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Essibayi MA, Lanzino G, Keser Z. Vitamin K antagonist versus novel oral anticoagulants for management of cervical artery dissection: Interactive systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Stroke J 2022; 7:349-357. [PMID: 36478754 PMCID: PMC9720846 DOI: 10.1177/23969873221111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Cervical artery dissection (CAD) represents a unique clinical entity with a high risk of ischemic stroke. Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) showed good efficacy in CAD management but are cumbersome to use with potentially higher bleeding rates. Novel oral anticoagulants (NOAC) are easier to use and may have similar effects but lower hemorrhagic risk. In this systematic review, we compare the efficacy of NOAC to VKA as a potential alternative treatment. Methods: The literature was searched on Pubmed, PMC, and Embase via API through the Nested Knowledge AutoLit software in February 2022 for studies evaluating both NOAC and VKA. Baseline characteristics, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and hemorrhagic and ischemic complications were collected for single and double-arm studies and analyzed using random-effect subgroup meta-analysis. Findings: Overall, 11 studies were included with 699 patients treated with VKA and 53 treated with NOAC (from three studies; two were head-to-head comparative studies). There was no statistical difference in the baseline characteristics of VKA and NOAC patients. The rates of TIA/stroke in VKA and NOAC groups were 12.3% (95% CI; 0%, 28.6%) and 5.7% (95% CI; 0%, 12.2%), respectively. Major bleeding or intracranial bleeding were comparable between groups. Lesions treated with VKA showed angiographic recanalization with a rate of 51.4% (95% CI; 35.6%, 67.1%) and for those treated with NOAC was 58.4% (95% CI; 23.9%, 93.9%). The rates of good clinical outcomes were 79.9% (95% CI; 67.6%, 92.2%) in the VKA group and 91.4% (95% CI; 78.1%, 100%) in NOAC. No statistical difference was noted among any of the outcomes between the two treatment groups. Discussion and conclusion: We highlighted comparable efficacy and safety of NOAC to VKA for stroke prevention in CAD. Further head-to-head studies are warranted to validate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuseppe Lanzino
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zafer Keser
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Liu S, Zhang X, Bai X, Yang Y, Wang T, Xu X, Xu R, Li L, Feng Y, Yang K, Wang X, Guo X, Chen J, Ma Y, Jiao L. Antiplatelet vs. Anticoagulation in Cervical Artery Dissection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Neurol 2021; 12:745106. [PMID: 34899569 PMCID: PMC8651981 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.745106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The optimal management for cervical artery dissection (CAD) is uncertain. This study aimed to summarize the current randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies for CAD. Methods: A literature search was conducted in the major databases, such as MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Only the RCTs comparing the antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies for the patients with CAD were included. Combined estimates of the relative risk (RR) of antiplatelet vs. anticoagulation were analyzed. Heterogeneity was measured using the I 2 statistical analysis. The analyses were performed in the intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) population, respectively. Results: Two RCTs involving 444 patients in the ITT population and 370 patients in the PP population were included. The quality of studies was high overall. In the ITT population, compared with the patients in the anticoagulation group, the patients in the antiplatelet group showed a higher rate of ischemic stroke within 3 months (RR = 6.73 [95% CI, 1.22-37.15], I 2 = 0%, P = 0.029). No difference between these two treatment groups was found for the outcomes of transient ischemic attack (RR = 0.37 [95% CI, 0.09-1.58], I 2 = 0%, P = 0.181), intracranial hemorrhage (RR = 0.33 [95% CI, 0.01-7.98], I 2 = 0%, P = 0.494), major extracranial bleeding (RR = 0.31 [95% CI, 0.01-7.60], I 2 = 0%, P = 0.476), or the composite of these outcomes within 3 months. For the PP population, the results of the meta-analysis of outcomes between the antiplatelet and anticoagulation groups were consistent with the ITT population. Conclusions: Compared with the antiplatelet group, the anticoagulation group has a lower risk of ischemic stroke without increasing bleeding risk when treating CAD. Anticoagulation seems to be superior over the antiplatelet in treating CAD but needs to be further tested by specifying several issues, such as location, initial symptom types, and treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihua Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Xuesong Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Yang
- Imperial College London, National Heart & Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Ran Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Evidence-Based Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Medical Library, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology, Zhumadian Central Hospital, Henan, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China
| | - Liqun Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China International Neuroscience Institute (China-INI), Beijing, China.,Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Engelter ST, Traenka C, Gensicke H, Schaedelin SA, Luft AR, Simonetti BG, Fischer U, Michel P, Sirimarco G, Kägi G, Vehoff J, Nedeltchev K, Kahles T, Kellert L, Rosenbaum S, von Rennenberg R, Sztajzel R, Leib SL, Jung S, Gralla J, Bruni N, Seiffge D, Feil K, Polymeris AA, Steiner L, Hamann J, Bonati LH, Brehm A, De Marchis GM, Peters N, Stippich C, Nolte CH, Christensen H, Wegener S, Psychogios MN, Arnold M, Lyrer P. Aspirin versus anticoagulation in cervical artery dissection (TREAT-CAD): an open-label, randomised, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol 2021; 20:341-350. [PMID: 33765420 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical artery dissection is a major cause of stroke in young people (aged <50 years). Historically, clinicians have preferred using oral anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists for patients with cervical artery dissection, although some current guidelines-based on available evidence from mostly observational studies-suggest using aspirin. If proven to be non-inferior to vitamin K antagonists, aspirin might be preferable, due to its ease of use and lower cost. We aimed to test the non-inferiority of aspirin to vitamin K antagonists in patients with cervical artery dissection. METHODS We did a multicentre, randomised, open-label, non-inferiority trial in ten stroke centres across Switzerland, Germany, and Denmark. We randomly assigned (1:1) patients aged older than 18 years who had symptomatic, MRI-verified, cervical artery dissection within 2 weeks before enrolment, to receive either aspirin 300 mg once daily or a vitamin K antagonist (phenprocoumon, acenocoumarol, or warfarin; target international normalised ratio [INR] 2·0-3·0) for 90 days. Randomisation was computer-generated using an interactive web response system, with stratification according to participating site. Independent imaging core laboratory adjudicators were masked to treatment allocation, but investigators, patients, and clinical event adjudicators were aware of treatment allocation. The primary endpoint was a composite of clinical