1
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Sparks NE, Smith C, Stahl T, Amarasekara DL, Hamadani C, Lambert E, Tang SW, Kulkarni A, Derbigny BM, Dasanayake GS, Taylor G, Ghazala M, Hammer NI, Sokolov AY, Fitzkee NC, Tanner EEL, Watkins DL. NIR-II emissive donor-acceptor-donor fluorophores for dual fluorescence bioimaging and photothermal therapy applications. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2024; 12:4369-4383. [PMID: 38525159 PMCID: PMC10955863 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc04747d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence bioimaging with near-infrared II (NIR-II) emissive organic fluorophores has proven to be a viable noninvasive diagnostic technique. However, there is still the need for the development of fluorophores that possess increased stability as well as functionalities that impart stimuli responsiveness. Through strategic design, we can synthesize fluorophores that possess not only NIR-II optical profiles but also pH-sensitivity and the ability to generate heat upon irradiation. In this work, we employ a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) design to synthesize a series of NIR-II fluorophores. Here we use thienothiadiazole (TTD) as the acceptor, 3-hexylthiophene (HexT) as the π-spacer and vary the alkyl amine donor units: N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA), phenylpiperidine (Pip), and phenylmorpholine (Morp). Spectroscopic analysis shows that all three derivatives exhibit emission in the NIR-II region with λemimax ranging from 1030 to 1075 nm. Upon irradiation, the fluorophores exhibited noticeable heat generation through non-radiative processes. The ability to generate heat indicates that these fluorophores will act as theranostic (combination therapeutic and diagnostic) agents in which simultaneous visualization and treatment can be performed. Additionally, biosensing capabilities were supported by changes in the absorbance properties while under acidic conditions as a result of protonation of the alkyl amine donor units. The fluorophores also show minimal toxicity in a human mammary cell line and with murine red blood cells. Overall, initial results indicate viable NIR-II materials for multiple biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Sparks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Cameron Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University Oxford MS USA
| | - Terrence Stahl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Dhanush L Amarasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Christine Hamadani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University Oxford MS USA
| | - Ethan Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University Oxford MS USA
| | - Sheng Wei Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Anuja Kulkarni
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Blaine M Derbigny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Gaya S Dasanayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University Oxford MS USA
| | - George Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University Oxford MS USA
| | - Maryam Ghazala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Nathan I Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University Oxford MS USA
| | - Alexander Y Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Nicholas C Fitzkee
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS 39762 USA
| | - Eden E L Tanner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi University Oxford MS USA
| | - Davita L Watkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University 151 W Woodruff Ave. Columbus OH 43210 USA
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2
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Density functional theory studies of polypyrrole and polypyrrole derivatives; substituent effect on the optical and electronic properties. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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3
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Rajapakse RMG, Watkins DL, Ranathunge TA, Malikaramage AU, Gunarathna HMNP, Sandakelum L, Wylie S, Abewardana PGPR, Egodawele MGSAMEWDDK, Herath WHMRNK, Bandara SV, Strongin DR, Attanayake NH, Velauthapillai D, Horrocks BR. Implementing the donor–acceptor approach in electronically conducting copolymers via electropolymerization. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12089-12115. [PMID: 35481093 PMCID: PMC9019830 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01176j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Electropolymerization has become a convenient method for synthesizing and characterizing complex organic copolymers having intrinsic electronic conductivity, including the donor (D)–acceptor (A) class of electronically conducting polymers (ECPs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davita L. Watkins
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS, USA
| | - Tharindu A. Ranathunge
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Mississippi, 322 Coulter Hall, University, MS, USA
| | - A. U. Malikaramage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Lahiru Sandakelum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shane Wylie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | - Sanjaya V. Bandara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Daniel R. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6081, USA
| | - Nuwan Harsha Attanayake
- US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 1513 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Dhayalan Velauthapillai
- US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), 1513 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Benjamin R. Horrocks
- Department of Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Kronstad, D412, Norway
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4
