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Pan Y, Fu Y, Baird PN, Guymer RH, Das T, Iwata T. Exploring the contribution of ARMS2 and HTRA1 genetic risk factors in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 97:101159. [PMID: 36581531 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of severe irreversible central vision loss in individuals over 65 years old. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have shown that the region at chromosome 10q26, where the age-related maculopathy susceptibility (ARMS2/LOC387715) and HtrA serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1) genes are located, represents one of the strongest associated loci for AMD. However, the underlying biological mechanism of this genetic association has remained elusive. In this article, we extensively review the literature by us and others regarding the ARMS2/HTRA1 risk alleles and their functional significance. We also review the literature regarding the presumed function of the ARMS2 protein and the molecular processes of the HTRA1 protein in AMD pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo, including those of transgenic mice overexpressing HtrA1/HTRA1 which developed Bruch's membrane (BM) damage, choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), similar to human AMD patients. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of the ARMS2 and HTRA1 susceptibility loci has begun to untangle the complex biological pathways underlying AMD pathophysiology, pointing to new testable paradigms for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Pan
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan
| | - Yingbin Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, NC506, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Paul N Baird
- Department of Surgery, (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Robyn H Guymer
- Department of Surgery, (Ophthalmology), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye & Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia
| | - Taraprasad Das
- Anant Bajaj Retina Institute-Srimati Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreoretinal Diseases, Kallam Anji Reddy Campus, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, 500034, India
| | - Takeshi Iwata
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1, Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
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Merle DA, Sen M, Armento A, Stanton CM, Thee EF, Meester-Smoor MA, Kaiser M, Clark SJ, Klaver CCW, Keane PA, Wright AF, Ehrmann M, Ueffing M. 10q26 - The enigma in age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101154. [PMID: 36513584 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite comprehensive research efforts over the last decades, the pathomechanisms of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remain far from being understood. Large-scale genome wide association studies (GWAS) were able to provide a defined set of genetic aberrations which contribute to disease risk, with the strongest contributors mapping to distinct regions on chromosome 1 and 10. While the chromosome 1 locus comprises factors of the complement system with well-known functions, the role of the 10q26-locus in AMD-pathophysiology remains enigmatic. 10q26 harbors a cluster of three functional genes, namely PLEKHA1, ARMS2 and HTRA1, with most of the AMD-associated genetic variants mapping to the latter two genes. High linkage disequilibrium between ARMS2 and HTRA1 has kept association studies from reliably defining the risk-causing gene for long and only very recently the genetic risk region has been narrowed to ARMS2, suggesting that this is the true AMD gene at this locus. However, genetic associations alone do not suffice to prove causality and one or more of the 14 SNPs on this haplotype may be involved in long-range control of gene expression, leaving HTRA1 and PLEKHA1 still suspects in the pathogenic pathway. Both, ARMS2 and HTRA1 have been linked to extracellular matrix homeostasis, yet their exact molecular function as well as their role in AMD pathogenesis remains to be uncovered. The transcriptional regulation of the 10q26 locus adds an additional level of complexity, given, that gene-regulatory as well as epigenetic alterations may influence expression levels from 10q26 in diseased individuals. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the 10q26 locus and its three gene products on various levels of biological complexity and discuss current and future research strategies to shed light on one of the remaining enigmatic spots in the AMD landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Merle
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Merve Sen
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Angela Armento
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chloe M Stanton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Eric F Thee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Magda A Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Markus Kaiser
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Simon J Clark
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015GD, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015CE, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Ophthalmology, Radboudumc, 6525EX, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, CH-4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pearse A Keane
- Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Michael Ehrmann
- Center of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, 45117, Essen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany; Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
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Chen LJ, Chen ZJ, Pang CP. Latest Development on Genetics of Common Retinal Diseases. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2023; 12:228-251. [PMID: 36971708 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many complex forms of retinal diseases are common and pan-ethnic in occurrence. Among them, neovascular age-related macular degeneration, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, and central serous choroid retinopathy involve both choroidopathy and neovascularization with multifactorial etiology. They are sight-threatening and potentially blinding. Early treatment is crucial to prevent disease progression. To understand their genetic basis, candidate gene mutational and association analyses, linkage analysis, genome-wide association studies, transcriptome analysis, next-generation sequencing, which includes targeted deep sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and whole genome sequencing have been conducted. Advanced genomic technologies have led to the identification of many associated genes. But their etiologies are attributed to complicated interactions of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors. Onset and progression of neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy are affected by aging, smoking, lifestyle, and variants in over 30 genes. Although some genetic associations have been confirmed and validated, individual genes or polygenic risk markers of clinical value have not been established. The genetic architectures of all these complex retinal diseases that involve sequence variant quantitative trait loci have not been fully delineated. Recently artificial intelligence is making an impact in the collection and advanced analysis of genetic, investigative, and lifestyle data for the establishment of predictive factors for the risk of disease onset, progression, and prognosis. This will contribute to individualized precision medicine for the management of complex retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital Eye Centre, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Pediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Ji Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi Pui Pang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Hong Kong Hub of Pediatric Excellence, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Shantou International Eye Centre of Shantou University and The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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Association of the HtrA1 rs11200638 Polymorphism with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Indonesia. Ophthalmol Ther 2021; 11:125-133. [PMID: 34727349 PMCID: PMC8770728 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-021-00402-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the HtrA1 rs11200638 polymorphism with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in Indonesia. Methods This case–control study included 80 patients with nAMD and 85 controls. Demographic parameters and whole blood were collected from each participant. Genomic DNA was extracted and used to assess the rs11200638 genotype by PCR and restriction enzyme digestion. Associations between the HtrA1 rs11200638 polymorphism and other risk factors for susceptibility to nAMD were assessed using the logistic regression model. Results Significant allelic associations between the HtrA1 polymorphism and nAMD were detected (odds ratio [OR] 8.67; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.88–15.41; P < 0.001). Genotype analysis showed a statistical difference between the nAMD group and the control group (P < 0.001). In the multiple adjusted logistic regression model, people with the AA genotype were more likely to have nAMD although there was a wide confidence interval (OR 19.65; 95% CI 4.52–85.38; P < 0.001). Conclusion Our findings show that the risk of nAMD increased in the presence of risk alleles of HtrA1 rs11200638.
