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Biofilm-Formation Ability and the Presence of Adhesion Genes in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolates from Chicken Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030728. [PMID: 33800098 PMCID: PMC7999041 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus are universally present on the mucous membranes and skin of warm-blooded animals. They are divided into two groups on the basis of their ability to clot blood plasma: the coagulase-positive (CoPS) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS). Some species can cause opportunistic infections in poultry. Identification and characterization of strains of the genus Staphylococcus isolated from farm animals are crucial in epidemiological research and for developing effective methods to treat infections and food poisoning induced by these bacteria. The main virulence factor of coagulase-negative staphylococci is considered to be their ability to form complex biofilm structures on the surfaces of damaged tissues. Biofilms increase the invasive properties of CoNS and their ability to cause infection. The purpose of this study was to determine the biofilm-forming potential of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains isolated from poultry. The frequency of selected genes potentially playing a role in the biofilm formation process was also determined. The results of the study indicate that the majority (79.3%) of CoNS isolated from broiler chickens in this study were capable of producing a biofilm. Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze the biofilm-production capacity of 87 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus strains (CoNS) isolated from broiler chickens and to determine the occurrence of biofilm-associated genes. The biofilm production capacity of staphylococci was assessed using the microtiter plate method (MTP), and the frequency of genes was determined by PCR. The ability to form a biofilm in vitro was shown in 79.3% of examined strains. Strong biofilm capacity was demonstrated in 26.4% of strains, moderate capacity in 25.3%, weak capacity in 27.6%, and a complete lack of biofilm production capacity in 20.7% of strains. The icaAB gene responsible for the production of extracellular polysaccharide adhesins was detected in 6.9% of strains. The other four genes, i.e., bap (encoding biofilm-associated protein), atlE (encoding cell surface protein exhibiting vitronectin-binding activity), fbe (encoding fibrinogen-binding protein), and eno (encoding laminin-binding protein) were detected in 5.7%, 19.5%, 8%, and 70.1% of strains, respectively. Demonstration of genes that play a role in bacterial biofilm formation may serve as a genetic basis to distinguish between symbiotic and potentially invasive coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains.
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Osman KM, Kappell AD, Orabi A, Al-Maary KS, Mubarak AS, Dawoud TM, Hemeg HA, Moussa IMI, Hessain AM, Yousef HMY, Hristova KR. Poultry and beef meat as potential seedbeds for antimicrobial resistant enterotoxigenic Bacillus species: a materializing epidemiological and potential severe health hazard. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11600. [PMID: 30072706 PMCID: PMC6072766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Bacillus cereus is of particular concern in food safety and public health, the role of other Bacillus species was overlooked. Therefore, we investigated the presence of eight enterotoxigenic genes, a hemolytic gene and phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of Bacillus species in retail meat samples. From 255 samples, 124 Bacillus isolates were recovered, 27 belonged to B. cereus and 97 were non-B. cereus species. Interestingly, the non-B. cereus isolates carried the virulence genes and exhibited phenotypic virulence characteristics as the B. cereus. However, correlation matrix analysis revealed the B. cereus group positively correlates with the presence of the genes hblA, hblC, and plc, and the detection of hemolysis (p < 0.05), while the other Bacillus sp. groups are negatively correlated. Tests for antimicrobial resistance against ten antibiotics revealed extensive drug and multi-drug resistant isolates. Statistical analyses didn't support a correlation of antibiotic resistance to tested virulence factors suggesting independence of these phenotypic markers and virulence genes. Of special interest was the isolation of Paenibacillus alvei and Geobacillus stearothermophilus from the imported meat samples being the first recorded. The isolation of non-B. cereus species carrying enterotoxigenic genes in meat within Egypt, suggests their impact on food safety and public health and should therefore not be minimised, posing an area that requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamelia M Osman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Anthony D Kappell
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ahmed Orabi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khalid S Al-Maary
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman S Mubarak
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turki M Dawoud
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Clinical Laboratory sciences, college of Applied Medical sciences, Taibah University, Taibah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ihab M I Moussa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ashgan M Hessain
- Department of Health Science, College of Applied Studies and Community Service, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hend M Y Yousef
- Central Administration of Preventive Medicine, General Organization for Veterinary Service, Giza, Egypt.
