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Bai JF, Majjigapu SR, Sordat B, Poty S, Vogel P, Elías-Rodríguez P, Moreno-Vargas AJ, Carmona AT, Caffa I, Ghanem M, Khalifa A, Monacelli F, Cea M, Robina I, Gajate C, Mollinedo F, Bellotti A, Nahimana A, Duchosal M, Nencioni A. Identification of new FK866 analogues with potent anticancer activity against pancreatic cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 239:114504. [PMID: 35724566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal diseases for which chemotherapy has not been very successful yet. FK866 ((E)-N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide) is a well-known NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor with anti-cancer activities, but it failed in phase II clinical trials. We found that FK866 shows anti-proliferative activity in three PDAC cell lines, as well as in Jurkat T-cell leukemia cells. More than 50 FK866 analogues were synthesized that introduce substituents on the phenyl ring of the piperidine benzamide group of FK866 and exchange its buta-1,4-diyl tether for 1-oxyprop-3-yl, (E)-but-2-en-1,4-diyl and 2- and 3-carbon tethers. The pyridin-3-yl moiety of FK866 was exchanged for chlorinated and fluorinated analogues and for pyrazin-2-yl and pyridazin-4-yl groups. Several compounds showed low nanomolar or sub-nanomolar cell growth inhibitory activity. Our best cell anti-proliferative compounds were the 2,4,6-trimethoxybenzamide analogue of FK866 ((E)-N-(4-(1-(2,4,6-trimethoxybenzoyl)piperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide) (9), the 2,6-dimethoxybenzamide (8) and 2-methoxybenzamide (4), which exhibited an IC50 of 0.16 nM, 0.004 nM and 0.08 nM toward PDAC cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fei Bai
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Swiss Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Somi Reddy Majjigapu
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Swiss Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Sordat
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Swiss Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Poty
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Swiss Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vogel
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Swiss Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pilar Elías-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Antonio J Moreno-Vargas
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Ana T Carmona
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Irene Caffa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Moustafa Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Amr Khalifa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michele Cea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Inmaculada Robina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41012, Spain
| | - Consuelo Gajate
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Faustino Mollinedo
- Laboratory of Cell Death and Cancer Therapy, Department of Molecular Biomedicine Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Axel Bellotti
- Central Laboratory of Hematology, Medical Laboratory and Pathology Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aimable Nahimana
- Central Laboratory of Hematology, Medical Laboratory and Pathology Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Duchosal
- Central Laboratory of Hematology, Medical Laboratory and Pathology Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland; Service of Hematology, Oncology Department, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Genoa, Italy.
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Identification of NAPRT Inhibitors with Anti-Cancer Properties by In Silico Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070848. [PMID: 35890147 PMCID: PMC9318686 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Depriving cancer cells of sufficient NAD levels, mainly through interfering with their NAD-producing capacity, has been conceived as a promising anti-cancer strategy. Numerous inhibitors of the NAD-producing enzyme, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), have been developed over the past two decades. However, their limited anti-cancer activity in clinical trials raised the possibility that cancer cells may also exploit alternative NAD-producing enzymes. Recent studies show the relevance of nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase (NAPRT), the rate-limiting enzyme of the Preiss–Handler NAD-production pathway for a large group of human cancers. We demonstrated that the NAPRT inhibitor 2-hydroxynicotinic acid (2-HNA) cooperates with the NAMPT inhibitor FK866 in killing NAPRT-proficient cancer cells that were otherwise insensitive to FK866 alone. Despite this emerging relevance of NAPRT as a potential target in cancer therapy, very few NAPRT inhibitors exist. Starting from a high-throughput virtual screening approach, we were able to identify and annotate two additional chemical scaffolds that function as NAPRT inhibitors. These compounds show comparable anti-cancer activity to 2-HNA and improved predicted aqueous solubility, in addition to demonstrating favorable drug-like profiles.