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Gong Y, Zhan Y, Yuan T, Liao Y, Zhang L, Liu X, Zheng Y, Bao Y. Association of HTRA1 and CFH gene polymorphisms with age-related macular degeneration in Ningbo, China. Int Ophthalmol 2021; 41:995-1002. [PMID: 33387109 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-020-01655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the major causes of blindness, and the incidence of this disease has been increasing in recent years. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the high temperature requirement factor A-1 (HTRA1) and complement factor H (CFH) genes and susceptibility to AMD in Ningbo, China. METHODS Ninety-eight patients with AMD and seventy-three controls were recruited at the Sixth Hospital of Ningbo from August 2017 to April 2019 in China. Genomic DNA was extracted from the venous blood provided by the hospital, and the genotypes of the AMD susceptibility genes CFH and HTAR1 were detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced directly. The SNPs rs11200638 on the HTRA1 gene and rs3753394 on the CFH gene were selected for genotype and association analysis. The correlations between the different genotypes of HTRA1 and CFH and AMD were analysed by the Chi-squared test. RESULTS All the genotypes adhered to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. There were three genotypes (AA, AG and GG) in HTRA1 (rs11200638). The differences in genotypes and allele frequency between the AMD group and the control group were statistically significant (P < 0.05). The A allele was a risk allele (OR: 4.19, 95% Cl: 2.28 ~ 7.70, P < 0.05), with a frequency of 61.7% in patients versus 43.8% in controls. However, the rs3753394 SNP in CFH was not associated with AMD in our study (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The rs11200638 SNP of the HTRA1 gene is associated with AMD, and the AA genotype is a risk factor for AMD in the Ningbo population. There is no significant correlation between the rs3753394 SNP of the CFH gene and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Gong
- Department of Eyes, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- Department of Eyes, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Yanhong Liao
- Department of Eyes, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Lingyi Zhang
- Department of Eyes, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Xiaotian Liu
- Department of Eyes, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Yuanhao Zheng
- Department of Eyes, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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Liu Y, Jin H, Wei D, Li W. HTRA1 rs11200638 variant and AMD risk from a comprehensive analysis about 15,316 subjects. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2020; 21:107. [PMID: 32414342 PMCID: PMC7229611 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-020-01047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1) gene located at 10q26 locus has been associated with age-related macular degenerative (AMD), with the significantly related polymorphism being (rs11200638, -625G/A), however, above association is not consistent. We investigated a comprehensive analysis to evaluate the correlations between rs11200638 polymorphism and AMD susceptibility thoroughly addressing this issue. METHODS An identification was covered from the PubMed and Wanfang databases until 27th Jan, 2020. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were applied to evaluate the associations. After a thorough and meticulous search, 35 different articles (33 case-control studies with HWE, 22 case-control studies about wet/dry AMD) were retrieved. RESULTS Individuals carrying A-allele or AA genotype may have an increased risk to be AMD disease. For example, there has a significantly increased relationship between rs11200638 polymorphism and AMD both for Asians (OR: 2.51, 95%CI: 2.22-2.83 for allelic contrast) and Caucasians [OR (95%CI) = 2.63(2.29-3.02) for allelic contrast]. Moreover, a similar trend in the source of control was detected. To classify the type of AMD, increased association was also observed in both wet (OR: 3.40, 95%CI: 2.90-3.99 for dominant model) and dry (OR: 2.08, 95%CI: 1.24-3.48 for dominant model) AMD. Finally, based on the different genotyping methods, increased relationships were identified by sequencing, TaqMan, PCR-RFLP and RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis demonstrated that HTRA1 rs11200638 polymorphism may be related to the AMD development, especially about individuals carrying A-allele or AA genotype, who may be as identified targets to detect and intervene in advance. Further studies using Larger sample size studies, including information about gene-environment interactions will be necessary to carry out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Ophthalmic function room, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Huipeng Jin
- Ophthalmic function room, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157000, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology (three disease areas), Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, 157000, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Wenxiu Li
- Department of Critical Medicine, Second People's Hospital of Mudanjiang, Mudanjiang, 157000, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Lee KH, Chin HS, Kim NR, Moon YS. Effects of Vitreomacular Traction on Ranibizumab Treatment Response in Eyes with Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2015; 29:396-403. [PMID: 26635456 PMCID: PMC4668255 DOI: 10.3341/kjo.2015.29.6.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of vitreomacular traction (VMT) on ranibizumab treatment response for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS A retrospective review of 85 eyes of 85 patients newly diagnosed with neovascular AMD was conducted. Patients were eligible if they had received more than three consecutive monthly ranibizumab (0.50 mg) treatments and ophthalmic evaluations. Patients were classified into a VMT (+) group or VMT (-) group according to optical coherence tomography imaging. Best corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness (CRT) measurements were obtained at three and six months after initial injection. RESULTS One month after the third injection, mean visual acuity (VA) increases of 6.36 and 9.87 letters were observed in the VMT (+) and VMT (-) groups, respectively. The corresponding mean CRT values decreased by 70.29 µm and 121.68 µm, respectively. A total 41 eyes were identified as eligible for a subsequent fourth injection; 71.1% of patients (27 eyes) in the VMT (+) group but only 29.8% of patients in the VMT (-) group needed a subsequent fourth injection. Follow-up was extended to six months for 42 of the 85 enrolled patients (49.4%). The trends in VA and optical coherence tomography were found to be maintained at six-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS VA and CRT appeared to be more improved after ranibizumab treatment in the VMT (-) group compared to the VMT (+) group. VMT might antagonize the effect of ranibizumab treatment in a subpopulation of AMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Hoon Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea. ; Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hee Seung Chin
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Na Rae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Yeon Sung Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Inha Vision Science Laboratory, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
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Tsuchihashi T, Mori K, Horie-Inoue K, Okazaki Y, Awata T, Inoue S, Yoneya S. Prognostic phenotypic and genotypic factors associated with photodynamic therapy response in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Clin Ophthalmol 2014; 8:2471-8. [PMID: 25525324 PMCID: PMC4266424 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s71305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to demonstrate the phenotypic and genotypic factors associated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS The study included 149 patients with exudative AMD treated by PDT. Eight phenotypic factors and ten genotypic factors for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs800292, rs1061170, rs1410996) in the complement factor H (CFH) gene, rs 11200638-SNP in the high temperature requirement A-1 (HTRA1) gene, two SNPs (rs699947, rs2010963) in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, and four SNPs (rs12948385, rs12150053, rs9913583, rs1136287) in the pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) gene were evaluated. RESULTS A significant association with best-corrected visual acuity change was demonstrated in the greatest linear dimension, presence or absence of pigment epithelial detachment, and HTRA1-rs11200638 genotype statistically (P=3.67×10(-4), 1.95×10(-2), 1.24×10(-3), respectively). Best-corrected visual acuity in patients with AA genotype of HTRA1-rs11200638 significantly decreased compared with that in patients with GG genotype (P=1.33×10(-3)). Logistic regression analyses demonstrated HTRA1-rs11200638 genotype was most strongly associated with best-corrected visual acuity outcome from baseline at 12 months after photodynamic therapy (P=4.60×10(-3); odds ratio 2.363; 95% confidence interval 1.303-4.285). CONCLUSION The HTRA1-rs11200638 variant showed the most significant association. Therefore, this variant may be used as a prognostic factor to estimate the PDT response with significant predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuchihashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keisuke Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kuniko Horie-Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yasushi Okazaki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuya Awata
