Effect of protonation and hydrogen bonding on 2, 4, 6-substituted pyrimidine and its salt complex-experimental and theoretical evidence

Advances in pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines: synthesis and their role as protein kinase inhibitors in cancer treatment

Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines are a notable class of heterocyclic compounds with potent protein kinase inhibitor (PKI) activity, playing a critical role in targeted cancer therapy. Protein kinases, key regulators in cellular signalling, are frequently disrupted in cancers, making them important targets for small-molecule inhibitors. This review explores recent advances in pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine synthesis and their application as PKIs, with emphasis on inhibiting kinases such as CK2, EGFR, B-Raf, MEK, PDE4, BCL6, DRAK1, CDK1 and CDK2, Pim-1, among others. Several synthetic strategies have been developed for the efficient synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, including cyclization, condensation, three-component reactions, microwave-assisted methods, and green chemistry approaches. Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling and click chemistry have enabled the introduction of diverse functional groups, enhancing the biological activity and structural diversity of these compounds. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies highlight the influence of substituent patterns on their pharmacological properties. Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines act as ATP-competitive and allosteric inhibitors of protein kinases, with EGFR-targeting derivatives showing promise in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treatment. Their inhibitory effects on B-Raf and MEK kinases are particularly relevant in melanoma. Biological evaluations, including in vitro and in vivo studies, have demonstrated their cytotoxicity, kinase selectivity, and antiproliferative effects. Despite these advances, challenges such as drug resistance, off-target effects, and toxicity persist. Future research will focus on optimizing synthetic approaches, improving drug selectivity, and enhancing bioavailability to increase clinical efficacy.

Hypothetical confirmation for the anti-bacterial compound potassium succinate-succinic acid in comparison with certain succinate derivatives

The development of antibacterial medications has recently been promoted due to the non- effective usage of antibiotics and the rise in severe bacterial infections. The effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy alternatives is constrained due to the prevalence of germs that are resistant to medications. Our current study's goal is to favor metallic compounds for antibiotic delivery in order to increase the effectiveness of the antibacterial regimen. Due to its bioactivity, potassium succinate-succinic acid is preferred because in general, the succinic acid compound has the greatest potential against microbial infections and a natural antibiotic because of its relative acidic nature. In the current study, the molecular geometry, band gap energies, molecular electrostatic interactions and potential energy distribution of the molecule were compared with those of certain succinate derivatives. The potential compound potassium succinate succinic acid was probed using FT-IR and FT-Raman analyses. Vibrational assignments pertaining to different modes of vibration with potential energy distribution have been improved by normal coordinate analysis. The chemical bond stability which is largely important for biological activity is studied using NBO analysis. The molecular docking study suggests that the molecule possesses antibacterial action and displays a minimal binding energy of -5.3 kcal/mol which can be endorsed for the prevention of any bacterial illness. From the results of our studies, the material would be stable and bioactive according to the FMO study, which indicates a band gap value of 4.35 eV and the pharmacokinetic features of the molecule, was predicted using the ADMET factors and the drug-likeness test.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.