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PAK4 and NAMPT as Novel Therapeutic Targets in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma, Follicular Lymphoma, and Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010160. [PMID: 35008323 PMCID: PMC8750170 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) are cancers of the white blood cells. While some NHL subtypes, such as Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), grow and spread aggressively, others, like follicular lymphoma (FL), are indolent in nature. Irrespective of how fast they grow, all NHL subtypes can spread to other organs in the body if not treated. In this study, we have demonstrated that the targeted inhibition of p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) in different NHL subtypes by a novel, orally bioavailable, dual inhibitor KPT-9274 can lead to energy depletion, inhibition of cell proliferation, and ultimately apoptosis. KPT-9274 treatment shows potent anti-tumor effects in DLBCL and MCL subcutaneous xenograft models and enhances mice survival in a systemic FL model. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of targeting PAK4 and NAMPT by a small molecule inhibitor KPT-9274 for NHL therapy. Abstract Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), grade 3b follicular lymphoma (FL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) are aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL). Cure rates are suboptimal and novel treatment strategies are needed to improve outcomes. Here, we show that p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase (NAMPT) is critical for lymphoma subsistence. Dual targeting of PAK4-NAMPT by the Phase I small molecule KPT-9274 suppressed cell proliferation in DLBCL, FL, and MCL. Growth inhibition was concurrent with apoptosis induction alongside activation of pro-apoptotic proteins and reduced pro-survival markers. We observed NAD suppression, ATP reduction, and consequent cellular metabolic collapse in lymphoma cells due to KPT-9274 treatment. KPT-9274 in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapeutics led to superior inhibition of cell proliferation. In vivo, KPT-9274 could markedly suppress the growth of WSU-DLCL2 (DLBCL), Z-138, and JeKo-1 (MCL) sub-cutaneous xenografts, and a remarkable increase in host life span was shown, with a 50% cure of a systemic WSU-FSCCL (FL) model. Residual tumor analysis confirmed a reduction in total and phosphorylated PAK4 and activation of the pro-apoptotic cascade. This study, using various preclinical experimental models, demonstrates the therapeutic potential of targeting PAK4-NAMPT in DLBCL, FL, and MCL. The orally bioavailable, safe, and efficacious PAK4-NAMPT dual inhibitor KPT-9274 warrants further clinical investigation.
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Zeng M, Wei TF, Chen C, Shen C, Gao TY, Xie X, Wu M, Lu YB, Zhang WP. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase inhibitor ameliorates mouse aging-induced cognitive impairment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2510-2523. [PMID: 33818184 PMCID: PMC8504953 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211006291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the key enzyme for the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) in the salvaging pathway. Though NAMPT inhibitors such as FK866 were originally developed as anti-cancer drugs, they also display neuroprotective effects. Here we show that the administration of FK866 at 0.5 mg/kg (ip, qod) for four weeks, i.e., ∼1% of the dose used for the treatment of cancer, significantly alleviates the aging-induced impairment of cognition and locomotor activity. Mechanistically, FK866 enhanced autophagy, reduced protein aggregation, and inhibited neuroinflammation indicated by decreasing TNFα, IL-6, GFAP, and Iba1 levels in the aged mouse brain. Though FK866 did not affect the total NAD and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) levels in the mouse brain at the dose we used, FK866 increased nicotinamide (NAM) level in the young mouse brain and decreased NAM level in the aged mouse brain. On the other hand, FK866 did not affect the serum glucose, cholesterol, and triglyceride of young and aged mice and exhibited no effects on the various indices of young mice. Thus, the NAMPT inhibitor can be repurpose to counteract the cognitive impairment upon aging. We also envision that NAMPT inhibitor can be used for the treatment of age-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zeng
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tao-Feng Wei
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Shen
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tong-Yao Gao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xian Xie
- Hospital of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun-Bi Lu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei-Ping Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China
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Ghanem MS, Monacelli F, Nencioni A. Advances in NAD-Lowering Agents for Cancer Treatment. Nutrients 2021; 13:1665. [PMID: 34068917 PMCID: PMC8156468 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential redox cofactor, but it also acts as a substrate for NAD-consuming enzymes, regulating cellular events such as DNA repair and gene expression. Since such processes are fundamental to support cancer cell survival and proliferation, sustained NAD production is a hallmark of many types of neoplasms. Depleting intratumor NAD levels, mainly through interference with the NAD-biosynthetic machinery, has emerged as a promising anti-cancer strategy. NAD can be generated from tryptophan or nicotinic acid. In addition, the "salvage pathway" of NAD production, which uses nicotinamide, a byproduct of NAD degradation, as a substrate, is also widely active in mammalian cells and appears to be highly exploited by a subset of human cancers. In fact, research has mainly focused on inhibiting the key enzyme of the latter NAD production route, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), leading to the identification of numerous inhibitors, including FK866 and CHS-828. Unfortunately, the clinical activity of these agents proved limited, suggesting that the approaches for targeting NAD production in tumors need to be refined. In this contribution, we highlight the recent advancements in this field, including an overview of the NAD-lowering compounds that have been reported so far and the related in vitro and in vivo studies. We also describe the key NAD-producing pathways and their regulation in cancer cells. Finally, we summarize the approaches that have been explored to optimize the therapeutic response to NAMPT inhibitors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa S. Ghanem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.G.); (F.M.)
| | - Fiammetta Monacelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.G.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessio Nencioni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DIMI), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.S.G.); (F.M.)
- Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Mellouk N, Ramé C, Barbe A, Grandhaye J, Froment P, Dupont J. Chicken Is a Useful Model to Investigate the Role of Adipokines in Metabolic and Reproductive Diseases. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:4579734. [PMID: 30018639 PMCID: PMC6029501 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4579734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is a complex and essential physiological process required by all species to produce a new generation. This process involves strict hormonal regulation, depending on a connection between the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis and peripheral organs. Metabolic homeostasis influences the reproductive functions, and its alteration leads to disturbances in the reproductive functions of humans as well as animals. For a long time, adipose tissue has been recognised as an endocrine organ but its ability to secrete and release hormones called adipokines is now emerging. Adipokines have been found to play a major role in the regulation of metabolic and reproductive processes at both central and peripheral levels. Leptin was initially the first adipokine that has been described to be the most involved in the metabolism/reproduction interrelation in mammals. In avian species, the role of leptin is still under debate. Recently, three novel adipokines have been discovered: adiponectin (ADIPOQ, ACRP30), visfatin (NAMPT, PBEF), and chemerin (RARRES2, TIG2). However, their mode of action between mammalian and nonmammalian species is different due to the different reproductive and metabolic systems. Herein, we will provide an overview of the structure and function related to metabolic and reproductive mechanisms of the latter three adipokines with emphasis on avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namya Mellouk
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Christelle Ramé
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Alix Barbe
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Jérémy Grandhaye
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Joëlle Dupont
- INRA, UMR 85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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Kennedy BE, Sharif T, Martell E, Dai C, Kim Y, Lee PWK, Gujar SA. NAD + salvage pathway in cancer metabolism and therapy. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:274-283. [PMID: 27816507 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential coenzyme for various physiological processes including energy metabolism, DNA repair, cell growth, and cell death. Many of these pathways are typically dysregulated in cancer cells, making NAD+ an intriguing target for cancer therapeutics. NAD+ is mainly synthesized by the NAD+ salvage pathway in cancer cells, and not surprisingly, the pharmacological targeting of the NAD+ salvage pathway causes cancer cell cytotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Several studies have described the precise consequences of NAD+ depletion on cancer biology, and have demonstrated that NAD+ depletion results in depletion of energy levels through lowered rates of glycolysis, reduced citric acid cycle activity, and decreased oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, depletion of NAD+ causes sensitization of cancer cells to oxidative damage by disruption of the anti-oxidant defense system, decreased cell proliferation, and initiation of cell death through manipulation of cell signaling pathways (e.g., SIRT1 and p53). Recently, studies have explored the effect of well-known cancer therapeutics in combination with pharmacological depletion of NAD+ levels, and found in many cases a synergistic effect on cancer cell cytotoxicity. In this context, we will discuss the effects of NAD+ salvage pathway inhibition on cancer cell biology and provide insight on this pathway as a novel anti-cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry E Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Tanveer Sharif
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Emma Martell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cathleen Dai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Youra Kim
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Patrick W K Lee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Shashi A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Systems Research, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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8
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Chen X, Zhao S, Song Y, Shi Y, Leak RK, Cao G. The Role of Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase in Cerebral Ischemia. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 15:2211-21. [PMID: 26059356 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150610142234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only drug approved for the clinical treatment of acute ischemic stroke, there is an urgent unmet need for novel stroke treatments. Endogenous defense mechanisms against stroke may hold the key to new therapies for stroke. A large number of studies suggest that nicotinamide phosphoribosyl-transferase (NAMPT is an attractive candidate to improve post-stroke recovery. NAMPT is a multifunctional protein and plays important roles in immunity, metabolism, aging, inflammation, and stress responses. NAMPT exists in both the intracellular and extracellular space. As a rate-limiting enzyme, the intracellular form (iNAMPT catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD from nicotinamide. iNAMPT closely regulates energy metabolism, enhancing the proliferation of endothelial cells, inhibiting apoptosis, regulating vascular tone, and stimulating autophagy in disease conditions such as stroke. Extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT is also known as visfatin (visceral fat-derived adipokine and has pleotropic effects. It is widely believed that the diverse biological functions of eNAMPT are