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Alaverdian DA, Fedyakov M, Polennikova E, Ivashchenko T, Shcherbak S, Urasov S, Tsay V, Glotov OS. X-linked and autosomal dominant forms of the ichthyosis in coinheritance. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2019; 34:/j/dmdi.ahead-of-print/dmpt-2019-0008/dmpt-2019-0008.xml. [PMID: 31967959 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2019-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
According to modern classification, there are two forms of inherited ichthyoses: syndromic and non-syndromic, each of them consists of more than ten different nosologies. The commonest types of the ichthyosis are X-linked recessive (prevalence 1/2000-6000 in men) and autosomal dominant, or ichthyosis vulgaris with incomplete penetrance (1/250-1000). The X-linked form is associated with mutations in steroid sulfatase STS gene, it is noteworthy that there is a full deletion of the gene in 90% of cases. Ichthyosis vulgaris is caused by heterozygous mutations in the FLG gene encoding filaggrin. It is important to note that the clinical forms of these diseases are indistinguishable. The aim of this study was to search for pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations which are associated with various forms of the inherited ichthyosis such as other inherited diseases with similar phenotypic signs. The sequencing was done on a HiSeq 4000 sequencer (Illumina) by paired-end reading (2 × 150 bp). The identified mutation p.Arg2037Ter in the heterozygous condition has been described before in databases as being pathogenic. Also, our patient has a full deletion of the STS gene and it was found that our patient carries two pathogenic mutations which are related to different forms of the inherited ichthyosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A Alaverdian
- University of Siena, Medical Genetics, Viale Bracci 2 Siena (SI) 53100, Italy
| | - Mikhail Fedyakov
- Saint Petersburg City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | | | - Tatiana Ivashchenko
- D. O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Shcherbak
- Saint Petersburg City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Stanislav Urasov
- Saint Petersburg City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Viktoriya Tsay
- Saint Petersburg City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - O S Glotov
- Saint Petersburg City Hospital No. 40, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
- D. O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation
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Wang X, Tan L, Shen N, Lu Y, Zhang Y. Exacerbation of ichthyosis vulgaris phenotype by co-inheritance of STS and FLG mutations in a Chinese family with ichthyosis: a case report. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2018; 19:120. [PMID: 30021537 PMCID: PMC6052571 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-018-0642-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is a recessive keratinization condition caused by deficient activity of steroid-sulfatase due to mutations in steroid sulfatase (STS) gene located on the X chromosome. In contrast, ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) is caused by filaggrin deficiency due to semi-dominant loss-of-function mutations of filaggrin (FLG) gene. Filaggrin defects could synergize with XLI to exacerbate its phenotype. Case presentation We report a Chinese family with patients presenting diverse phenotype of Keratosis pilaris. A next-generation sequencing panel interrogating 25 ichthyosis related genes with sequencing coverage of the coding regions and splice site junctions, was applied to screen genetic mutations. A gross deletion encompassing the STS gene ranging from exon 1–10 and the FLG c.3321delA mutation were identified in a 31-year old male proband, one of his sister, and his mother, and all the three patients showed obvious symptom. The deletion of STS gene was confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR. The proband’s another sister and his two nephews carried only FLG c.3321delA mutation. Patients carried both mutations presented more severe symptom, while those only carried FLG c.3321delA mutation showed slight or normal phenotype. Conclusions In conclusion, we found that the IV phenotype was exacerbated by co-inheritance of STS and FLG mutations in a Chinese family with ichthyosis. Other genomic regions no included in the study might be also involved in phenotypic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lu Tan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnosis of Hubei Province, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430014, Hubei, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yanjun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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Abstract
Ichthyosis vulgaris is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) and is characterized clinically by xerosis, scaling, keratosis pilaris, palmar and plantar hyperlinearity, and a strong association with atopic disorders. According to the published studies presented in this review article, FLG mutations are observed in approximately 7·7% of Europeans and 3·0% of Asians, but appear to be infrequent in darker-skinned populations. This clinical review article provides an overview of ichthyosis vulgaris epidemiology, related disorders and pathomechanisms. Not only does ichthyosis vulgaris possess a wide clinical spectrum, recent studies suggest that carriers of FLG mutations may have a generally altered risk of developing common diseases, even beyond atopic disorders. Mechanistic studies have shown increased penetration of allergens and chemicals in filaggrin-deficient skin, and epidemiological studies have found higher levels of hand eczema, irritant contact dermatitis, nickel sensitization and serum vitamin D levels. When relevant, individuals should be informed about an increased risk of developing dermatitis when repeatedly or continuously exposed to nickel or irritants. Moreover, with our current knowledge, individuals with ichthyosis vulgaris should be protected against neonatal exposure to cats to prevent atopic dermatitis and should abstain from smoking to prevent asthma. Finally, they should be advised against excessive exposure to factors that decrease skin barrier functions and increase the risk of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Thyssen
- Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and Department of Dermatology, UCSF, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Zhang X, Liu S, Chen X, Zhou B, Liu D, Lei G, Xiao X, Liu H, Wang H. Novel and recurrent mutations in the filaggrin gene in Chinese patients with ichthyosis vulgaris. Br J Dermatol 2010; 163:63-9. [PMID: 20222934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) is a common inherited skin disorder, and the filament aggregating protein (filaggrin) is a key protein involved in skin barrier function. Mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) have recently been identified as the cause of IV. However, there have been no reports of FLG mutations in mainland Chinese families with IV. OBJECTIVES To identify FLG mutations in Chinese patients with IV. METHODS Eleven unrelated Chinese families with IV were examined for FLG mutations with denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography prescreening and sequencing. SNaPShot was employed to obtain a high-throughput screening for the identified mutations. RESULTS Three mutations - one novel mutation (Q1256X) and two known mutations (3321delA and E2422X) - were identified in these families. The novel mutation, Q1256X, found in a Chinese family with IV, was located in filaggrin repeat 3. Mutation 3321delA, previously found in Japanese patients, was present in eight Chinese families with IV. Mutation E2422X, previously found in a Dutch patient of Chinese origin, was present in two Chinese families with IV. Neither of the null mutations, Q1256X and E2422X, were found in 100 unrelated control cases from the Chinese population; however, the mutation ratio for 3321delA was 3% in these controls. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that each population may have a unique and prevalent set of FLG mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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[Mapping of pathogenic genes in two families with autosomal dominant ichthyosis vulgaris]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2008; 30:843-50. [PMID: 18779126 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2008.00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To localize the pathogenic genes of autosomal dominant ichthyosis vulgaris, we ascertained two ichthyosis vulgaris families from Hunan Province. Venous blood samples were collected from affected and unaffected family members and genomic DNA was extracted. We then performed genome scan and linkage analysis using microsatellite markers around known ichthyosis vulgaris loci in chromosomes 1 and 10. In family 1, the locus linked to ichthyosis vulgaris was located near D1S498 (1q21), which overlapped with known ichthyosis vulgaris loci. In family 2, however, all known loci for ichthyosis vulgaris were excluded and the new locus remains to be identified.
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Liu P, Yang Q, Wang X, Feng A, Yang T, Yang R, Wang P, Yuang M, Liu M, Liu JY, Wang QK. Identification of a Genetic Locus for Ichthyosis Vulgaris on Chromosome 10q22.3–q24.2. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1418-22. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rodríguez E, Illig T, Weidinger S. Filaggrin loss-of-function mutations and association with allergic diseases. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:399-413. [DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.4.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skin constitutes a highly organized barrier against environmental agents. Its unrestricted function depends on a complex interplay between multiple proteins and lipids expressed in the terminally differentiating epithelium. Recently, attention has been drawn to the protein filaggrin, an integral part of the epidermis that plays a key role in engineering and maintaining the barrier function. Common loss-of-function mutations within the filaggrin gene have been demonstrated to cause ichthyosis vulgaris, one of the most common heritable disorders of cornification, and to represent major risk factors for atopic eczema and secondary allergic diseases. The observations on filaggrin provide striking new insights into the etiology of atopic diseases and might pave the way for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Rodríguez
- Division of Environmental Dermatology and Allergy, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Neuherberg and ZAUM-Center for Allergy and Environment, Technical University Munich, Biedersteiner Str. 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Technical University Munich, Biedersteiner Str. 29, 80802 Munich, Germany
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Schmuth M, Gruber R, Elias PM, Williams ML. Ichthyosis update: towards a function-driven model of pathogenesis of the disorders of cornification and the role of corneocyte proteins in these disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:231-56. [PMID: 18159904 DOI: 10.1016/j.yadr.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, VAMC Metabolism 111F, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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The filaggrin story: novel insights into skin-barrier function and disease. Trends Mol Med 2007; 14:20-7. [PMID: 18068483 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports have uncovered the key role of the protein filaggrin in maintaining an effective skin barrier against the external environment. Loss-of-function mutations in the profilaggrin gene (FLG) are common and are present in up to 10% of the population. These mutations are the cause of the semi-dominant skin-scaling disorder ichthyosis vulgaris and are a major risk factor for the development of atopic dermatitis. The discovery of these mutations also provides new data concerning the genetics of atopic asthma as well as intriguing insight into disease mechanisms of systemic allergies involving antigen exposure in skin with defective barrier function. Collectively, these novel findings have significant implications for the classification and future clinical management of patients with atopic and allergic diseases.