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
- Division of RI Laboratory, Biomedical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shin Yoneya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Horie-Inoue K, Inoue S. Genomic aspects of age-related macular degeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:263-75. [PMID: 25111812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major late-onset posterior eye disease that causes central vision to deteriorate among elderly populations. The predominant lesion of AMD is the macula, at the interface between the outer retina and the inner choroid. Recent advances in genetics have revealed that inflammatory and angiogenic pathways play critical roles in the pathophysiology of AMD. Genome-wide association studies have identified ARMS2/HTRA1 and CFH as major AMD susceptibility genes. Genetic studies for AMD will contribute to the prevention of central vision loss, the development of new treatment, and the maintenance of quality of vision for productive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniko Horie-Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan; Department of Anti-Aging Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Balasubramanian SA, Krishna Kumar K, Baird PN. The role of proteases and inflammatory molecules in triggering neovascular age-related macular degeneration: basic science to clinical relevance. Transl Res 2014; 164:179-92. [PMID: 24794954 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) causes severe vision impairment in aged individuals. The health impact and cost of the disease will dramatically increase over the years, with the increase in the aging population. Currently, antivascular endothelial growth factor agents are routinely used for managing late-stage AMD, and recent data have shown that up to 15%-33% of patients do not respond to this treatment. Henceforth, there is a need to develop better treatment options. One avenue is to investigate the role proteases and inflammatory molecules might have in regulating and being regulated by vascular endothelial growth factor. Moreover, emerging data indicate that proteases and inflammatory molecules might be critical in the development and progression of AMD. This article reviews recent literature that investigates proteases and inflammatory molecules involved in the development of AMD. Gaining insights into the proteolytic and inflammatory pathways associated with the pathophysiology of AMD could enable the development of additional or alternative drug strategies for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman A Balasubramanian
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kaavya Krishna Kumar
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul N Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Scholl S, Kirchhof J, Augustin AJ. Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Guan H, Yang X, Hu J, Lu H, Tuo J. Featured distribution of AMD-susceptibility SNPs between ethnicities and the modifying effect of SNPs on AMD therapy. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/eop.09.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wang G. Chromosome 10q26 locus and age-related macular degeneration: a progress update. Exp Eye Res 2013; 119:1-7. [PMID: 24291204 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2013.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of late-onset central vision loss in developed countries. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the onset of AMD. Variation at a locus on chromosome 10q26 has been consistently associated with this disease and represents one of the two strongest genetic effects being identified in AMD. At least three genes are located within the bounds of the locus: pleckstrin homology domain containing family A member 1 (PLEKHA1), age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) and high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 (HTRA1), all of which are associated with AMD. Due to the strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) across this region, statistical genetic analysis alone is incapable of distinguishing the effect of an individual gene in the locus. Uncertainty remains, however, in regards to which gene is responsible for the linkage and association of the locus with AMD. Investigating functional consequences of the associated variants and related genes tends to be essential to identifying the biologically responsible gene(s) underlying AMD. This review examines the recent progress and current uncertainty on the genetic and functional analyses of the 10q26 locus in AMD with a focus on ARMS2 and HTRA1. A discussion, which entails the possible multi-faceted approaches for pinpointing the gene(s) in the locus underlying the pathogenesis of AMD, is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 N.W. 10th Avenue, BRB 525, M860, Miami, FL 33136, United States.
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Lim LS, Cheung CMG, Wong TY. Asian Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Current Concepts and Gaps in Knowledge. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2013; 2:32-41. [PMID: 26107866 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0b013e31827ff5bc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Data on the epidemiology and treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in Asian populations have been scarce. Recently, significant advances in the current knowledge of AMD in Asia have been made, but deficiencies in important areas remain. Epidemiological data on AMD in those 80 years or older are lacking.There are also few incidence data on AMD or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), an important variant of AMD that seems to be more common in Asia. The risk factors for PCV have not been clearly defined to the extent that those for AMD have. No trials of nutritional supplementation for AMD prevention in Asia exist, and there is also a lack of long-term clinical trial data on combination therapy for PCV and indeed very few trial data on PCV. These represent opportunities for future research. With aging populations in Asia, increased data on the prevalence, risk factors, prevention, and treatment of AMD and PCV in Asian populations will be needed to formulate evidence-based public health and clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Shen Lim
- From the *Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre; and †Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Kinnunen K, Petrovski G, Moe MC, Berta A, Kaarniranta K. Molecular mechanisms of retinal pigment epithelium damage and development of age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:299-309. [PMID: 22112056 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02179.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is attributed to a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is characterized by degeneration involving the retinal photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane, as well as alterations in choroidal capillaries. AMD pathogenesis is strongly associated with chronic oxidative stress and inflammation that ultimately lead to protein damage, aggregation and degeneration of RPE. Specific degenerative findings for AMD are accumulation of intracellular lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusens. In this review, we discuss thoroughly RPE-derived mechanisms in AMD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kati Kinnunen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Ng TK, Liang XY, Pang CP. HTRA1 in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (PHILADELPHIA, PA.) 2012; 1:51-63. [PMID: 26107018 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0b013e31823e57fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of severe visual impairment and irreversible blindness in most developed countries, affecting more than 50 million of elderly people worldwide. Current treatments, such as intravitreal injection of antiangiogenic agents, mitigate the effect of advanced AMD but cannot completely cure the disease. Comprehensive understanding of the AMD pathological mechanisms is important for the development of new therapies. Previously, we identified a single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs11200638) in the promoter region of the high temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1) gene on chromosome 10q26 to be associated with exudative AMD. In further biological studies, we have provided evidence that HTRA1 could be a potential disease-causing gene within the 10q26 locus. In this review, we summarize the pathology of AMD and the molecular function of the HtrA1 protein. Also evaluated are the genetic effects of HTRA1 polymorphism on AMD in different populations and interactions with other AMD-associated genes, especially with the complement factor H (CFH) gene, which was identified for nonexudative AMD. The biological roles of HtrA1 are exhaustively examined on its contribution to the multifactorial pathogenic mechanism of AMD. Although HtrA1 should play a part in AMD pathogenesis, a host of other genetic and environmental factors, known and unknown, is involved and warrants intensive future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Kin Ng