attributed to its NAMPT enzymatic activity. However, the effects of eNAMPT on ischemic injury are still controversial. Some authors have argued that eNAMPT exacerbates ischemic neuronal injury non-enzymatically by triggering the release of TNF-α from glial cells. In addition, NAMPT also participates in several pathophysiological processes such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and ischemic heart disease. Thus, it remains unclear under what conditions NAMPT is beneficial or destructive. Recent work using in vitro and in vivo genetic/ pharmacologic manipulations, including our own studies, has greatly improved our understanding of NAMPT. This review focuses on the multifaceted and complex roles of NAMPT under both normal and ischemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhi Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Keshari KR, Wilson DM, Van Criekinge M, Sriram R, Koelsch BL, Wang ZJ, VanBrocklin HF, Peehl DM, O’Brien T, Sampath D, Carano RAD, Kurhanewicz J. Metabolic response of prostate cancer to nicotinamide phophoribosyltransferase inhibition in a hyperpolarized MR/PET compatible bioreactor. Prostate 2015; 75:1601-9. [PMID: 26177608 PMCID: PMC4537380 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic shifts in disease are of great interest for the development of novel therapeutics. In cancer treatment, these therapies exploit the metabolic phenotype associated with oncogenesis and cancer progression. One recent strategy involves the depletion of the cofactors needed to maintain the high rate of glycolysis seen with the Warburg effect. Specifically, blocking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) biosynthesis via nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibition depletes cancer cells of the NAD needed for glycolysis. To characterize this metabolic phenotype in vivo and describe changes in flux with treatment, non-invasive biomarkers are necessary. One such biomarker is hyperpolarized (HP) [1-(13) C] pyruvate, a clinically translatable probe that allows real-time assessment of metabolism. METHODS We therefore developed a cell perfusion system compatible with HP magnetic resonance (MR) and positron emission tomography (PET) to develop translatable biomarkers of response to NAMPT inhibition in reduced volume cell cultures. RESULTS Using this platform, we observed a reduction in pyruvate flux through lactate dehydrogenase with NAMPT inhibition in prostate cancer cells, and showed that both HP lactate and 2-[(18) F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) can be used as biomarkers for treatment response of such targeted agents. Moreover, we observed dynamic flux changes whereby HP pyruvate was re-routed to alanine, providing both positive and negative indicators of treatment response. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the feasibility of a MR/PET compatible bioreactor approach to efficiently explore cell and tissue metabolism, the understanding of which is critical for developing clinically translatable biomarkers of disease states and responses to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayvan R. Keshari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence and Reprint Request: Kayvan R. Keshari, Ph.D., Assistant Member, Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, Phone: (646) 888-3631, Fax: (646) 422-0247,
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bertram L. Koelsch
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Henry F. VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tom O’Brien
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Deepak Sampath
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Richard A. D. Carano
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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10
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Garten A, Schuster S, Penke M, Gorski T, de Giorgis T, Kiess W. Physiological and pathophysiological roles of NAMPT and NAD metabolism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2015. [PMID: 26215259 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2015.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a regulator of the intracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) pool. NAD is an essential coenzyme involved in cellular redox reactions and is a substrate for NAD-dependent enzymes. In various metabolic disorders and during ageing, levels of NAD are decreased. Through its NAD-biosynthetic activity, NAMPT influences the activity of NAD-dependent enzymes, thereby regulating cellular metabolism. In addition to its enzymatic function, extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT) has cytokine-like activity. Abnormal levels of eNAMPT are associated with various metabolic disorders. NAMPT is able to modulate processes involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and related disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by influencing the oxidative stress response, apoptosis, lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation and insulin resistance. NAMPT also has a crucial role in cancer cell metabolism, is often overexpressed in tumour tissues and is an experimental target for antitumour therapies. In this Review, we discuss current understanding of the functions of NAMPT and highlight progress made in identifying the physiological role of NAMPT and its relevance in various human diseases and conditions, such as obesity, NAFLD, T2DM, cancer and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Garten
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Schuster
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Melanie Penke
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Theresa Gorski
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tommaso de Giorgis