outcomes (stroke, major haemorrhage, or death) and MRI outcomes (new ischaemic or haemorrhagic brain lesions) in the per-protocol population, assessed at 14 days (clinical and MRI outcomes) and 90 days (clinical outcomes only) after commencing treatment. Non-inferiority of aspirin would be shown if the upper limit of the two-sided 95% CI of the absolute risk difference between groups was less than 12% (non-inferiority margin). This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02046460. FINDINGS Between Sept 11, 2013, and Dec 21, 2018, we enrolled 194 patients; 100 (52%) were assigned to the aspirin group and 94 (48%) were assigned to the vitamin K antagonist group. The per-protocol population included 173 patients; 91 (53%) in the aspirin group and 82 (47%) in the vitamin K antagonist group. The primary endpoint occurred in 21 (23%) of 91 patients in the aspirin group and in 12 (15%) of 82 patients in the vitamin K antagonist group (absolute difference 8% [95% CI -4 to 21], non-inferiority p=0·55). Thus, non-inferiority of aspirin was not shown. Seven patients (8%) in the aspirin group and none in the vitamin K antagonist group had ischaemic strokes. One patient (1%) in the vitamin K antagonist group and none in the aspirin group had major extracranial haemorrhage. There were no deaths. Subclinical MRI outcomes were recorded in 14 patients (15%) in the aspirin group and in 11 patients (13%) in the vitamin K antagonist group. There were 19 adverse events in the aspirin group, and 26 in the vitamin K antagonist group. INTERPRETATION Our findings did not show that aspirin was non-inferior to vitamin K antagonists in the treatment of cervical artery dissection. FUNDING Swiss National Science Foundation, Swiss Heart Foundation, Stroke Funds Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Academic Society Basel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T Engelter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital for Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher Traenka
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital for Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henrik Gensicke
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital for Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabine A Schaedelin
- Department of Clinical Research and Clinical Trial Unit, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas R Luft
- Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Cereneo, Centre for Neurology and Rehabilitation, Vitznau, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Goeggel Simonetti
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Neuropaediatrics, Institute of Paediatrics of Southern Switzerland, San Giovanni Hospital, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Urs Fischer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Michel
- Stroke Centre and Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gaia Sirimarco
- Stroke Centre and Neurology Service, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georg Kägi
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Vehoff
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Cantonal Hospital St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Krassen Nedeltchev
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Timo Kahles
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Lars Kellert
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sverre Rosenbaum
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Regina von Rennenberg
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Sztajzel
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Geneva and Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Jung
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Gralla
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Bruni
- Department of Clinical Research and Clinical Trial Unit, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Seiffge
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Feil
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandros A Polymeris
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Levke Steiner
- Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janne Hamann
- Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo H Bonati
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex Brehm
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gian Marco De Marchis
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nils Peters
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, University Hospital for Geriatric Medicine Felix Platter, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Stippich
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian H Nolte
- Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Neurologie and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanne Christensen
- Department of Neurology, Bispebjerg Hospital and University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Wegener
- Division of Vascular Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marios-Nikos Psychogios
- Department of Neuroradiology, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Arnold
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Lyrer
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Centre, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Gomez‐Rojas O, Hafeez A, Gandhi N, Berghea R, Halalau A. Bilateral Vertebral Artery Dissection: A Case Report with Literature Review. Case Rep Med 2020; 2020:8180926. [PMID: 33101417 PMCID: PMC7568148 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8180926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a rare cause of ischemic stroke in young patients. The largely nonspecific symptoms and delayed presentation pose a serious diagnostic challenge. Medical management with either anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy is recommended, but there are no reports of successful dual therapy. We report a case of spontaneous bilateral vertebral artery dissections (VADs) treated with both anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy and a literature review on clinical presentation and the current medical and surgical management options. A 37-year-old healthy female presented to the emergency department with worsening neck pain and headache for two weeks despite over-the-counter medication, block therapy, yoga, and deep tissue neck massage. She denied any trauma but admitted to multiple roller coaster rides over the past few months. CT angiography was concerning for VADs, and MRI brain revealed multiple strokes in the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) territory. Cerebral arteriography confirmed the diagnosis of VADs. The patient was initiated on warfarin, along with atorvastatin and aspirin. She was discharged home with no complications and followed up with neurology as an outpatient. MR angiography after three months revealed complete resolution of the dissection. The patient did not report any bleeding complications from dual therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gomez‐Rojas
- Office of Occupational Health, Alexander von Humboldt Peruvian German School, Lima, Peru
| | - Adam Hafeez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nikhil Gandhi
- Internal Medicine Department, Ascension Health, St.John Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramona Berghea
- Internal Medicine Department, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra Halalau
- Internal Medicine Department, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI, USA
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, MI, USA
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