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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Associations of Cigarette Smoking But Not Serum Fatty Acids with Age-related Macular Degeneration in a Japanese Population. Ophthalmology 2011; 118:1082-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Losonczy G, Fekete Á, Vokó Z, Takács L, Káldi I, Ajzner É, Kasza M, Vajas A, Berta A, Balogh I. Analysis of complement factor H Y402H, LOC387715, HTRA1 polymorphisms and ApoE alleles with susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration in Hungarian patients. Acta Ophthalmol 2011; 89:255-62. [PMID: 19845562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2009.01687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies strongly support the role of genetic factors in the aetiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We investigated the frequency of Tyr402His polymorphism of the complement factor H (CFH) gene, Ser69Ala polymorphism at LOC387715, rs11200638 polymorphism of the HTRA1 gene and different apolipoprotein E (ApoE) alleles in Hungarian patients with AMD in order to determine the disease risk conferred by these factors. METHODS In a case-control study, we performed clinical and molecular genetic examination of 105 AMD patients (48 patients in the early and 57 in the late subgroup) and 95 unrelated healthy controls. Detailed patient histories were recorded with the use of a questionnaire focusing on known risk factors for AMD. RESULTS In the early AMD subgroup, homozygous CFH, LOC387715 or HTRA1 polymorphisms conferred a 4.9-fold (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-14.2), 7.4-fold (95% CI 2.1-26.2) or 10.1-fold (95% CI 2.5-40.8) risk of disease, respectively. In the late AMD subgroup, carriers of two CFH, LOC387715 or HTRA1 risk alleles were at 10.7-fold (95% CI 3.7-31.0), 11.3-fold (95% CI 3.2-40.4) or 13.5-fold (95% CI 3.3-55.4) greater disease risk, respectively. Two CFH and one LOC387715 risk alleles in combination conferred a 15.0-fold (95% CI 3.2-71.0) increase in risk, whereas two LOC387715 risk alleles combined with one CFH risk allele was associated with a 14.0-fold (95% CI 2.1-95.1) increased risk for late AMD. ApoE alleles neither increased disease risk nor proved to be protective. CONCLUSIONS The CFH, LOC387715 and HTRA1 polymorphisms are strongly associated with the development of AMD in the Hungarian population. The association is particularly pronounced when homozygous risk alleles are present and in the late stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Losonczy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical and Health Science Centre, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Kokotas H, Grigoriadou M, Petersen MB. Age-related macular degeneration: genetic and clinical findings. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 49:601-16. [PMID: 21175380 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a sight threatening eye disease that affects millions of humans over the age of 65 years. It is considered to be the major cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population in the developed world. The disease is prevalent in Europe and the United States, which has a large number of individuals of European descent. AMD is characterized by a progressive loss of central vision attributable to degenerative and neovascular changes that occur in the interface between the neural retina and the underlying choroid. This location contains the retinal photoreceptors, the retinal pigmented epithelium, a basement membrane complex known as Bruch's membrane and a network of choroidal capillaries. AMD is increasingly recognized as a complex genetic disorder where one or more genes contribute to an individual's susceptibility to development of the condition, while the prevailing view is that the disease stems from the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors. Although it has been proposed that a threshold event occurs during normal aging, the sequelae of biochemical, cellular, and molecular events leading to AMD are not fully understood. Here, we review the clinical aspects of AMD and summarize the genes which have been reported to have a positive association with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Kokotas
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Child Health, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Gotoh N, Yamashiro K, Nakanishi H, Saito M, Iida T, Yoshimura N. Haplotype analysis of the ARMS2/HTRA1 region in Japanese patients with typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration or polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2010; 54:609-14. [PMID: 21191724 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-010-0865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the genomic contribution of the ARMS2/HTRA1 region of chromosome 10q26 to typical neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) (also known as typical exudative AMD) and to polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) METHODS: DNA samples were prepared from 84 patients with typical nAMD, 181 patients with PCV, and 276 control participants. All of the 18 haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) derived from the HapMap data and the potential functional variant, rs11200638, which extended the ARMS2/HTRA1 region by 85.2 kb, were genotyped. Associations were tested using single-SNP and haplotype analyses. RESULTS Statistically significant associations were found for six of the 19 SNPs with both typical nAMD and PCV (P < 1 × 10(-3)), peaking at a segment containing three of the SNPs: rs3793917, rs10490924, and rs11200638 (P < 10(-7)). Six common haplotypes were inferred from the nine SNPs spanning 33 kb, which included the six SNPs associated with both phenotypes. Among the six common haplotypes, one showed a positive association with typical nAMD, and two, including the one mentioned above, were associated with PCV. In addition, they corresponded to the risk alleles rs10490924 and rs11200638. CONCLUSIONS The association pattern and haplotype estimation in the ARMS2/HTRA1 region of Japanese patients with PCV were very similar to those of Japanese patients with typical nAMD. The polymorphisms responsible for nAMD and PCV may be located in this region or in the strong linkage disequilibrium of rs10490924 and rs11200638.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimoto Gotoh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Zurawa-Janicka D, Skorko-Glonek J, Lipinska B. HtrA proteins as targets in therapy of cancer and other diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:665-79. [PMID: 20469960 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2010.487867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The HtrA family proteins are serine proteases that are involved in important physiological processes, including maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis, apoptosis and cell signaling. They are involved in the development and progression of several pathological processes such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and arthritic diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW We present characteristics of the human HtrA1, HtrA2 and HtrA3 proteins, with the stress on their function in apoptosis and in the diseases. We describe regulation of the HtrAs' proteolytic activity, focusing on allosteric interactions of ligands/substrates with the PDZ domains, and make suggestions on how the HtrA proteolytic activity could be modified. Literature cited covers years 1996 - 2010. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the HtrAs' function/regulation and involvement in diseases (cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis), and ideas how modulation of their proteolytic activity could be used in therapies. TAKE HOME MESSAGE HtrA2 is the best target for cancer drug development. An increase in the HtrAs' proteolytic activity could be beneficial in cancer treatment, by stimulation of apoptosis, anoikis or necrosis of cancer cells, or by modulation of the TGF-beta signaling cascade; modulation of HtrA activity could be helpful in therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and arthritis.