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Holt JE, Houston A, Adams C, Edwards S, Kjellerup BV. Role of extracellular polymeric substances in polymicrobial biofilm infections of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans modelled in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3798572. [PMID: 28475673 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are formed by communities of microorganisms living in a self-produced extracellular polymeric matrix attached to a surface. When living in a biofilm microorganisms change phenotype and thus are less susceptible to antibiotic treatment and biofilm infections can become severe. The aim of this study was to determine if the presence of multikingdom microorganisms alters the virulence of a biofilm infection in a host organism. The coexistence of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis in biofilm was examined in the nematode model Caenorhabditis elegans. It was evaluated if the hyphal form of C. albicans and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) formed by S. epidermidis increases biofilm virulence. Survival assays were performed, where C. elegans nematodes were exposed to S. epidermidis and C. albicans. Single inoculation assays showed a decreased survival rate after 2 days following exposure, while dual inoculation assays showed that a clinical S. epidermidis strain together with C. albicans significantly increased the virulence and decreased nematode survival. EPS seem to interfere with the bacterial attachment to hyphae, since the EPS overproducing S. epidermidis strain was most virulent. The clinical S. epidermidis paired with C. albicans led to a severe infection in the nematodes resulting in reduced survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian E Holt
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland at College Park, 1147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Asia Houston
- School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, 650 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Clare Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Sarah Edwards
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Birthe V Kjellerup
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland at College Park, 1147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Overview of Genetic Background Beyond Polysaccharide Intercellular Adhesion Production in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.36008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Lianhua Y, Yunchao H, Guangqiang Z, Kun Y, Xing L, Fengli G. The effect of iatrogenic Staphylococcus epidermidis intercellar adhesion operon on the formation of bacterial biofilm on polyvinyl chloride surfaces. Surg Infect (Larchmt) 2015; 15:768-73. [PMID: 25402758 DOI: 10.1089/sur.2013.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intercellular adhesion gene (ica) of Staphylococcus epidermidis is a key factor for bacterial aggregation. This study explored the effect of ica on the formation of bacterial biofilm on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) surfaces. METHODS Genes related to bacterial biofilm formation, including 16S rRNA, autolysin (atlE), fibrinogen binding protein gene (fbe), and ica were identified and sequenced from 112 clinical isolates of iatrogenic S. epidermidis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gene sequencing. Based on the sequencing result, ica operon-positive (icaADB+/atlE+/fbe+) and ica operon-negative (icaADB-/atlE+/fbe+) strains were separated and co-cultivated with PVC material. After 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 h of co-culture, the thickness of the bacterial biofilm and quantity of bacterial colony on the PVC surface were measured under the confocal laser scanning microscope and scanning electron microscope. RESULTS The positive rate of S. epidermidis-specific 16SrRNA in 112 iatrogenic strains was 100% (112/112). The genotype of ica-positive (icaADB+/atlE+/fbe+) strains accounted for 57.1% (64/112), and genotype of ica-negative (icaADB-/atlE+/fbe+) strains accounted for 37.5% (42/112). During 30 h of co-culture, no obvious bacterial biofilm formed on the surface of PVC in the ica-positive group, however, mature bacterial biofilm structure formed after 24 h. For all time points, thickness of bacterial biofilm and quantity of bacterial colony on PVC surfaces in the ica operon-positive group were significantly higher than those in ica operon-negative group (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Iatrogenic S. epidermidis can be categorized into ica operon-negative and ica operon-positive strains. The ica operon plays an important role in bacterial biofilm formation and bacterial multiplication on PVC material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lianhua
