retention, followed by zirconia and SLM inner crows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Goguta
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Diana Lungeanu
- Centre for Modelling Biological Systems and Data Analysis, Department of Functional Sciences, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Radu Negru
- Department of Mechanics and Strength of Materials, Polytechnic University, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihaela Birdeanu
- National Institute of Condensed Materials, Applied Physics Department, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anca Jivanescu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Cosmin Sinescu
- Department of Dental Materials and Technology, Faculty of Dentistry, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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Hinz S, Schweyen R, Hey J, Setz J, Arnold C. Clinical performance of non-precious metal double crowns with friction pins in severely reduced dentitions. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3567-3575. [PMID: 32008142 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03228-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several in vitro studies have investigated the retention of double crowns with friction pins (DCP); however, clinical data on their long-term success have not been reported. We sought to evaluate the 5-year survival rate of DCPs in patients with severely reduced dentition (SRD) and not severely reduced dentition (NSRD). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 158 patients were treated with 182 dentures on 520 abutment teeth between 2006 and 2016. The SRD group included 144 dentures that had been inserted on 314 abutment teeth. We evaluated the influence of age, sex, jaw, number, tooth vitality, and abutment teeth localization (according to Steffel's classification) on the 60-month survival rates of dentures and abutment teeth using the Kaplan-Meier estimator, logrank test, and Cox regression. RESULTS The cumulative 60-month survival rate was 84.3% (CI 77.1-91.5%) for all dentures; however, the survival rate in the SRD group (80.3%; CI 71.5-89.1%) was significantly lower than in the NSRD group (100%; p = 0.04). Dentures classified in Steffel's class A had the lowest survival rate (51.5%; CI 30.9-72.1%). Number, location, and vitality of the abutment teeth had a significant impact on survival rate. CONCLUSIONS DCP dentures showed comparable clinical long-term success to double crown systems that have been previously reported in the literature. The number, localization, and vitality of abutment teeth had the greatest influence on the survival rates of denture and abutment teeth. CLINICAL RELEVANCE DCP dentures have an acceptable 5-year survival rate. Clinical treatment planning must take into account key factors associated with the prognosis of the abutment teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hinz
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University School of Dental Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 16, 06112, Halle, Germany
| | - Ramona Schweyen
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University School of Dental Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 16, 06112, Halle, Germany.
| | - Jeremias Hey
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University School of Dental Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 16, 06112, Halle, Germany
| | - Juergen Setz
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University School of Dental Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 16, 06112, Halle, Germany
| | - Christin Arnold
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University School of Dental Medicine, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Str. 16, 06112, Halle, Germany
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Locator® versus ceramic/electroplated double-crown attachments: a prospective study on the intraindividual comparison of implant-supported mandibular prostheses. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:763-770. [PMID: 29779182 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2491-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Implant-supported overdentures are an established dental treatment mode. The aim of this prospective study was and interindividual comparison of patient satisfaction with restorations retained by a prefabricated and thus inexpensive attachment system (Locator®) or with a technologically complex and thus expensive attachment system (ceramic/electroplated double crowns) with similar retentive performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twelve patients received a Locator and a double-crown prosthesis in a crossover study for test periods of 3 months each. The main target parameter was the patient's final decision in favor of one of the two prosthesis types. RESULTS After completing both test phases, seven patients opted for the Locator prosthesis and five patients opted for the double-crown prosthesis. CONCLUSION Given the predominant lack of statistically significant differences, the two types of prostheses can be described as equivalent. A recommendation in favor of the Locator prosthesis can be motivated by its lower cost. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of the study show that the more cost-effective variant was comparable to the more expensive double-crown prosthesis under the conditions prevailing in the study. Depending on the indication, this may influence the decision-making process in daily clinical practice and support the clinician's patient information and consultation efforts.
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Retention force of removable partial dentures with different double crowns. Clin Oral Investig 2017; 22:1641-1649. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-017-2224-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Çelik Güven M, Tuna M, Bozdağ E, Öztürk GN, Bayraktar G. Comparison of retention forces with various fabrication methods and materials in double crowns. J Adv Prosthodont 2017; 9:308-314. [PMID: 28874999 PMCID: PMC5582098 DOI: 10.4047/jap.2017.9.4.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the retention force changes and wear behaviours of double-crown systems over long-term use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten groups, each consisting of six samples, were evaluated. Specifically, casting gold alloy primary crown - casting gold alloy secondary crown (AA), laser sintering primary crown - laser sintering secondary crown (LL), casting Cr alloy primary crown - casting Cr alloy secondary crown, (CC) zirconia primary crown - electroformed secondary crown (ZA), and CAD/CAM titanium alloy primary crown - CAD/CAM titanium alloy secondary crown (TT) groups were evaluated at cone angles of 4° and 6°. The samples were subjected to 5,000 insertion-separation cycles in artificial saliva, and the retention forces were measured every 500 cycles. The wear levels were analyzed via SEM at the beginning and end of the 5,000 cycles. RESULTS In all samples, the retention forces increased when the conus angle decreased. The highest initial and final retention force values were found in the LL-4° group (32.89 N-32.65 N), and the lowest retention force values were found in the ZA6° group (5.41 N-6.27 N). The ZA groups' samples showed the least change in the retention force, and no wear was observed. In the other groups, wear was observed mostly in the primary crowns. CONCLUSION More predictable, clinically relevant, and less excursive retention forces can be observed in the ZA groups. The retention force values of the LL groups were statically similar to those of the other groups, except the ZA groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melahat Çelik Güven
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yeni Yüzyıl University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Meral Tuna
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Techinical University,İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ergun Bozdağ
- Laboratory of Biomechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Techinical University,İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Nur Öztürk
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulsen Bayraktar
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Wagner C, Stock V, Merk S, Schmidlin PR, Roos M, Eichberger M, Stawarczyk B. Retention Load of Telescopic Crowns with Different Taper Angles between Cobalt-Chromium and Polyetheretherketone Made with Three Different Manufacturing Processes Examined by Pull-Off Test. J Prosthodont 2016; 27:162-168. [DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Wagner
- Department of Prosthodontics; Dental School; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Germany
| | - Veronika Stock
- Department of Prosthodontics; Dental School; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Germany
| | - Susanne Merk
- Department of Prosthodontics; Dental School; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Germany
| | - Patrick R. Schmidlin
- Clinic of Preventive Dentistry; Periodontology and Cariology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Malgorzata Roos
- Division of Biostatistics; Epidemiology Biostatistics and Prevention Institute; University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Marlis Eichberger
- Department of Prosthodontics; Dental School; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Germany
| | - Bogna Stawarczyk
- Department of Prosthodontics; Dental School; Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich; Germany
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