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Anderson TE, Culver EW, Badía-Domínguez I, Wilcox WD, Buysse CE, Ruiz Delgado MC, Rasmussen SC. Probing the nature of donor-acceptor effects in conjugated materials: a joint experimental and computational study of model conjugated oligomers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26534-26546. [PMID: 34807964 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of model oligomers consisting of combinations of a traditional strong donor unit (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), a traditional strong acceptor unit (benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole), and the ambipolar unit thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine were synthesized via cross-coupling methods. The prepared oligomers include all six possible dimeric combinations in order to characterize the extent and nature of donor-acceptor effects commonly used in the design of conjugated materials, with particular focus on understanding how the inclusion of ambipolar units influences donor-acceptor frameworks. The full oligomeric series was thoroughly investigated via photophysical and electrochemical studies, in parallel with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, in order to correlate the nature and extent of donor-acceptor effects on both frontier orbital energies and the desired narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap. The corresponding relationships revealed should then provide a deeper understanding of donor-acceptor interactions and their application to conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent E Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Evan W Culver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Irene Badía-Domínguez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain.
| | - Wyatt D Wilcox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - Claire E Buysse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
| | - M Carmen Ruiz Delgado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain.
| | - Seth C Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, NDSU Dept. 2735, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108, USA.
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5
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Salzner U. Optoelectronic properties of diketopyrrolopyrrole homopolymers compared to donor-acceptor copolymers. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:054309. [PMID: 33557558 DOI: 10.1063/5.0038284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) is a component of a large number of materials used for optoelectronic applications. As it is exclusively used in combination with aromatic donors, the properties of its homopolymers are unknown. Because donor-acceptor character has been shown for other systems to reduce bandwidths, DPP homopolymers should have even larger conduction bands and better n-type conductivity than the thiophene-flanked systems, which have exceptional n-type conductivity and ambipolar character. Therefore, a theoretical study was carried out to elucidate the properties of the unknown DPP homopolymer. Calculations were done with density functional theory and with the complete active space self-consistent field method plus n-electron valence state perturbation theory for the dynamic correlation. Poly-DPP is predicted to have radical character and an extremely wide low-lying conduction band. If it were possible to produce this material, it should have unprecedented n-type conductivity and might be a synthetic metal. A comparison with various unknown donor-acceptor systems containing vinyl groups and thienyl rings with a higher concentration of DPP than the known copolymers reveals how donor-acceptor substitution reduces bandwidths and decreases electron affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Salzner
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Ruipérez
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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7
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Kowalczyk M, Chen N, Jang SJ. Comparative Computational Study of Electronic Excitations of Neutral and Charged Small Oligothiophenes and Their Extrapolations Based on Simple Models. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:5758-5767. [PMID: 31459728 PMCID: PMC6648384 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work reports electronic excitation energies of neutral and charged oligothiophenes (OT n ) with repeat unit n = 2-6 computed by routinely used semiempirical and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) methods. More specifically, for OT n , OTn +, and OTn -, we calculated vertical transition energies for electronic absorption spectroscopy employing the Zerner's version of intermediate neglect differential overlap method for structures optimized by the PM6 semiempirical method and the TD-DFT method with three different functionals, B3LYP, BVP86, and M06-2X, for structures optimized by the ground-state DFT method employing the same functionals. We also calculated vertical transition energies for the emission spectroscopy from the lowest singlet excited states by employing the TD-DFT method for the structures optimized for the lowest singlet excited states. In addition to computational results in vacuum, solution phase data calculated at the level of polarizable continuum model are reported and compared with available experimental data. Most of the data are fitted reasonably well by two simple model functions, one based on a Frenkel exciton theory and the other based on the model of independent electrons in a box with sinusoidal modulation of potential. Despite similar levels of fitting performance, the two models produce distinctively different asymptotic values of excitation energies. Comparison of these with available experimental and computational data suggests that the values based on the exciton model, while seemingly overestimating, are closer to true values than those based on the other model. This assessment is confirmed by additional calculations for a larger oligomer. The fitting parameters offer new means to understand the relationship between electronic excitations of OTs and their sizes and suggest the feasibility of constructing simple coarse-grained exciton-bath models applicable for aggregates of OTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kowalczyk
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University
of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United
States
| | - Ning Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University
of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United
States
- Ph.D.