- 1 Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University , Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Establishment of Rat Model of Central Venous Catheter (CVC): Associated Infection and Evaluation of the Virulence of Bacterial Biofilms. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 70:429-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-9934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Corcuera MT, Gómez-Lus ML, Gómez-Aguado F, Maestre JR, Ramos MDC, Alonso MJ, Prieto J. Morphological plasticity of Streptococcus oralis isolates for biofilm production, invasiveness, and architectural patterns. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1584-93. [PMID: 24112723 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Streptococcus oralis is an early coloniser of the oral cavity that contributes to dental plaque formation. Many different genotypes can coexist in the same individual and cause opportunistic infections such as bacterial endocarditis. However, little is known about virulence factors involved in those processes. The aim was to analyze the evolving growth of S. oralis colony/biofilm to find out potentially pathogenic features. DESIGN Thirty-three S. oralis isolates were analyzed for: (1) biofilm production, by spectrophotometric microtiter plate assay; (2) colonial internal architecture, by histological methods and light and electron microscopy; (3) agar invasion, by a new colony-biofilm assay. RESULTS S. oralis colonies showed two different growth patterns: (1) fast growth rate without invasion or minimally invasive; (2) slow growth rate, but high invasion ability. 12.1% of strains were biofilm non-producers and 24.2% not invasive, compared to 51.5% biofilm high-producers and 39.4% very invasive. Both phenotypic characteristics tended to be mutually exclusive. However, a limited number of strains (15%) co-expressed these features at the highest level. CONCLUSIONS Morphological plasticity of S. oralis highlighted in this study may have important ecological and clinical implications. Coexistence of strains with different growth patterns could produce a synergic effect in the formation and development of subgingival dental plaque. Moreover, invasiveness might regulate dissemination and colonisation mechanisms. Simultaneous co-expression of high-invasive and high-biofilm phenotypes gives a fitness advantage during colonisation and may confer higher pathogenic potential.
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El Farran CA, Sekar A, Balakrishnan A, Shanmugam S, Arumugam P, Gopalswamy J. Prevalence of biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis in the healthy skin of individuals in Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2013; 31:19-23. [PMID: 23508424 DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.108712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Staphylococcus epidermidis is a major commensal bacteria. Various strains of S. epidermidis are capable of forming biofilms by attaching to several surfaces. Biofilm-forming ability of this organism is found to be associated with many hospital-acquired infections and can even impair wound healing. S. epidermidis strains producing polysaccharide-biofilms possess the intercellular adhesion (ica) operon while strains forming the protein adhesion-mediated biofilms possess the accumulation associated protein (aap) gene. We screened for biofilm-forming S. epidermidis in the skin of healthy individuals in Tamil Nadu in order to determine the risk of acquiring S. epidermidis infections in hospital settings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Skin swabs were taken from seventy two subjects residing in Chennai with healthy skin who showed no visible signs of skin lesions or allergies. S. epidermidis was isolated from 58 samples out of the 72 collected. The presence of ica operon in S. epidermidis isolates was determined by PCR and biofilm production was examined using quantitative tissue culture plate assay. RESULTS Majority of the samples (47/72; 65.3%) showed pure S. epidermidis growth, (14/72; 19.4%) showed pure Staphylococcus aureus growth and the remainder (11/72; 15.3%) showed mixed growth. Biofilm-forming S. epidermidis were found in the majority of samples (53/58; 91.4%) and ica operon was detected in 19 samples out of 58 (32.8%) which is a significantly higher percentage when compared to other studies conducted at different parts of the globe ( P = 0.0003). CONCLUSION We inferred that ica operon and biofilm-forming S. epidermidis are common in the healthy skin of individuals in Tamil Nadu. Measures have to be taken to reduce the risk of hospital-acquired S. epidermidis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A El Farran
- Research Core Facility GM 01/01, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