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- Center for Pediatric Research Leipzig, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Gehrke I, Bouchard ED, Beiggi S, Poeppl AG, Johnston JB, Gibson SB, Banerji V. On-Target Effect of FK866, a Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyl Transferase Inhibitor, by Apoptosis-Mediated Death in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4861-72. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Oh A, Ho YC, Zak M, Liu Y, Chen X, Yuen PW, Zheng X, Liu Y, Dragovich PS, Wang W. Structural and biochemical analyses of the catalysis and potency impact of inhibitor phosphoribosylation by human nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1121-30. [PMID: 24797455 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a strategy for targeting cancer metabolism. Many NAMPT inhibitors undergo NAMPT-catalyzed phosphoribosylation (pRib), a property often correlated with their cellular potency. To understand this phenomenon and facilitate drug design, we analyzed a potent cellularly active NAMPT inhibitor (GNE-617). A crystal structure of pRib-GNE-617 in complex with NAMPT protein revealed a relaxed binding mode. Consistently, the adduct formation resulted in tight binding and strong product inhibition. In contrast, a biochemically equipotent isomer of GNE-617 (GNE-643) also formed pRib adducts but displayed significantly weaker cytotoxicity. Structural analysis revealed an altered ligand conformation of GNE-643, thus suggesting weak association of the adducts with NAMPT. Our data support a model for cellularly active NAMPT inhibitors that undergo NAMPT-catalyzed phosphoribosylation to produce pRib adducts that retain efficient binding to the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Oh
- Genentech, Inc., Department of Structural Biology, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080 (USA)
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13
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Dong WR, Sun CC, Zhu G, Hu SH, Xiang LX, Shao JZ. New function for Escherichia coli xanthosine phophorylase (xapA): genetic and biochemical evidences on its participation in NAD(+) salvage from nicotinamide. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:29. [PMID: 24506841 PMCID: PMC3923242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In an effort to reconstitute the NAD(+) synthetic pathway in Escherichia coli (E. coli), we produced a set of gene knockout mutants with deficiencies in previously well-defined NAD(+)de novo and salvage pathways. Unexpectedly, the mutant deficient in NAD(+) de novo and salvage pathway I could grow in M9/nicotinamide medium, which was contradictory to the proposed classic NAD(+) metabolism of E. coli. Such E. coli mutagenesis assay suggested the presence of an undefined machinery to feed nicotinamide into the NAD(+) biosynthesis. We wanted to verify whether xanthosine phophorylase (xapA) contributed to a new NAD(+) salvage pathway from nicotinamide. RESULTS Additional knockout of xapA further slowed down the bacterial growth in M9/nicotinamide medium, whereas the complementation of xapA restored the growth phenotype. To further validate the new function of xapA, we cloned and expressed E. coli xapA as a recombinant soluble protein. Biochemical assay confirmed that xapA was capable of using nicotinamide as a substrate for nicotinamide riboside formation. CONCLUSIONS Both the genetic and biochemical evidences indicated that xapA could convert nicotinamide to nicotinamide riboside in E. coli, albeit with relatively weak activity, indicating that xapA may contribute to a second NAD(+) salvage pathway from nicotinamide. We speculate that this xapA-mediated NAD(+) salvage pathway might be significant in some bacteria lacking NAD(+) de novo and NAD(+) salvage pathway I or II, to not only use nicotinamide riboside, but also nicotinamide as precursors to synthesize NAD(+). However, this speculation needs to be experimentally tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guan Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Galli U, Travelli C, Massarotti A, Fakhfouri G, Rahimian R, Tron GC, Genazzani AA. Medicinal chemistry of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6279-96. [PMID: 23679915 DOI: 10.1021/jm4001049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phoshophoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) plays a key role in the replenishment of the NAD pool in cells. This in turn makes this enzyme an important player in bioenergetics and in the regulation of NAD-using enzymes, such as PARPs and sirtuins. Furthermore, there is now ample evidence that NAMPT is secreted and has a role as a cytokine. An important role of either the intracellular or extracellular form of NAMPT has been shown in cancer, inflammation, and metabolic diseases. The first NAMPT inhibitors (FK866 and CHS828) have already entered clinical trials, and a surge in interest in the synthesis of novel molecules has occurred. The present review summarizes the recent progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldina Galli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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15
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PBEF/NAMPT/visfatin: a promising drug target for treating rheumatoid arthritis? Future Med Chem 2012; 4:751-69. [PMID: 22530639 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NAMPT, also known as pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor and visfatin, has been proposed to be involved in preventing apoptosis in cancer cells and, as such, has received a great deal of attention in recent years and stimulated the development to specific inhibitors for treating cancer. The role of NAMPT inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for other diseases has not been studied extensively. Here, we describe their applicability for treating rheumatoid arthritis. We summarize current knowledge of NAMPT expression in healthy and diseased tissues, thereafter, we focus on pathological mechanisms relevant to rheumatoid arthritis that involve the NAMPT pathway and review the current status of NAMPT inhibitors being evaluated in clinical trials.