Programs in Chemistry and Physics, and Initiative for the Theoretical
Sciences, Graduate Center, City University
of New York, 365 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Seogjoo J. Jang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College, City University
of New York, 65-30 Kissena Boulevard, Queens, New York 11367, United
States
- Ph.D.
Programs in Chemistry and Physics, and Initiative for the Theoretical
Sciences, Graduate Center, City University
of New York, 365 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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8
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Zhou B, Hu Z, Jiang Y, Zhong C, Sun Z, Sun H. Theoretical exploitation of acceptors based on benzobis(thiadiazole) and derivatives for organic NIR-II fluorophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19759-19767. [PMID: 29998265 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03135e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Small-molecule dyes with fluorescence emission in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) region (1000-1700 nm) have attracted considerable attention in the biomedical and bioimaging fields due to their greater imaging depths, better spatial resolution, and higher signal-to-background ratios. However, currently reported organic NIR-II fluorophores are still limited and there is great demand to develop other novel NIR-II fluorophores besides benzobisthiadiazole (BBT)-based fluorophores. More importantly, there is a lack of an appropriate level of theory capable of providing both efficient and accurate predictions of the electronic structures of organic NIR-II fluorophores. In this work, successful application of time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) using optimally-tuned range-separated functionals for calculations of both absorption and fluorescence spectral properties has been demonstrated, compared with the available experimental data. A series of thiadiazole-based acceptors (A) and derivatives based on the D-A-D skeleton are designed coupled with the triphenylamine donor (D). The structure-property relationships for these fluorophores are thus revealed by analyzing their ground (S0) and excited (S1) state geometries, frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO and LUMO), HOMO-LUMO energy gaps, oscillator strengths, hole-electron distributions and fluorescence wavelengths. It is suggested that the existence of a hypervalent structure leading to a much lower LUMO level and accompanying significant hole-electron separation plays a key role in the red-shift of fluorescence emission in the NIR-II region. In addition, the substitution of BBT oligomers and analogues as acceptor cores is an efficient way to achieve both red-shifted fluorescence wavelengths and enhanced oscillator strengths. The present work provides a reliable and efficient theoretical tool for predicting the related electronic and spectral properties of organic fluorophores and future screening out of potential candidates for excellent NIR-II molecular fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China.