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Nakanishi H, Gotoh N, Yamada R, Yamashiro K, Otani A, Hayashi H, Tsujikawa A, Shimada N, Ohno-Matsui K, Mochizuki M, Saito M, Saito K, Iida T, Matsuda F, Yoshimura N. ARMS2/HTRA1 and CFH polymorphisms are not associated with choroidal neovascularization in highly myopic eyes of the elderly Japanese population. Eye (Lond) 2010; 24:1078-84. [PMID: 19680273 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2009.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the genetic risk factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are associated with the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in highly myopic eyes of elderly Japanese. METHODS Highly myopic elderly Japanese patients with and without CNV were genotyped for three AMD-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), namely rs10490924 (A69S) of ARMS2, rs11200638 of HTRA1, and rs1061170 (Y402H) of complement factor H (CFH), with the TaqMan SNP assay. One hundred and eighty-three unrelated highly myopic (axial lengths>26.00 mm or refractive errors>-6.0 diopters) Japanese patients with CNV who were >or=50 years of age (mean age+/-standard deviation of 62.7+/-6.3 years) and 170 highly myopic patients without CNV who were >or=50 years old (62.3+/-7.1 years) were studied. The differences in the genotypic distributions for the three SNPs between the two groups were tested with the Trend chi2 test, and logistic regression analyses were performed for age and gender adjustment. RESULTS No significant difference was detected in the distribution of the three SNPs, rs10490924 (P>0.1), rs11200638 (P>0.1), and rs1061170 (P>0.5), between the two groups even after adjustments for age and gender differences. CONCLUSION The genetic risk factors of AMD related to these SNPs do not contribute significantly to the development of CNV in a highly myopic elderly Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakanishi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Mori K, Horie-Inoue K, Gehlbach PL, Takita H, Kabasawa S, Kawasaki I, Ohkubo T, Kurihara S, Iizuka H, Miyashita Y, Katayama S, Awata T, Yoneya S, Inoue S. Phenotype and genotype characteristics of age-related macular degeneration in a Japanese population. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:928-38. [PMID: 20132989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 09/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe phenotype and genotype characteristics of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in Japanese patients. DESIGN A case-control study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 550 case-control samples composed of 408 consecutive AMD cases and 142 controls. METHODS Clinical information assessing age, gender, affected eyes, fundus features, and fluorescein/indocyanine green angiograms were systematically evaluated. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs800292, rs1061170, rs1410996, rs2274700) in the complement factor H (CFH) gene, 1 SNP (rs11200638) in the high-temperature requirement factor A1 (HTRA1) gene, 3 SNPs (rs699947, rs1570360, rs2010963) in the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene, and 4 SNPs (rs12150053, rs12948385, rs9913583, rs1136287) in the pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) gene were assessed using TaqMan technology. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The clinical phenotype information and genotypes of CFH, HTRA1, VEGF, and PEDF polymorphisms. RESULTS Of Japanese patients with neovascular AMD (nAMD), 219 (58.7%) had typical nAMD and 154 (41.3%) had polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). The frequency of bilateral exudative involvement was similar between typical nAMD (15.5%) and PCV (13.6%) (P = 0.613). Significant soft drusen were observed in the fellow eyes of 88 (47.6%) of 185 patients with unilateral typical nAMD and in 25 (18.8%) of 133 patients with unilateral PCV (P = 1.24x10(-7)). A serous pigment epithelium detachment was seen in 55 (25.1%) of 219 patients with typical nAMD and in 64 (41.6%) of 154 patients with PCV. A significant association was noted in CFH-rs800292, CFH-rs1410996, CFH-rs2274700, and HTRA1-rs11200638 with AMD development (P = 2.36x10(-5), 7.18x10(-5), 7.18x10(-5), 2.70x10(-7), respectively; population attributable risk = 57.3%, 57.8%, 57.8%, and 58.9%, respectively). We estimated the highest-risk group to have an approximately 70-fold greater risk of nAMD compared with the lowest-risk group when analyzing a combination of 4 SNPs in the CFH and HTRA1 genes. CONCLUSIONS The Japanese AMD phenotype is characterized by a higher frequency of PCV, male predominance, and lower frequency of bilateral presentation compared with Caucasian AMD. Genotype analyses demonstrate a significant population attributable risk for SNPs in the CFH and HTRA1 genes and demonstrate joint effects for both genes. Gene variants in both CFH and HTRA1 contribute significantly to the AMD phenotype in a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Mori
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saitama Medical University, Iruma, Saitama, Japan.
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Urano T, Narusawa K, Kobayashi S, Shiraki M, Horie-Inoue K, Sasaki N, Hosoi T, Ouchi Y, Nakamura T, Inoue S. Association of HTRA1 promoter polymorphism with spinal disc degeneration in Japanese women. J Bone Miner Metab 2010; 28:220-6. [PMID: 19798546 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-009-0124-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 08/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HTRA1 (high-temperature requirement A1) has been implicated in the modulation of various disease pathologies. HTRA1 expression is upregulated in osteoarthritic joints, suggesting that it may contribute to the development of this debilitating disease. Moreover, recent reports have shown that the rs11200638, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the HTRA1 gene, is strongly associated with an increased prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). In the present study, we examined the expression of the HTRA1 in human primary chondrocytes and an association between the rs11200638 SNP and radiographic features of spinal disc degeneration in 513 postmenopausal Japanese women. HTRA1 mRNA was detected and increased by TGF-beta treatment in human primary chondrocytes. As an association study of rs11200638 SNP in the HTRA1 gene, the subjects without the G allele (AA; n = 89) had a significantly higher spinal disc space narrowing score than the subjects bearing at least one G allele (GG + GA; n = 424) (P = 0.0292). We found that subjects without the G allele (AA) were significantly overrepresented in the subjects having a higher (> or =4) disc space narrowing score (P = 0.013; odds ratio 1.97; 95% confidence interval 1.15-3.37 by logistic regression analysis). A genetic variation at the HTRA1 gene promoter locus is associated with spinal disc degeneration, suggesting an involvement of the HTRA1 gene in osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Urano
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Combined cases of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy and typical age-related macular degeneration. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2010; 248:361-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Tang NP, Zhou B, Wang B, Yu RB. HTRA1 promoter polymorphism and risk of age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19:740-5. [PMID: 19375943 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 01/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To clarify the role of human high-temperature requirement A-1 (HTRA1) gene promoter polymorphism (-512G>A) in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed and EMBASE database. A logistic regression analysis proposed for molecular association studies was carried out to estimate the genetic effect and the possible genetic model of action. RESULTS Fourteen case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. There was strong evidence for an association between HTRA1 -512G>A polymorphism and AMD (p < 0.001). The genetic model test indicated that the genetic model was most likely to be co-dominant. Overall, our meta-analysis showed that AA and GA genotypes were associated with increased risk of AMD (AA vs. GG: odds ratio(1) [OR(1)] = 7.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.16-9.04; GA vs. GG: OR(2) = 2.27, 95% CI = 2.02-2.55). In stratified analysis by ethnicity and age, the genetic effect seemed to be stronger in Caucasians and subjects > or =73 years of age than in Asians and subjects <73 years of age. When subgroup analysis was conducted by AMD type, significant association was noted for wet AMD but not for dry AMD. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis summarizes the strong evidence for an association between HTRA1 -512G>A polymorphism and AMD and indicates a co-dominant model of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Ping Tang
- National Shanghai Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China.
