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Yang G, Lyu L, Wen A, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Li J, Yan H, Zhang M, Yu Y, Yu T, Liu D. Comparison of Mirroring and Overlapping Analysis and Three-Dimensional Soft Tissue Spatial Angle Wireframe Template in Evaluating Facial Asymmetry. Bioengineering (Basel) 2025; 12:79. [PMID: 39851353 PMCID: PMC11761234 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering12010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2024] [Revised: 12/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2025] [Indexed: 01/26/2025] Open
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and efficacy of a new wireframe template methodology in analyzing three-dimensional facial soft tissue asymmetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three-dimensional facial soft tissue data were obtained for 24 patients. The wireframe template was established by identifying 34 facial landmarks and then forming a template on the face with the MeshLab 2020 software. The angle asymmetry index was automatically scored using the template. The mirroring and overlapping technique is accepted as the golden standard method to diagnose facial asymmetry by acquiring deviation values of one's face. Consistency rates between the two methodologies were determined through a statistical comparison of the angle asymmetry index and deviation values. RESULTS Overall consistency rates in the labial, mandibular angle, cheek, chin, and articular regions were 87.5%, 95.8%, 87.5%, 91.7%, and 100%, respectively. Regions with consistency rates in three dimensions of more than 85% are the x-axis and the z-axis of all regions and the y-axis of the mandibular angle, chin, and articular region. CONCLUSIONS Soft tissue facial asymmetry can be diagnosed accurately and effectively by using a three-dimensional soft tissue spatial angle wireframe template. Precise localization of asymmetry can be offered, and indiscernible tiny asymmetry can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengchen Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (G.Y.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Lyu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (G.Y.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Aonan Wen
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yijiao Zhao
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yong Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Computerized Dentistry Ministry of Health, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (G.Y.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huichun Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (G.Y.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mingjin Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (G.Y.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yi Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (G.Y.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tingting Yu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (G.Y.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dawei Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Center of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; (G.Y.); (L.L.); (J.L.); (H.Y.); (M.Z.); (Y.Y.); (T.Y.)
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices, Beijing 100081, China; (A.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Ajmera DH, Singh P, Leung YY, Khambay BS, Gu M. Establishment of the mid-sagittal reference plane for three-dimensional assessment of facial asymmetry: a systematic review : Establishment of the mid-sagittal reference plane: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:242. [PMID: 38575839 PMCID: PMC10995046 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05620-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature for mid-sagittal plane establishment approaches to identify the most effective method for constructing the mid-sagittal plane for the evaluation of facial asymmetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six electronic databases (PubMed, Medline (via Ovid), EMBASE (via Ovid), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus) and grey literature were searched for the studies that computed the mid-sagittal reference plane three-dimensionally, using a combination of MeSH terms and keywords. The methodological quality and the level of evidence for the included studies were analyzed using QUADAS-2 and GRADE, respectively. RESULTS The preliminary search yielded 6746 records, of which 42 articles that met the predefined inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. All the included articles reported the construction of the mid-sagittal reference plane (MSP) using varied methods. The risk of bias and concerns regarding the applicability of the included studies were judged to be 'low'. The level of evidence was determined to be 'low' for the effectiveness of the technique and 'moderate' for the ease of clinical applicability. CONCLUSION Despite methodological heterogeneity, this review substantiates the comparable efficacy of cephalometric and morphometric MSP construction methods. A fully automated morphometric MSP holds promise as a viable option for routine clinical use. Nevertheless, future prospective studies with an emphasis on the impact, accuracy, and clinical applicability of MSP construction techniques in cases of facial asymmetry are required. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present review will assist clinicians in selecting the most suitable method for MSP construction, leading to improved treatment planning and ultimately more favorable treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepal Haresh Ajmera
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pradeep Singh
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Balvinder S Khambay
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Orthodontics Department, School of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Min Gu
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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