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9
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Computational modelling of donor-acceptor-donor conjugated polymers based on benzothiadiazole. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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11
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Mahdavifar Z, Salmanizadeh H. A quantum chemical study of the factors influencing performance of DTTTD: Fullerene hetrojunction photovoltaic models. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Salzner U. Effect of Donor–Acceptor Substitution on Optoelectronic Properties of Conducting Organic Polymers. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:4921-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ct500816c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Salzner
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
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13
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Salzner U. Electronic structure of conducting organic polymers: insights from time-dependent density functional theory. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Salzner
- Department of Chemistry; Bilkent University; Ankara Turkey
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14
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Dhar J, Kanimozhi C, Yaccobi-Gross N, Anthopoulos TD, Salzner U, Patil S. Selenium in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based Polymers: Influence on Electronic Properties and Charge Carrier Mobilities. Isr J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201400051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Sun H, Autschbach J. Electronic Energy Gaps for π-Conjugated Oligomers and Polymers Calculated with Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2014; 10:1035-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ct4009975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for
Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department
of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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16
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Wen L, Heth CL, Rasmussen SC. Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-based oligothiophenes: simple models of donor–acceptor polymeric materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:7231-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00312h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Thieno[3,4-b]pyrazine-based oligomers have been thoroughly investigated in order to correlate the effects of conjugation length and ‘donor–acceptor’ properties on the resulting optical and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo, USA
| | - Christopher L. Heth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo, USA
| | - Seth C. Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- North Dakota State University
- Fargo, USA
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17
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Kanimozhi C, Yaacobi-Gross N, Burnett EK, Briseno AL, Anthopoulos TD, Salzner U, Patil S. Use of side-chain for rational design of n-type diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated polymers: what did we find out? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:17253-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02322f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron mobility of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) based alternating copolymers of >2 cm2V−1s−1requires the combination of strong intramolecular conjugation along the polymer backbone with optimized intermolecular interactions that can be tuned with suitable side-chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kanimozhi
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Nir Yaacobi-Gross
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Blackett Laboratory
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2BW, UK
| | - Edmund K. Burnett
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst, USA
| | - Alejandro L. Briseno
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Massachusetts
- Amherst, USA
| | - Thomas D. Anthopoulos
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics
- Blackett Laboratory
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2BW, UK
| | | | - Satish Patil
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore 560012, India
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18
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Small Optical Gap Molecules and Polymers: Using Theory to Design More Efficient Materials for Organic Photovoltaics. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2013; 352:1-38. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2013_459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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19
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Steyrleuthner R, Schubert M, Howard I, Klaumünzer B, Schilling K, Chen Z, Saalfrank P, Laquai F, Facchetti A, Neher D. Aggregation in a High-Mobility n-Type Low-Bandgap Copolymer with Implications on Semicrystalline Morphology. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18303-17. [DOI: 10.1021/ja306844f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Howard
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Zhihua Chen
- Polyera Corporation, Skokie, Illinois
60077, United States
| | | | - Frédéric Laquai
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, D-55021 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Patel DG(D, Feng F, Ohnishi YY, Abboud KA, Hirata S, Schanze KS, Reynolds JR. It Takes More Than an Imine: The Role of the Central Atom on the Electron-Accepting Ability of Benzotriazole and Benzothiadiazole Oligomers. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:2599-612. [DOI: 10.1021/ja207978v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh G. (Dan) Patel
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Fude Feng
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Yu-ya Ohnishi
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Khalil A. Abboud
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - So Hirata
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Kirk S. Schanze
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John R. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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21
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Gibson GL, McCormick TM, Seferos DS. Atomistic Band Gap Engineering in Donor–Acceptor Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 134:539-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ja208917m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L. Gibson