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Mekni MA, Bouchami O, Achour W, Ben Hassen A. Strong biofilm production but not adhesion virulence factors can discriminate between invasive and commensal Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. APMIS 2012; 120:605-11. [PMID: 22779682 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a leading cause of hospital-acquired infections, mostly associated with the use of medical devices in immunocompromised patients. It originates from the patient's own skin flora, which is subject to severe changes as a result of selective pressure exerted by the hospital environment. This notion led us to compare S. epidermidis isolates from catheter related infections (CRI), non-catheter related bacteremia (NCRB) and catheter hub cultures (commensal isolates). The collection comprised 47 CRI strains from the Bone Marrow Transplant Centre of Tunis, 25 NCRB strains and 25 commensal isolates from patients hospitalized in the same center. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence-associated genes (icaABC, aap, atlE, bhp, fbe, embp, and IS256), polysaccharide intercellular adhesin synthesis, and biofilm formation were investigated. The clonal relationship of strains was investigated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis. Whereas bhp, atlE, fbe, embp, and aap were almost ubiquitously amplified, resistance to oxacillin, kanamycin, tobramycin, gentamicin, cotrimoxazole, and fosfomycin, biofilm production, ica genes, and IS256 were significantly more frequent in invasive (CRI and NCRB strains) than in commensal strains. Moreover, strong biofilm production was significantly more frequent among CRI strains than in NCRB strains. In conclusion, when S. epidermidis is isolated from blood cultures, the detection of strong biofilm production may be significant with regard to judging whether the detected strain is an etiologic agent of CRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Mekni
- Service des laboratoires, Centre National de Greffe de Moelle osseuse (C.N.G.M.O.), Tunis, Tunisia.
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Maestre JR, Aguilar L, Mateo M, Gimenez MJ, Mendez ML, Alou L, Granizo JJ, Prieto J. In vitro interference of tigecycline at subinhibitory concentrations on biofilm development by Enterococcus faecalis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1155-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Cystic and Non-Cystic Fibrosis Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates are not Differentiated by the Quorum-Sensing Signaling and Biofilm Production. Curr Microbiol 2011; 64:81-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-0041-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Los R, Sawicki R, Juda M, Stankevic M, Rybojad P, Sawicki M, Malm A, Ginalska G. A comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic methods for the determination of the biofilm-forming abilities of Staphylococcus epidermidis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 310:97-103. [PMID: 20722741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The collection of 146 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from the nasopharynx of lung cancer patients has been studied for the ability of slime secretion and biofilm formation using the Congo red agar (CRA) test and the microtiter plate (MtP) method, respectively. The prevalence of the icaAD and the aap genes was also analyzed. Some isolates (35.6%) were biofilm positive by the MtP method, while 58.9% of isolates exhibited a slime-positive phenotype by the CRA test. The sensitivities of the CRA test evaluated using the MtP method as a gold standard of biofilm production were 73.1%, 97.3% and 13.3% for all the strains screened, ica-positive and ica-negative strains, respectively. The genotype ica(+)aap(+) was correlated with a strong biofilm-producer phenotype. Interestingly, some of the ica(-)aap(-) isolates could also form a biofilm. The correlation between the presence of icaAD genes and the biofilm-positive phenotype by the MtP method as well as slime production by the CRA test was statistically significant (P<0.0001). However, some S. epidermidis strains possess the potential ability of ica-independent biofilm formation; thus, further studies are needed to determine reliable, short-time criteria for an in vitro assessment of biofilm production by staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Los