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16
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Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase is the rate-limiting enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide from nicotinamide. This protein was originally cloned as a putative pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor and also found to be a visceral fat-derived adipokine (visfatin). As a multifunctional protein, visfatin plays an important role in immunity, metabolism, aging, inflammation, and responses to stress. Visfatin also participates in several pathophysiological processes contributing to cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and ischemic stroke. However, whether visfatin is a friend or a foe in these diseases remains uncertain. This brief review focuses on the current understanding of the complex role of visfatin in the cardio-cerebro-vascular system under normal and pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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17
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Gillig A, Majjigapu SR, Sordat B, Vogel P. Synthesis of a C-Iminoribofuranoside Analog of the Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) Inhibitor FK866. Helv Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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18
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Zhang LY, Liu LY, Qie LL, Ling KN, Xu LH, Wang F, Fang SH, Lu YB, Hu H, Wei EQ, Zhang WP. Anti-proliferation effect of APO866 on C6 glioblastoma cells by inhibiting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 674:163-70. [PMID: 22119381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is a key enzyme in the salvaging pathway for the synthesis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) that is involved in cell metabolism and proliferation. NAMPT is normally absent in astrocyte but highly expressed in glioblastoma, suggesting that it may promote cell survival through synthesizing more NAD. In this report, we evaluated the effect of APO866, a potent inhibitor of NAMPT against C6 glioblastoma. We found that APO866 inhibited the growth of C6 glioblastoma cells with IC(50) in nano-molar range. APO866 depleted intracellular NAD, caused marked inhibition of ERK activation and induced G2/M cell-cycle arrest. The effects by APO866 were abrogated by nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), the direct product of NAMPT. Administration of U0126, an ERK1/2 inhibitor, inhibited cell growth but displayed no synergistic effect with APO866. Taken together, our results indicated that APO866 is a potent growth inhibitor against glioblastoma through targeting NAMPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 388 Yu-Hang-Tang Rd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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19
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Schilling E, Wehrhahn J, Klein C, Raulien N, Ceglarek U, Hauschildt S. Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase modifies LPS-induced inflammatory responses of human monocytes. Innate Immun 2011; 18:518-30. [PMID: 21975728 DOI: 10.1177/1753425911423853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified enzymes that use NAD as a substrate, thus contributing to its net consumption. To maintain the intracellular pool, NAD is re-synthesized by a salvage pathway using nicotinamide, the by-product generated by the enzymatic cleavage of NAD. Enzymes involved in NAD re-synthesis include nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase. Our studies show, that NAMPT was substantially up-regulated by LPS in primary human monocytes, suggesting that it may be especially required during the process of monocyte activation. To evaluate the contribution of the NAD rescue pathway to LPS-induced biological responses in human monocytes, we used APO866, a well-characterized inhibitor of NAMPT. Concomitant with the inhibition of NAMPT, LPS-induced TNF-α protein synthesis declined, while TNF-α mRNA levels were minimally affected. Moreover, APO866 strongly decreased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased surface expression of the NAD-consuming enzyme CD38, and modified the production of selective eicosanoids. We further demonstrate that protein ADP-ribosylation was strongly reduced, indicating a possible link between this post-translational protein modification and human monocyte inflammatory responses. Despite a substantial reduction in intracellular NAD levels, activated monocytes were resistant to apoptosis, while resting monocytes were not. Taken together, our data suggest that activated monocytes strongly depend on the NAD salvage pathway to mount an appropriate inflammatory response. Their survival is not affected by NAD-depletion, probably as a result of LPS-mediated anti-apoptotic signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Schilling
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Germany
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20