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Theresa M. McCormick
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dwight S. Seferos
- Lash Miller Chemical Laboratories,
Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto,
Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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22
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Risko C, McGehee MD, Brédas JL. A quantum-chemical perspective into low optical-gap polymers for highly-efficient organic solar cells. Chem Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00642d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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23
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Zade SS, Zamoshchik N, Bendikov M. From short conjugated oligomers to conjugated polymers. Lessons from studies on long conjugated oligomers. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44:14-24. [PMID: 20942477 DOI: 10.1021/ar1000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Given their utility in a variety of electronic devices, conjugated oligomers and polymers have attracted considerable research interest in recent years. Because polymeric materials consist of very large molecules with a range of molecular weights (that is, they are polydisperse), predicting their electronic properties is a complicated task. Accordingly, their properties are typically estimated by extrapolation of oligomeric properties to infinite chain lengths. In this Account, we discuss the convergence behavior of various electronic properties of conjugated oligomers, often using thiophene oligomers as a representative example. We have observed some general trends in our studies, which we briefly summarize below for five properties. Most of the calculated values are method dependent: the absolute values can be strongly dependent on the computational level used. Band Gap. The generally accepted approximation used to estimate polymer band gap, whereby a plot of HOMO-LUMO gap versus 1/n (where n is the number of monomer units) is extrapolated to infinite n, fails for long oligomers, because convergence behavior is observed for band gaps. At the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level, it is possible to extrapolate oligomer HOMO-LUMO gaps with a second-order polynomial equation. Alternatively, PBC/B3LYP/6-31G(d) is a very good method to reliably predict the band gap of conjugated polymers. Reorganization Energy. Values of the internal reorganization energy (λ) do not scale linearly with 1/n, instead exhibiting an inverse correlation with the square-root of the number of monomer units for n = 2-12. For larger n (10-50), a linear relationship is observed between reorganization energy and the reciprocal chain length, and the extrapolation approaches λ ≈ 0 for infinite numbers of oligomer rings. Ionization Potential. The relationship between the first adiabatic ionization potential IP(1a) of oligothiophenes and oligoselenophenes and chain length linearly correlates with an empirically obtained value of 1/(n(0.75)). The first vertical ionization potential (IP(1v)) linearly correlates with a similarly empirically obtained value of 1/(n(0.70)). Polaron-Bipolaron Balance. The contribution of a polaron pair to the electronic structure of the short oligothiophene dication is small; for medium-length oligothiophene chains, the contribution from the polaron pair state begins to become significant. For longer (above 20-mer) oligothiophenes, the polaron pair state dominates. A similar picture was observed for multications as well as doped oligomers and polymers. The qualitative polaron-bipolaron picture does not change when a dopant is introduced; however, quantitatively, the bipolaron-polaron pair equilibrium shifts toward the bipolaron state. Disproportionation Energy. The stability of a single oligothiophene dication versus two cation radical oligothiophene molecules increases with increasing chain length, and there is an excellent correlation between the relative disproportionation energy and the inverse of chain length. A similar trend is observed in the disproportionation energies of oligothiophene polycations as well as doped oligomer and polymers. We also examine doped oligothiophenes (with explicitly included counterions) and polymers with a repeating polar unit. From our experience, it is clear that different properties converge in different ways, and long oligomers (having about 50 double bonds in the backbone) must often be used to correctly extrapolate polymer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjio S. Zade
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, PO: BCKV Campus Main Office, Mohanpur 741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India
| | - Natalia Zamoshchik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michael Bendikov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Shi P, Amb CM, Knott EP, Thompson EJ, Liu DY, Mei J, Dyer AL, Reynolds JR. Broadly absorbing black to transmissive switching electrochromic polymers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4949-4953. [PMID: 20803543 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201002234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengjie Shi
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Beaujuge PM, Amb CM, Reynolds JR. Spectral engineering in π-conjugated polymers with intramolecular donor-acceptor interactions. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:1396-407. [PMID: 20726543 DOI: 10.1021/ar100043u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With the development of light-harvesting organic materials for solar cell applications and molecular systems with fine-tuned colors for nonemissive electrochromic devices (e.g., smart windows, e-papers), a number of technical challenges remain to be overcome. Over the years, the concept of "spectral engineering" (tailoring the complex interplay between molecular physics and the various optical phenomena occurring across the electromagnetic spectrum) has become increasingly relevant in the field of π-conjugated organic polymers. Within the spectral engineering toolbox, the "donor-acceptor" approach uses alternating electron-rich and electron-deficient moieties along a π-conjugated backbone. This approach has proved especially valuable in the synthesis of dual-band and broadly absorbing chromophores with useful photovoltaic and electrochromic properties. In this Account, we highlight and provide insight into a present controversy surrounding the origin of the dual band of absorption sometimes encountered in semiconducting polymers structured using the "donor-acceptor" approach. Based on empirical evidence, we provide some schematic representations to describe the possible mechanisms governing the evolution of the two-band spectral absorption observed on varying the relative composition of electron-rich and electron-deficient substituents along the π-conjugated backbone. In parallel, we draw attention to the choice of the method employed to estimate and compare the absorption coefficients of polymer chromophores exhibiting distinct repeat unit lengths, and containing various extents of solubilizing side-chains along their backbone. Finally, we discuss the common assumption that "donor-acceptor" systems should have systematically lower absorption coefficients than their "all-donor" counterparts. The proposed models point toward important theoretical parameters which could be further explored at the macromolecular level to help researchers take full advantage of the complex interactions taking place in π-conjugated polymers with intramolecular "donor-acceptor" characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. Beaujuge