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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Maestre JR, Mateo M, Méndez ML, Aguilar L, Gimenez MJ, Alou L, Coronel P, Granizo JJ, Prieto J. In vitro interference of beta-lactams with biofilm development by prevalent community respiratory tract isolates. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 35:274-7. [PMID: 20031375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Interference of cefditoren (CDN) and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC) with biofilm production was studied using 11 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 0.015microg/mL to 0.5microg/mL for CDN and from 0.06microg/mL to 2microg/mL for AMC (except for one isolate with an AMC MIC of 8microg/mL) and 5 Haemophilus influenzae isolates with MICs of 0.03-0.06microg/mL for CDN and 0.5-16microg/mL for AMC. Slime production was assessed in antibiotic-free medium and with 0.03microg/mL CDN or 1/0.5microg/mL AMC by measuring the optical density at 450nm (OD(450)). Significantly lower mean OD(450) values were obtained for S. pneumoniae with antibiotics compared with controls (CDN, 0.088 vs. 0.118, P=0.003; and AMC, 0.095 vs. 0.112, P=0.003), with significant correlation between both antibiotics (r=0.752; P=0.008). Percent reduction in OD(450) values was higher for CDN compared with AMC (24.02% vs. 15.92%; P=0.008). For H. influenzae, significantly lower mean OD(450) values were obtained with CDN compared with controls (0.083 vs. 0.096; P=0.043) but not with AMC (0.086 vs. 0.095; P=0.08). Comparing percent reductions in S. pneumoniae versus H. influenzae for each antibiotic, no differences were found for AMC (15.92% vs. 9.40%; P=0.36), with a tendency for CDN (24.02% vs. 13.79%; P=0.069). Different beta-lactams may have different capabilities of interfering with S. pneumoniae biofilm development when tested under the same experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Maestre
- Microbiology Department, Hospital Central de la Defensa Gómez-Ulla, Gta. del Ejército s/n, 28007 Madrid, Spain
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Bozkurt H, Kurtoglu MG, Bayram Y, Keşli R, Berktaş M. Correlation of Slime Production Investigated via Three Different Methods in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci with Crystal Violet Reaction and Antimicrobial Resistance. J Int Med Res 2009; 37:121-8. [DOI: 10.1177/147323000903700114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) using the standard tube (ST), Congo red agar (CRA) plate and Christensen's tube (CT) methods, and compared the results with those of the crystal violet reaction (CVR) test. The potential correlation between slime production and antimicrobial resistance was also evaluated. In total, 205 CNS strains were isolated from biological samples: 92 (44.9%) were shown to produce slime by the ST method; 96 (46.8%) by the CRA plate method; 90 (43.9%) by the CT method; and 89 (43.4%) strains were CVR positive. Eighty-three (40.5%) CNS strains were positive for slime production by the ST, CRA and CT methods. The findings of the ST, CRA and CT test methods were consistent with each other but were not related to CVR positivity. Based on the ST method, rates of antibiotic resistance to several antimicrobial agents were higher in slime-positive strains than in slime-negative strains and, in some cases, this was statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Bozkurt
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - MG Kurtoglu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Van Yuksek Ihtisas Educational and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Y Bayram
- Microbiology Laboratory, Van Government Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - R Keşli
- Microbiology Laboratory, Konya Educational and Research Hospital, Konya, Turkey
| | - M Berktaş
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University Hospital, Van, Turkey
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Identification of Streptococcus sanguinis genes required for biofilm formation and examination of their role in endocarditis virulence. Infect Immun 2008; 76:2551-9. [PMID: 18390999 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00338-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus sanguinis is one of the pioneers in the bacterial colonization of teeth and is one of the most abundant species in the oral biofilm called dental plaque. S. sanguinis is also the most common viridans group streptococcal species implicated in infective endocarditis. To investigate the association of biofilm and endocarditis, we established a biofilm assay and examined biofilm formation with a signature-tagged mutagenesis library of S. sanguinis. Four genes that have not previously been associated with biofilm formation in any other bacterium, purB, purL, thrB, and pyrE, were putatively identified as contributing to in vitro biofilm formation in S. sanguinis. By examining 800 mutants for attenuation in the rabbit endocarditis model and for reduction in biofilm formation in vitro, we found some mutants that were both biofilm defective and attenuated for endocarditis. However, we also identified mutants with only reduced biofilm formation or with only attenuation in the endocarditis model. This result indicates that the ability to form biofilms in vitro is not associated with endocarditis virulence in vivo in S. sanguinis.
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