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You H, Youn HS, Im I, Bae MH, Lee SK, Ko H, Eom SH, Kim YC. Design, synthesis and X-ray crystallographic study of NAmPRTase inhibitors as anti-cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1153-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Park JW, Kim WH, Shin SH, Kim JY, Yun MR, Park KJ, Park HY. Visfatin exerts angiogenic effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cells through the mTOR signaling pathway. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1813:763-71. [PMID: 21329734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The biologically active factors known as adipocytokines are secreted primarily by adipose tissues and can act as modulators of angiogenesis. Visfatin, an adipocytokine that has recently been reported to have angiogenic properties, is upregulated in diabetes, cancer, and inflammatory diseases. Because maintenance of an angiogenic balance is critically important in the management of these diseases, understanding the molecular mechanism by which visfatin promotes angiogenesis is very important. In this report, we describe our findings demonstrating that visfatin stimulates the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, which plays important roles in angiogenesis. Visfatin induced the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human endothelial cells. Inhibition of the mTOR pathway by rapamycin eliminated the angiogenic and proliferative effects of visfatin. The visfatin-induced increase in VEGF expression was also eliminated by RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the 70-kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K), a downstream target of mTOR. Visfatin inactivated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) by phosphorylating it at Ser-9, leading to the nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Both rapamycin co-treatment and p70S6K knockdown inhibited visfatin-induced GSK3β phosphorylation at Ser-9 and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. Taken together, these results indicate that mTOR signaling is involved in visfatin-induced angiogenesis, and that this signaling leads to visfatin-induced VEGF expression and nuclear translocation of β-catenin. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 11th European Symposium on Calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Won Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, Nokbun-Dong, Eunpyung-Gu, Seoul 122-701, Republic of Korea
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22
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Zhang RY, Qin Y, Lv XQ, Wang P, Xu TY, Zhang L, Miao CY. A fluorometric assay for high-throughput screening targeting nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. Anal Biochem 2011; 412:18-25. [PMID: 21211508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 12/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) plays a crucial role in many cellular processes. As the rate-limiting enzyme of the predominant NAD biosynthesis pathway in mammals, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) regulates the cellular NAD level. Tumor cells are more sensitive to the NAD levels, making them more susceptible to Nampt inhibition than their nontumorigenic counterparts. Experimental evidence has indicated that Nampt might have proangiogenic activity and supports the growth of some tumors, so Nampt inhibitors may be promising as antitumor agents. However, only four Nampt inhibitors have been reported, and no high-throughput screening (HTS) strategy for Nampt has been proposed to date, largely limiting the drug discovery targeting Nampt. Therefore, the development of a robust HTS strategy for Nampt is both imperative and significant. Here we developed a fluorometric method for a Nampt activity assay by measuring the fluorescence of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) derivative resulting from the enzymatic product NMN through simple chemical reactions. Then we set up an HTS system after thorough optimizations of this method and validated that it is feasible and effective through a pilot screening on a small library. This HTS system should expedite the discovery of Nampt inhibitors as antitumor drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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23
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Olesen UH, Petersen JG, Garten A, Kiess W, Yoshino J, Imai SI, Christensen MK, Fristrup P, Thougaard AV, Björkling F, Jensen PB, Nielsen SJ, Sehested M. Target enzyme mutations are the molecular basis for resistance towards pharmacological inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:677. [PMID: 21144000 PMCID: PMC3019212 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inhibitors of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) are promising cancer drugs currently in clinical trials in oncology, including APO866, CHS-828 and the CHS-828 prodrug EB1627/GMX1777, but cancer cell resistance to these drugs has not been studied in detail. Methods Here, we introduce an analogue of CHS-828 called TP201565 with increased potency in cellular assays. Further, we describe and characterize a panel of cell lines with acquired stable resistance towards several NAMPT inhibitors of 18 to 20,000 fold compared to their parental cell lines. Results We find that 4 out of 5 of the resistant sublines display mutations of NAMPT located in the vicinity of the active site or in the dimer interface of NAMPT. Furthermore, we show that these mutations are responsible for the resistance observed. All the resistant cell lines formed xenograft tumours in vivo. Also, we confirm CHS-828 and TP201565 as competitive inhibitors of NAMPT through docking studies and by NAMPT precipitation from cellular lysate by an analogue of TP201565 linked to sepharose. The NAMPT precipitation could be inhibited by addition of APO866. Conclusion We found that CHS-828 and TP201565 are competitive inhibitors of NAMPT and that acquired resistance towards NAMPT inhibitors can be expected primarily to be caused by mutations in NAMPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uffe H Olesen