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Chad M. Amb
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - John R. Reynolds
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Amb CM, Beaujuge PM, Reynolds JR. Spray-processable blue-to-highly transmissive switching polymer electrochromes via the donor-acceptor approach. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:724-728. [PMID: 20217778 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200902917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Amb
- The George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Tian YH, Kertesz M. Ladder-Type Polyenazine Based on Intramolecular S···N Interactions: A Theoretical Study of a Small-Bandgap Polymer. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma901082z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Street, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Street, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227
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Tian YH, Kertesz M. Low-Bandgap Pyrazine Polymers: Ladder-Type Connectivity by Intramolecular S···N(sp2) Interactions and Hydrogen Bonds. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma900082w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Street, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227
| | - Miklos Kertesz
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Street, Washington, D.C. 20057-1227
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Karsten BP, Viani L, Gierschner J, Cornil J, Janssen RAJ. An Oligomer Study on Small Band Gap Polymers. J Phys Chem A 2008; 112:10764-73. [DOI: 10.1021/jp805817c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bram P. Karsten
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA-Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Viani
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA-Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA-Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA-Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, NL-5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands, Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons-Hainaut, Place du Parc 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium, and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA-Nanoscience, Madrid, Spain
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Walker W, Veldman B, Chiechi R, Patil S, Bendikov M, Wudl F. Visible and Near-Infrared Absorbing, Low Band Gap Conjugated Oligomers Based on Cyclopentadieneones. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma8004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Box 951569, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
| | - Brittnee Veldman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Box 951569, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
| | - Ryan Chiechi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Box 951569, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
| | - Satish Patil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Box 951569, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
| | - Michael Bendikov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Box 951569, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
| | - Fred Wudl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Box 951569, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510
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Zade S, Bendikov M. Study of Hopping Transport in Long Oligothiophenes and Oligoselenophenes: Dependence of Reorganization Energy on Chain Length. Chemistry 2008; 14:6734-41. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Potter RG, Hughes TS. Predicting the UV−Vis Spectra of Tetraarylcyclopentadienones: Using DFT Molecular Orbital Energies to Model Electronic Transitions of Organic Materials. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2995-3004. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701676x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Potter
- Department of Chemistry, Cook Physical Sciences Building, 82 University Place, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
| | - Thomas S. Hughes
- Department of Chemistry, Cook Physical Sciences Building, 82 University Place, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405
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Cheng KF, Liu CL, Chen WC. Small band gap conjugated polymers based on thiophene-thienopyrazine copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Electrochemistry and electron transport properties of copolymers of electron deficient fluorenes with thiophene. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Salzner U. Theoretical Investigation of Excited States of Large Polyene Cations as Model Systems for Lightly Doped Polyacetylene. J Chem Theory Comput 2006; 3:219-31. [DOI: 10.1021/ct600223f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Salzner
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, 06800 Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
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Zade SS, Bendikov M. From Oligomers to Polymer: Convergence in the HOMO−LUMO Gaps of Conjugated Oligomers. Org Lett 2006; 8:5243-6. [PMID: 17078688 DOI: 10.1021/ol062030y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] Extrapolation of HOMO-LUMO gaps for pi-conjugated oligomers at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory predict accurately (within 0.1-0.2 eV) the band gaps of conjugated polymers only when long (at least 20-mer) pi-conjugated oligomers are used for the extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjio S Zade
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
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