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Berger SG, Witczak BN, Reiseter S, Schwartz T, Andersson H, Hetlevik SO, Berntsen KS, Sanner H, Lilleby V, Gunnarsson R, Molberg Ø, Sjaastad I, Stokke MK. Cardiac dysfunction in mixed connective tissue disease: a nationwide observational study. Rheumatol Int 2023; 43:1055-1065. [PMID: 36933069 PMCID: PMC10126085 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-023-05308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to identify cardiac function in patients with established mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD). This was a cross-sectional case-control study of well-characterised MCTD patients who had previously been included in a nationwide cohort. Assessments comprised protocol transthoracic echocardiography, electrocardiogram and blood samples. In patients only, we evaluated the findings of high-resolution pulmonary computed tomography and disease activity. We assessed 77 MCTD patients (mean age 50.5 ± 12.3 years) with a mean disease duration of 16.4 years, and 59 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (49.9 ± 11.7 years). By echocardiography, measures of left ventricular function, i.e. fractional shortening (38.1 ± 6.4% vs. 42.3 ± 6.6%, p < 0.001), mitral annulus plane systolic excursion (MAPSE) (13.7 ± 2.1 mm vs. 15.3 ± 2.3 mm, p < 0.001) and early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (e') (0.09 ± 0.02 m/s vs. 0.11 ± 0.03 m/s, p = 0.002) were subclinical and lower in patients than controls. Right ventricular dysfunction was found in patients assessed by tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) (22.7 ± 4.0 mm vs. 25.5 ± 4.0 mm, p < 0.001). While cardiac dysfunction was not associated with pulmonary disease, e' and TAPSE were found to correlate with disease activity at baseline. In this cohort of MCTD patients, echocardiographic examinations demonstrated a higher frequency of cardiac dysfunction than in matched controls. Cardiac dysfunction was associated with disease activity at baseline, but was independent of cardiovascular risk factors and pulmonary disease. Our study indicates that cardiac dysfunction is part of the multi-organ affliction seen in MCTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Girmai Berger
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, K. G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, University of Oslo, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Birgit Nomeland Witczak
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, K. G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, University of Oslo, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Schwartz
- Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Helena Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Helga Sanner
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo New University College, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibke Lilleby
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Øyvind Molberg
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Clinical Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, K. G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, University of Oslo, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mathis Korseberg Stokke
- Institute for Experimental Medical Research, K. G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, University of Oslo, PB 4956 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Witczak BN, Hetlevik SO, Sanner H, Barth Z, Schwartz T, Flatø B, Lilleby V, Sjaastad I. Effect on Cardiac Function of Longstanding Juvenile-onset Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: A Controlled Study. J Rheumatol 2019; 46:739-747. [PMID: 30877222 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.180526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess cardiac function in patients with juvenile mixed connective tissue disease (JMCTD) compared to matched controls, and to investigate possible associations between cardiac impairment and disease variables and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS Fifty JMCTD patients (86% female) examined median 14.9 (6.6-23.0) years after disease onset were compared with 50 age- and sex-matched controls. Electrocardiogram and echocardiography [including e' as a marker for diastolic dysfunction and long-axis strain (LAS) and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) as markers of systolic function] were performed. LV dysfunction (LVD) was defined as low EF, low LAS, or low e'. Right ventricular function was assessed with tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). Cardiovascular risk factors and disease variables were assessed. RESULTS LVD was found in 16% of patients and 4% of controls (p = 0.035). EF and LAS were lower in patients compared to controls (6% lower, p < 0.001, and 4% lower, p = 0.044, respectively). TAPSE was 8% lower in patients versus controls (p = 0.008). No patients had signs of pulmonary hypertension. Patients had longer corrected QT time than controls (p = 0.012). LVD was associated with higher levels of apolipoprotein B, higher disease activity measured by physician's global assessment, longer prednisolone treatment, and more organ damage assessed with the Myositis Damage Index. CONCLUSION Patients with JMCTD had impaired left and right ventricular function compared to matched controls after median 15 years disease duration. High disease activity and longer treatment with prednisolone were factors associated with LVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Nomeland Witczak
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål; University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Bjørknes College; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,B.N. Witczak, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; S.O. Hetlevik, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; H. Sanner, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Bjørknes College; Z. Barth, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo, and Bjørknes College, and Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs; T. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Section of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; B. Flatø, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo; V. Lilleby, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; I. Sjaastad, MD, PhD, Professor, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo
| | - Siri Opsahl Hetlevik
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål; University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Bjørknes College; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary. .,B.N. Witczak, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; S.O. Hetlevik, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; H. Sanner, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Bjørknes College; Z. Barth, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo, and Bjørknes College, and Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs; T. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Section of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; B. Flatø, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo; V. Lilleby, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; I. Sjaastad, MD, PhD, Professor, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo.