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Hoffjan S, Stemmler S. On the role of the epidermal differentiation complex in ichthyosis vulgaris, atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 157:441-9. [PMID: 17573887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Undisturbed epidermal differentiation is crucial for an intact skin barrier function. The epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) is a cluster of genes on chromosome 1q21 encoding proteins that fulfil important functions in terminal differentiation in the human epidermis, including filaggrin, loricrin, S100 proteins and others. Recently, evidence emerged that variation within EDC genes plays an important role in the pathogenesis of three common skin disorders, ichthyosis vulgaris, atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Two loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene, R501X and 2282del4, were identified as causative for ichthyosis vulgaris in 15 affected European families, and the mode of inheritance was found to be semidominant. As ichthyosis vulgaris and AD often occur concomitantly in affected individuals, these two mutations were subsequently investigated in AD patients and found to be strongly associated with the disease. Following this first report, seven replication studies have been performed that all confirm an association of these two mutations with AD (or AD subtypes) in several European cohorts. Additionally, two unique loss-of-function mutations in the FLG gene were identified in Japanese ichthyosis vulgaris families and found to be associated with AD in a Japanese cohort. Thus, the FLG mutations are among the most consistently replicated associations for AD. Additionally, linkage analysis has suggested that variation within the EDC might also predispose for psoriasis but the exact susceptibility variation(s) have not yet been elucidated. Taken together, these findings convincingly demonstrate the important role of barrier dysfunction in various common skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hoffjan
- Department of Human Genetics, Ruhr-University, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
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Sandilands A, O'Regan GM, Liao H, Zhao Y, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Watson RM, Cassidy AJ, Goudie DR, Smith FJD, McLean WHI, Irvine AD. Prevalent and Rare Mutations in the Gene Encoding Filaggrin Cause Ichthyosis Vulgaris and Predispose Individuals to Atopic Dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1770-5. [PMID: 16810297 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the filament aggregating protein (filaggrin) gene have recently been identified as the cause of the common genetic skin disorder ichthyosis vulgaris (IV), the most prevalent inherited disorder of keratinization. The main characteristics of IV are fine-scale on the arms and legs, palmar hyperlinearity, and keratosis pilaris. Here, we have studied six Irish families with IV for mutations in filaggrin. We have identified a new mutation, 3702delG, in addition to further instances of the reported mutations R501X and 2282del4, which are common in people of European origin. A case of a 2282del4 homozygote was also identified. Mutation 3702delG terminates protein translation in filaggrin repeat domain 3, whereas both recurrent mutations occur in repeat 1. These mutations are semidominant: heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype most readily identified by palmar hyperlinearity and in some cases fine-scale and/or keratosis pilaris, whereas homozygotes or compound heterozygotes generally have more marked ichthyosis. Interestingly, the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for R501X, 2282del4, or compound heterozygous for R501X and 3702delG, were comparable, suggesting that mutations located centrally in the filaggrin repeats are also pathogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Sandilands
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK
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Smith FJD, Irvine AD, Terron-Kwiatkowski A, Sandilands A, Campbell LE, Zhao Y, Liao H, Evans AT, Goudie DR, Lewis-Jones S, Arseculeratne G, Munro CS, Sergeant A, O'Regan G, Bale SJ, Compton JG, DiGiovanna JJ, Presland RB, Fleckman P, McLean WHI. Loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding filaggrin cause ichthyosis vulgaris. Nat Genet 2006; 38:337-42. [PMID: 16444271 DOI: 10.1038/ng1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyosis vulgaris (OMIM 146700) is the most common inherited disorder of keratinization and one of the most frequent single-gene disorders in humans. The most widely cited incidence figure is 1 in 250 based on a survey of 6,051 healthy English schoolchildren. We have identified homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations R501X and 2282del4 in the gene encoding filaggrin (FLG) as the cause of moderate or severe ichthyosis vulgaris in 15 kindreds. In addition, these mutations are semidominant; heterozygotes show a very mild phenotype with incomplete penetrance. The mutations show a combined allele frequency of approximately 4% in populations of European ancestry, explaining the high incidence of ichthyosis vulgaris. Profilaggrin is the major protein of keratohyalin granules in the epidermis. During terminal differentiation, it is cleaved into multiple filaggrin peptides that aggregate keratin filaments. The resultant matrix is cross-linked to form a major component of the cornified cell envelope. We find that loss or reduction of this major structural protein leads to varying degrees of impaired keratinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances J D Smith
- Epithelial Genetics Group, Human Genetics Unit, Division of Pathology and Neuroscience, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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