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Kong X, Vishwanath V, Neelakantan P, Ye Z. Harnessing antimicrobial peptides in endodontics. Int Endod J 2024; 57:815-840. [PMID: 38441321 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Endodontic therapy includes various procedures such as vital pulp therapy, root canal treatment and retreatment, surgical endodontic treatment and regenerative endodontic procedures. Disinfection and tissue repair are crucial for the success of these therapies, necessitating the development of therapeutics that can effectively target microbiota, eliminate biofilms, modulate inflammation and promote tissue repair. However, no current endodontic agents can achieve these goals. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are sequences of amino acids, have gained attention due to their unique advantages, including reduced susceptibility to drug resistance, broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and the ability to modulate the immune response of the organism effectively. This review systematically discusses the structure, mechanisms of action, novel designs and limitations of AMPs. Additionally, it highlights the efforts made by researchers to overcome peptide shortcomings and emphasizes the potential applications of AMPs in endodontic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Kong
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Vijetha Vishwanath
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Department of Endodontics, University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhou Ye
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
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Chinipardaz Z, Zhong JM, Yang S. Regulation of LL-37 in Bone and Periodontium Regeneration. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101533. [PMID: 36294968 PMCID: PMC9604716 DOI: 10.3390/life12101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The goal of regenerative therapy is to restore the structure and function of the lost tissues in the fields of medicine and dentistry. However, there are some challenges in regeneration therapy such as the delivery of oxygen and nutrition, and the risk of infection in conditions such as periodontitis, osteomyelitis, etc. Leucine leucine-37 (LL-37) is a 37-residue, amphipathic, and helical peptide found only in humans and is expressed throughout the body. It has been shown to induce neovascularization and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. LL-37 also stimulates the migration and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Recent studies have shown that LL-37 plays an important role in the innate defense system through the elimination of pathogenic microbes and the modulation of the host immune response. LL-37 also manifests other functions such as promoting wound healing, angiogenesis, cell differentiation, and modulating apoptosis. This review summarizes the current studies on the structure, expression, and function of LL-37 and highlights the contributions of LL-37 to oral cavity, periodontium, and bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Chinipardaz
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jessica M. Zhong
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translation Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Levy 437, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence:
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Cathelicidin LL-37 in Health and Diseases of the Oral Cavity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051086. [PMID: 35625823 PMCID: PMC9138798 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for maintaining oral cavity homeostasis are subject to the constant influence of many environmental factors, including various chemicals and microorganisms. Most of them act directly on the oral mucosa, which is the mechanical and immune barrier of the oral cavity, and such interaction might lead to the development of various oral pathologies and systemic diseases. Two important players in maintaining oral health or developing oral pathology are the oral microbiota and various immune molecules that are involved in controlling its quantitative and qualitative composition. The LL-37 peptide is an important molecule that upon release from human cathelicidin (hCAP-18) can directly perform antimicrobial action after insertion into surface structures of microorganisms and immunomodulatory function as an agonist of different cell membrane receptors. Oral LL-37 expression is an important factor in oral homeostasis that maintains the physiological microbiota but is also involved in the development of oral dysbiosis, infectious diseases (including viral, bacterial, and fungal infections), autoimmune diseases, and oral carcinomas. This peptide has also been proposed as a marker of inflammation severity and treatment outcome.
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Liu X, Wang C, Pang L, Pan L, Zhang Q. Combination of resolvin E1 and lipoxin A4 promotes the resolution of pulpitis by inhibiting NF-κB activation through upregulating sirtuin 7 in dental pulp fibroblasts. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13227. [PMID: 35411569 PMCID: PMC9136498 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine whether the combination of resolvin E1 (RvE1) and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) could promote resolution of pulpitis and to investigate the mechanism. Materials and Methods Preliminary screening was first conducted in four specialized pro‐resolving mediators (SPMs). Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and double‐immunofluorescence labelling were employed to assess the expression of RelA, SIRT1, SIRT6, SIRT7 and pro‐inflammatory factors. Dental pulp fibroblasts (DPFs) were transfected with siRNA to assess the biological role of SIRT7. A pulpitis model was utilized to evaluate the in vivo curative effect. Results Preliminary results showed that RvE1 and LXA4 reduced the expression of RelA more markedly than other two SPMs. Both RvE1 and LXA4 treatment downregulated nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation and increased the expression of SIRT1, SIRT6 and SIRT7, more so in combination than alone. Double‐immunofluorescence labelling showed that SIRT7 co‐localized with p‐p65 and Ac‐p65 in the nucleus. Inhibiting ChemR23 and ALX reversed the expression of RelA mRNA, p‐p65 and Ac‐p65 proteins, pro‐inflammatory factors, SIRT1, SIRT6 and SIRT7. Silencing SIRT7 significantly increased p‐p65 and Ac‐p65 protein levels and decreased SIRT1 and SIRT6 expression. In vivo experiments showed that combined administration of RvE1 and LXA4 promoted pulpitis markedly to resolution. Conclusions Combination of RvE1 and LXA4 effectively inhibited NF‐κB activation by upregulating SIRT7 expression in DPFs, leading to reduced production of pro‐inflammatory factors and promotion of pulpitis resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunmeng Wang