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Chen W, Xu W, Tao Q, Liu J, Li X, Gan X, Hu H, Lu Y. Meta-analysis of the association of the HTRA1 polymorphisms with the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:292-300. [PMID: 19026638 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HTRA1 was considered as one of important age-related macular degeneration (AMD) candidate genes. However, due to population heterogeneity and bias from case-control study, the association between HTRA1 and AMD needs further confirmation across different studies in different population. In this study, a meta-analysis was performed in 14 case-control studies which were published before August 31, 2008. Effect of HTRA1 polymorphism with AMD was synthetically evaluated. The pooled odds ratio (OR) for heterozygous genotype GA versus wild homozygous genotype GG is 2.13 (95% CI: 1.90, 2.39), the OR of homozygous genotype AA versus GG is 6.92 (95% CI: 5.74, 8.34) and the OR of allele A carrier (GA+AA) versus GG is 3.02 (95% CI: 2.57, 3.53). Sub-analysis indicated that the risk of HTRA1 rs11200638 on wet AMD was stronger than dry AMD, and it seems that HTRA1 rs11200638 could increase the risk of AMD in all races. This study strengthens the hypothesis of association between rs11200638 in the promoter of HTRA1 polymorphism and AMD. The variant of HTRA1/625G-->A could be a potentially promising genetic biomarker of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
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Jiang H, Qu Y, Dang G, Zhang X, Yin N, Zhang Y, Bi H, Pan X, Xu X, Zhou F, Dai H. Analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotype linkage of LOC387715 and the HTRA1 gene in exudative age-related macular degeneration in a Chinese cohort. Retina 2009; 29:974-9. [PMID: 19491722 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0b013e3181a3b90e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes in the genes encoding age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (LOC387715/ARMS2) and high-temperature requirement A-1 (HTRA1) in a case-control study in a Chinese cohort of individuals with exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS We genotyped 2 SNPs, namely, LOC387715 rs10490924 and HTRA1 rs11200638, in 159 exudative AMD patients and 140 age- and sex-matched control subjects. All the four possible haplotypes of these two SNPs were detected. Comparisons of the risk genotypes and risk or protective haplotypes across multiple populations were performed. RESULTS Allelic or genotype association tests yielded significant results at P < 0.001. We observed that homozygous risk genotypes (TT in rs10490924 and AA in rs11200638) were more strongly associated with AMD than the heterozygous genotypes (GT in rs10490924 and geographic atrophy in rs11200638) for both SNPs. Comparisons of the odds ratios for genotypes revealed that there is ethnic disparity in AMD prevalence, even within the Chinese population. The haplotype TA, comprising both the SNPs, was identified as an at-risk factor and was significantly associated with AMD, whereas the protective haplotype GG was significantly overrepresented in the controls (P < 0.001). The frequency of the TA haplotype was relatively higher in the Chinese population than in the white population in both groups, whereas the frequency of the GG haplotype was relatively lower in the Chinese controls than in the white and Japanese controls. CONCLUSION Both SNPs are significantly associated with exudative AMD in the Chinese cohort and seem to contribute equally to the disease status. A higher frequency of homozygous risk genotypes and risk haplotype and a lower frequency of protective haplotype in the Chinese may be the cause of higher prevalence of exudative AMD in the Chinese than in the whites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Gotoh N, Nakanishi H, Hayashi H, Yamada R, Otani A, Tsujikawa A, Yamashiro K, Tamura H, Saito M, Saito K, Iida T, Matsuda F, Yoshimura N. ARMS2 (LOC387715) variants in Japanese patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 147:1037-41, 1041.e1-2. [PMID: 19268887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the characteristics of the polymorphisms in the ARMS2 gene in Japanese patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and those with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and in healthy controls, and also to show possible associations of the polymorphisms with the disease. DESIGN Case-control association study. METHODS Fifty-six unrelated Japanese individuals with AMD, 55 with PCV, and 77 controls were studied. The most common polymorphism in the ARMS2 gene on chromosome 10 was resequenced. Association tests were performed for inferred haplotypes. RESULTS A total of 22 polymorphisms were identified, and 13 were shared with those in White persons with AMD. The sequence of the deletion-and-insertion polymorphism, de1443ins54, a functional polymorphism causing an instability of the messenger ribonucleic acid of ARMS2 in the Japanese, did not differ from that in White persons. Among the polymorphisms seen in the White population, rs10490923 (R3H) as well as 7 other polymorphisms were not observed in the Japanese. One haplotype, which contained the T allele of the rs10490924 (A69S) and the variant of de1443ins54 polymorphism, had an odds ratio of 3.14 (P = 7.8 x 10(-6)) for AMD and 2.00 (P = .0058) for PCV. Among the 9 polymorphisms that were unique to the Japanese population, 2 had a minor allelic frequency of more than 0.05, and these 2 polymorphism were included as nonrisk haplotypes. CONCLUSIONS The de1443ins54 polymorphism is a common variant between White and Japanese populations. It is strongly associated not only with AMD but also with PCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norimoto Gotoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Ding X, Patel M, Shen D, Herzlich AA, Cao X, Villasmil R, Klupsch K, Tuo J, Downward J, Chan CC. Enhanced HtrA2/Omi expression in oxidative injury to retinal pigment epithelial cells and murine models of neurodegeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:4957-66. [PMID: 19443712 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of HtrA2/Omi, a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial serine protease with a proapoptosis function, under H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress in human RPE, in the Ccl2(-)(/)(-)Cx3cr1(-)(/)(-) double-knockout (DKO) mouse retina, and the HtrA2/Omi-deficient mice. METHODS Oxidative stress was induced in ARPE-19 cells by 1 mM H(2)O(2) for 2 hours. HtrA2/Omi and caspase-3 expression was evaluated using RQ-PCR, immunohistochemistry, or Western blot. Cell viability was detected by MTT assay. HtrA2/Omi expression in the subcellular components and activated caspase-3 were measured. These processes were also evaluated in cells treated with UCF-101, an HtrA2/Omi inhibitor or in cells subjected to RNAi against HtrA2/Omi. Oxidative stress was assayed and compared in retinas of DKO and wild-type (WT) mice by determining serum NADPH oxidase subunits and nitrite levels. Transmission electron microscopy was used to view the retinal ultrastructure of the HtrA2/Omi-deficient mice. RESULTS H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative damage resulted in HtrA2/Omi translocation from mitochondria to cytosol, leading to RPE cell apoptosis via a caspase-mediated pathway. Treatment of RPE cells with UCF-101 reduced the cytosolic translocation of HtrA2/Omi, attenuated caspase-3 activation, and decreased apoptosis. After specific HtrA2 downregulation, increased cell viability was measured in H(2)O(2)-treated ARPE-19 cells. Retina of DKO mice exhibit increased oxidative stress and upregulation of HtrA2/Omi. Fewer and abnormal mitochondria were found in HtrA2/Omi(-)(/)(-) photoreceptors and RPE. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that HtrA2/Omi is related to RPE apoptosis due to oxidative stress, which may play an important role in the integrity of mitochondria and the pathogenesis of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ding