- Experimental Pathology Unit, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Lockman JW, Murphy BR, Zigar DF, Judd WR, Slattum PM, Gao ZH, Ostanin K, Green J, McKinnon R, Terry-Lorenzo RT, Fleischer TC, Boniface JJ, Shenderovich M, Willardsen JA. Analogues of 4-[(7-Bromo-2-methyl-4-oxo-3H-quinazolin-6-yl)methylprop-2-ynylamino]-N-(3-pyridylmethyl)benzamide (CB-30865) as potent inhibitors of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt). J Med Chem 2010; 53:8734-46. [PMID: 21080724 DOI: 10.1021/jm101145b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that the target of the potent cytotoxic agent 4-[(7-bromo-2-methyl-4-oxo-3H-quinazolin-6-yl)methyl-prop-2-ynylamino]-N-(3-pyridylmethyl)benzamide (CB38065, 1) is nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt). With its cellular target known we sought to optimize the biochemical and cellular Nampt activity of 1 as well as its cytotoxicity. It was found that a 3-pyridylmethylamide substituent in the A region was critical to cellular Nampt activity and cytotoxicity, although other aromatic substitution did yield compounds with submicromolar enzymatic inhibition. Small unsaturated groups worked best in the D-region of the molecule, with 3,3-dimethylallyl providing optimal potency. The E region required a quinazolin-4-one or 1,2,3-benzotriazin-4-one group for activity, and many substituents were tolerated at C² of the quinazolin-4-one. The best compounds showed subnanomolar inhibition of Nampt and low nanomolar cytotoxicity in cellular assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Lockman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Myrexis, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA.
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25
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Fleischer TC, Murphy BR, Flick JS, Terry-Lorenzo RT, Gao ZH, Davis T, McKinnon R, Ostanin K, Willardsen JA, Boniface JJ. Chemical proteomics identifies Nampt as the target of CB30865, an orphan cytotoxic compound. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 17:659-64. [PMID: 20609415 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery based on cellular phenotypes is impeded by the challenge of identifying the molecular target. To alleviate this problem, we developed a chemical proteomic process to identify cellular proteins that bind to small molecules. CB30865 is a potent (subnanomolar) and selective cytotoxic compound of previously unknown mechanism of action. By combining chemical proteomics with biochemical and cellular pharmacology we have determined that CB30865 cytotoxicity is due to subnanomolar inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt), an enzyme present in the NAD biosynthetic pathway. Cancer cells develop dependence on Nampt due to increased energy requirements and the elevated activity of NAD consuming enzymes such as sirtuins and mono and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). These findings suggest new chemical starting points for Nampt inhibitors and further implicate this enzyme as a target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey C Fleischer
- Department of Discovery Biology, Myriad Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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26
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Pittelli M, Formentini L, Faraco G, Lapucci A, Rapizzi E, Cialdai F, Romano G, Moneti G, Moroni F, Chiarugi A. Inhibition of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase: cellular bioenergetics reveals a mitochondrial insensitive NAD pool. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:34106-14. [PMID: 20724478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.136739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The NAD rescue pathway consists of two enzymatic steps operated by nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) and nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferases. Recently, the potent Nampt inhibitor FK866 has been identified and evaluated in clinical trials against cancer. Yet, how Nampt inhibition affects NAD contents and bioenergetics is in part obscure. It is also unknown whether NAD rescue takes place in mitochondria, and FK866 alters NAD homeostasis within the organelle. Here, we show that FK866-dependent reduction of the NAD contents is paralleled by a concomitant increase of ATP in various cell types, in keeping with ATP utilization for NAD resynthesis. We also show that poly- and mono(ADP-ribose) transferases rather than Sirt-1 are responsible for NAD depletion in HeLa cells exposed to FK866. Mass spectrometry reveals that the drug distributes in the cytosolic and mitochondrial compartment. However, the cytoplasmic but not the mitochondrial NAD pool is reduced upon acute or chronic exposure to the drug. Accordingly, Nampt does not localize within the organelles and their bioenergetics is not affected by the drug. In the mouse, FK866-dependent reduction of NAD contents in various organs is prevented by inhibitors of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases or the NAD precursor kynurenine. For the first time, our data indicate that mitochondria lack the canonical NAD rescue pathway, broadening current understanding of cellular bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pittelli
- Department of Preclinical and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
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