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Liping Pang
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangliang Pan
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
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Niu JY, Yin IX, Mei ML, Wu WKK, Li QL, Chu CH. The multifaceted roles of antimicrobial peptides in oral diseases. Mol Oral Microbiol 2021; 36:159-171. [PMID: 33721398 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are naturally occurring protein molecules with antibacterial, antiviral and/or antifungal activity. Some antimicrobial peptides kill microorganisms through direct binding with negatively charged microbial surfaces. This action disrupts the cytoplasmic membrane and leads to the leakage of the cytoplasm. In addition, they are involved in the innate immune response. Antimicrobial peptides play an important role in oral health, as natural antimicrobial peptides are the first line of host defence in response to microbial infection. The level of natural antimicrobial peptides increases during severe disease conditions and play a role in promoting the healing of oral tissues. However, they are insufficient for eliminating pathogenic micro-organisms. The variability of the oral environment can markedly reduce the effect of natural antimicrobial peptides. Thus, researchers are developing synthetic antimicrobial peptides with promising stability and biocompatibility. Synthetic antimicrobial peptides are a potential alternative to traditional antimicrobial therapy. Pertinent to oral diseases, the deregulation of antimicrobial peptides is involved in the pathogenesis of dental caries, periodontal disease, mucosal disease and oral cancer, where they can kill pathogenic microorganisms, promote tissue healing, serve as biomarkers and inhibit tumor cells. This narrative review provides an overview of the multifaceted roles of antimicrobial peptides in oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Yun Niu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Quan-Li Li
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Cheng Q, Zeng K, Kang Q, Qian W, Zhang W, Gan Q, Xia W. The Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Promotes Migration and Odonto/Osteogenic Differentiation of Stem Cells from the Apical Papilla through the Akt/Wnt/β-catenin Signaling Pathway. J Endod 2020; 46:964-972. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Odlén K, Fält F, Dahl S, Aidoukovitch A, Ericson D, Nilsson BO, Hedenbjörk-Lager A. Odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells produce pro-inflammatory IL-6 in response to lipoteichoic acid and express the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP. Acta Odontol Scand 2020; 78:210-216. [PMID: 31726911 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1685679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Odontoblasts are thought to be involved in innate immunity but their precise role in this process is not fully understood. Here, we assess effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), produced by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively, on matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cathelin-related antimicrobial peptide (CRAMP) expression in odontoblast-like MDPC-23 cells.Material and methods: Gene activity and protein production was determined by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Cellular expression of CRAMP was determined by immunocytochemistry.Results: Stimulation with LTA (5 and 25 µg/ml) but not LPS (1 and 5 µg/ml) for 24 h enhanced IL-6 mRNA expression. The LTA-induced up-regulation of IL-6 mRNA levels was associated with increased IL-6 protein levels. Stimulation with either LPS or LTA for 24 h lacked effect on both MMP-8 transcript and protein expression. Immunocytochemistry disclosed that MDPC-23 cells expressed immunoreactivity for CRAMP. MDPC-23 cells showed mRNA expression for CRAMP, but stimulation with either LPS or LTA did not modulate CRAMP transcript expression.Conclusions: We show that MDPC-23 cells possess immune-like cell properties such as LTA-induced IL-6 production and expression of the antimicrobial peptide CRAMP, suggesting that odontoblasts may modulate innate immunity via these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Odlén
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Felicia Fält
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Dahl
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Aidoukovitch
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Folktandvården Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dan Ericson
- Department of Cariology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bengt-Olof Nilsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Protein S100-A7 Derived from Digested Dentin Is a Critical Molecule for Dentin Pulp Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091002. [PMID: 31470634 PMCID: PMC6769619 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dentin consists of inorganic hard tissue and organic dentin matrix components (DMCs). Various kinds of bioactive molecules are included in DMCs and some of them can be released after digestion by endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the caries region. Digested DMCs induced by MMP20 have been reported to promote pulpal wound healing processes, but the released critical molecules responsible for this phenomenon are unclear. Here, we identified protein S100-A7 as a critical molecule for pulpal healing in digested DMCs by comprehensive proteomic approaches and following pulp capping experiments in rat molars. In addition, immunohistochemical results indicated the specific distribution of S100-A7 and receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) as receptor for S100-A7 in the early stage of the pulpal healing process, and following accumulation of CD146-positive stem cells in wounded pulp. Our findings indicate that protein S100-A7 released from dentin by MMP20 might play a key role in dentin pulp regeneration.
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