- Section of Immunopathology, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA
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Austin BA, Liu B, Li Z, Nussenblatt RB. Biologically active fibronectin fragments stimulate release of MCP-1 and catabolic cytokines from murine retinal pigment epithelium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 50:2896-902. [PMID: 19151387 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High-temperature requirement serine protease (HTRA1) was identified as a candidate age-related macular degeneration gene in multiple genetic studies in humans. To date, no functional studies have shown a mechanism for HTRA1 to instigate ocular tissue abnormalities. In the present study, the authors focused on a substrate of HTRA1, fibronectin, because fibronectin fragments (Fnfs) stimulate biochemical events in other age-related degenerative diseases that are analogous to changes associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The purpose of the study was to determine whether Fnfs stimulate the release of proinflammatory and catabolic cytokines from murine retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). METHODS Fibronectin was purified from murine serum by gelatin cross-linked agarose chromatography and subsequently was enzymatically digested with alpha-chymotrypsin. The bioactivity of Fnfs was verified by measuring levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in Fnf-exposed murine splenocytes. To analyze the effect of Fnfs on RPE, cytokine and chemokine levels in RPE culture supernatants were assayed by ELISA. RESULTS IL-6 and TNF-alpha proinflammatory cytokines were released from primary murine splenocytes in proportion to the dose and length of Fnf treatment, indicating that alpha-chymotryptic digests of fibronectin are biologically active. Fnf treatment of murine RPE cells stimulated the release of microgram and nanogram levels of IL-6, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MCP-1, whereas only picogram levels were detected in untreated cells. CONCLUSIONS Fnfs stimulate the release of proinflammatory cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and monocyte chemoattractant protein from murine RPE cells. This observation indicated that Fnfs could contribute to ocular abnormalities by promoting inflammation, catabolism, and monocyte chemoattraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobbie Ann Austin
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1857, USA.
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Seitsonen SP, Onkamo P, Peng G, Xiong M, Tommila PV, Ranta PH, Holopainen JM, Moilanen JA, Palosaari T, Kaarniranta K, Meri S, Immonen IR, Järvelä IE. Multifactor effects and evidence of potential interaction between complement factor H Y402H and LOC387715 A69S in age-related macular degeneration. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3833. [PMID: 19048105 PMCID: PMC2585793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Variants in the complement cascade genes and the LOC387715/HTRA1, have been widely reported to associate with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of visual impairment in industrialized countries. Methods/Principal Findings We investigated the association between the LOC387715 A69S and complement component C3 R102G risk alleles in the Finnish case-control material and found a significant association with both variants (OR 2.98, p = 3.75×10−9; non-AMD controls and OR 2.79, p = 2.78×10−19, blood donor controls and OR 1.83, p = 0.008; non-AMD controls and OR 1.39, p = 0.039; blood donor controls), respectively. Previously, we have shown a strong association between complement factor H (CFH) Y402H and AMD in the Finnish population. A carrier of at least one risk allele in each of the three susceptibility loci (LOC387715, C3, CFH) had an 18-fold risk of AMD when compared to a non-carrier homozygote in all three loci. A tentative gene-gene interaction between the two major AMD-associated loci, LOC387715 and CFH, was found in this study using a multiplicative (logistic regression) model, a synergy index (departure-from-additivity model) and the mutual information method (MI), suggesting that a common causative pathway may exist for these genes. Smoking (ever vs. never) exerted an extra risk for AMD, but somewhat surprisingly, only in connection with other factors such as sex and the C3 genotype. Population attributable risks (PAR) for the CFH, LOC387715 and C3 variants were 58.2%, 51.4% and 5.8%, respectively, the summary PAR for the three variants being 65.4%. Conclusions/Significance Evidence for gene-gene interaction between two major AMD associated loci CFH and LOC387715 was obtained using three methods, logistic regression, a synergy index and the mutual information (MI) index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna P Seitsonen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Although the etiology and pathogenesis of AMD remain largely unclear, a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors is thought to exist. AMD pathology is characterized by degeneration involving the retinal photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane, as well as, in some cases, alterations in choroidal capillaries. Recent research on the genetic and molecular underpinnings of AMD brings to light several basic molecular pathways and pathophysiological processes that might mediate AMD risk, progression, and/or response to therapy. This review summarizes, in detail, the molecular pathological findings in both humans and animal models, including genetic variations in CFH, CX3CR1, and ARMS2/HtrA1, as well as the role of numerous molecules implicated in inflammation, apoptosis, cholesterol trafficking, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Ding
- Immunopathology Section, Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
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Tuo J, Ross RJ, Reed GF, Yan Q, Wang JJ, Bojanowski CM, Chew EY, Feng X, Olsen TW, Ferris FL, Mitchell P, Chan CC. The HtrA1 promoter polymorphism, smoking, and age-related macular degeneration in multiple case-control samples. Ophthalmology 2008; 115:1891-8. [PMID: 18718667 PMCID: PMC2610681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association and combined effect on the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) by the HtrA1 and complement factor H (CFH) polymorphisms, smoking, and serum cholesterol. DESIGN Clinic-based and population-based case control study. PARTICIPANTS A total of 805 AMD cases and 921 controls from The Eye Clinic of National Eye Institute, Age-Related Eye Diseases Study, Blue Mountain Eye Study Cohort, and Minnesota Lions Eye Bank. METHODS DNA samples were genotyped for polymorphisms of rs11200638 in HtrA1 promoter and rs380390 in CFH. HtrA1 protein in ocular tissue was measured. Interactions of the HtrA1 risk allele with the CFH risk variant, smoking status, and cholesterol were assessed. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AMD was evaluated by retinal specialists, and AMD subtypes (geographic atrophy and neovascularization) were determined. RESULTS Strong associations of the HtrA1 risk allele (A) with AMD were present in all sample sets. A similar magnitude of association was observed for central geographic atrophy and neovascular AMD. The combination of the HtrA1 and CFH risk alleles increased AMD susceptibility, as did the combination of the HtrA1 risk allele with smoking. No combined effect of HtrA1 risk allele and cholesterol level was found. Enhanced expression of HtrA1 protein was detected in retina with AMD. CONCLUSIONS Findings from multiple samples support an AMD genetic variant harbored within HtrA1. The risk of advanced AMD increased when the presence of risk alleles from HtrA1 was combined with either CFH risk alleles or history of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Tuo