| | - Helga Sanner
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål; University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Bjørknes College; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,B.N. Witczak, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; S.O. Hetlevik, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; H. Sanner, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Bjørknes College; Z. Barth, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo, and Bjørknes College, and Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs; T. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Section of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; B. Flatø, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo; V. Lilleby, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; I. Sjaastad, MD, PhD, Professor, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo
| | - Zoltan Barth
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål; University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Bjørknes College; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,B.N. Witczak, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; S.O. Hetlevik, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; H. Sanner, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Bjørknes College; Z. Barth, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo, and Bjørknes College, and Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs; T. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Section of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; B. Flatø, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo; V. Lilleby, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; I. Sjaastad, MD, PhD, Professor, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo
| | - Thomas Schwartz
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål; University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Bjørknes College; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,B.N. Witczak, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; S.O. Hetlevik, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; H. Sanner, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Bjørknes College; Z. Barth, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo, and Bjørknes College, and Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs; T. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Section of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; B. Flatø, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo; V. Lilleby, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; I. Sjaastad, MD, PhD, Professor, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo
| | - Berit Flatø
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål; University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Bjørknes College; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,B.N. Witczak, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; S.O. Hetlevik, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; H. Sanner, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Bjørknes College; Z. Barth, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo, and Bjørknes College, and Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs; T. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Section of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; B. Flatø, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo; V. Lilleby, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; I. Sjaastad, MD, PhD, Professor, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo
| | - Vibke Lilleby
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål; University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Bjørknes College; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,B.N. Witczak, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; S.O. Hetlevik, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; H. Sanner, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Bjørknes College; Z. Barth, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo, and Bjørknes College, and Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs; T. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Section of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; B. Flatø, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo; V. Lilleby, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; I. Sjaastad, MD, PhD, Professor, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo
| | - Ivar Sjaastad
- From the Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and the Section of Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål; University of Oslo; Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; Bjørknes College; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,B.N. Witczak, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; S.O. Hetlevik, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; H. Sanner, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Bjørknes College; Z. Barth, MD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo, and Bjørknes College, and Department of Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs; T. Schwartz, MD, PhD, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Section of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo; B. Flatø, MD, PhD, Professor, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, and Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo; V. Lilleby, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet; I. Sjaastad, MD, PhD, Professor, Institute for Experimental Medical Research and K.G. Jebsen Center for Cardiac Research, and Department of Cardiology, Oslo University Hospital - Ullevål, and University of Oslo
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Ryu S, Chang Y, Kang J, Yun KE, Jung HS, Kim CW, Cho J, Lima JA, Sung KC, Shin H, Guallar E. Physical activity and impaired left ventricular relaxation in middle aged adults. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12461. [PMID: 30127508 PMCID: PMC6102302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between physical activity level and impaired left ventricular (LV) relaxation in a large sample of apparently healthy men and women. We conducted a cross-sectional study in 57,449 adults who underwent echocardiography as part of a comprehensive health examination between March 2011 and December 2014. Physical activity level was assessed using the Korean version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form. The presence of impaired LV relaxation was determined based on echocardiographic findings. Physical activity levels were inversely associated with the prevalence of impaired LV relaxation. The multivariable-adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for impaired LV relaxation comparing minimally active and health-enhancing physically active groups to the inactive group were 0.84 (0.77–0.91) and 0.64 (0.58–0.72), respectively (P for trend < 0.001). These associations were modified by sex (p for interaction <0.001), with the inverse association observed in men, but not in women. This study demonstrated an inverse linear association between physical activity level and impaired LV relaxation in a large sample of middle-aged Koreans independent of potential confounders. Our findings suggest that increasing physical activity may be independently important in reducing the risk of impaired LV relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungho Ryu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. .,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Yoosoo Chang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeonggyu Kang
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Yun
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Suk Jung
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Won Kim
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Juhee Cho
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joao A Lima
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ki-Chul Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hocheol Shin
- Center for Cohort Studies, Total Healthcare Center, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Family Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eliseo Guallar
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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