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Ross
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - George F. Reed
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qing Yan
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Christine M. Bojanowski
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiao Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy W. Olsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Frederick L. Ferris
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Mojana F, Cheng L, Bartsch DUG, Silva GA, Kozak I, Nigam N, Freeman WR. The role of abnormal vitreomacular adhesion in age-related macular degeneration: spectral optical coherence tomography and surgical results. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 146:218-227. [PMID: 18538742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2007] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the incidence of vitreomacular adhesion and traction in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and to evaluate surgical treatment in a subset of patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) nonresponsive to anti-neovascular growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment. DESIGN Retrospective observational case-control and interventional case series. METHODS Spectral optical coherence tomography, combined with simultaneous scanning laser ophthalmoscope (Spectral OCT/SLO), was performed in 170 eyes of 94 elderly patients, 61 with exudative AMD, 59 with nonexudative AMD, and 50 control eyes. The presence of hyaloid adhesion to the posterior pole, and vitreomacular traction (VMT) were determined. Five patients with VMT underwent surgical hyaloid removal. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and retinal thickness were evaluated as outcomes. RESULTS Hyaloid adhesion was present in 17 eyes with exudative AMD (27.8%), 15 eyes with nonexudative AMD (25.4%), and eight control eyes (16%). Significant difference was found among the groups (P = .002). Among the eyes with hyaloid adhesion, VMT was shown in 10 eyes (59%) with exudative AMD, two eyes (13%) with nonexudative AMD, and one control eye (12%). VMT was associated with the severity of AMD (P = .0082). The area of hyaloid adhesion was significantly smaller than and concentric to the area of CNV complex in eyes with exudative AMD. Eyes with VMT that underwent surgery experienced a modest improvement of BCVA and decrease of retinal thickness. CONCLUSIONS Hyaloid adhesion to the macula is associated with AMD, and frequently causes VMT in eyes with CNV. Tractional forces may antagonize the effect of anti-VEGF treatment, and cause pharmacological resistance in a subpopulation of patients. Future studies are needed to define the role of vitreoretinal surgery in such cases. Spectral OCT/SLO allows careful diagnosis and follow-up.
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Gotoh N, Yamada R, Nakanishi H, Saito M, Iida T, Matsuda F, Yoshimura N. Correlation between CFHY402H and HTRA1rs11200638 genotype to typical exudative age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy phenotype in the Japanese population. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2008.01791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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C2 and CFB genes in age-related maculopathy and joint action with CFH and LOC387715 genes. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2199. [PMID: 18493315 PMCID: PMC2374901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Age-related maculopathy (ARM) is a common cause of visual impairment in the elderly populations of industrialized countries and significantly affects the quality of life of those suffering from the disease. Variants within two genes, the complement factor H (CFH) and the poorly characterized LOC387715 (ARMS2), are widely recognized as ARM risk factors. CFH is important in regulation of the alternative complement pathway suggesting this pathway is involved in ARM pathogenesis. Two other complement pathway genes, the closely linked complement component receptor (C2) and complement factor B (CFB), were recently shown to harbor variants associated with ARM. Methods/Principal Findings We investigated two SNPs in C2 and two in CFB in independent case-control and family cohorts of white subjects and found rs547154, an intronic SNP in C2, to be significantly associated with ARM in both our case-control (P-value 0.00007) and family data (P-value 0.00001). Logistic regression analysis suggested that accounting for the effect at this locus significantly (P-value 0.002) improves the fit of a genetic risk model of CFH and LOC387715 effects only. Modeling with the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method showed that adding C2 to the two-factor model of CFH and LOC387715 increases the sensitivity (from 63% to 73%). However, the balanced accuracy increases only from 71% to 72%, and the specificity decreases from 80% to 72%. Conclusions/Significance C2/CFB significantly influences AMD susceptibility and although accounting for effects at this locus does not dramatically increase the overall accuracy of the genetic risk model, the improvement over the CFH-LOC387715 model is statistically significant.
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Gibbs D, Yang Z, Constantine R, Ma X, Camp NJ, Yang X, Chen H, Jorgenson A, Hau V, Dewan A, Zeng J, Harmon J, Buehler J, Brand JM, Hoh J, Cameron DJ, Dixit M, Tong Z, Zhang K. Further mapping of 10q26 supports strong association of HTRA1 polymorphisms with age-related macular degeneration. Vision Res 2008; 48:685-9. [PMID: 18207215 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex disorder with genetic and environmental influences. The genetic influences affecting AMD are not well understood and few genes have been consistently implicated and replicated for this disease. A polymorphism (rs11200638) in a transcription factor binding site of the HTRA1 gene has been described, in previous reports, as being most significantly associated with AMD. In this paper, we investigate haplotype association and individual polymorphic association by genotyping additional variants in the AMD risk-associated region of chromosome 10q26. We demonstrate that rs11200638 in the promoter region and rs2293870 in exon 1 of HTRA1, are among the most significantly associated variants for advanced forms of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gibbs
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Moran Eye Center, Building 533, Room 3160A, 15 North 2030 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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